ENGINEERING

DETERMINATION OF APPLIED LOADS AND BEARING ANALYSIS A

SUMMARY OF SYMBOLS USED TO DETERMINE APPLIED LOADS AND BEARING ANALYSIS
Symbol Description Units Symbol Description Units
a1 Reliability Life Factor k Centrifugal Force Constant lbf/RPM2
a2 Material Life Factor k1 Bearing Torque Constant
a3 Operating Condition Life Factor k4, k5, k6 Dimensional Factor to calculate heat generation
a3d Debris Life Factor K Tapered Roller Bearing Radial-to-Axial Dynamic
a3h Hardness Life Factor Load Rating Factor
a3k Load Zone Life Factor l Thrust Needle Roller Length mm, in.
a3l Lubrication Life Factor L Lead. Axial Advance of a Helix for
a3m Misalignment Life Factor One Complete Revolution mm, in.
a3p Low Load Life Factor L Distance between bearing geometric
ae Effective Bearing Spread mm, in. center lines mm, in.
b Tooth Length mm, in. m Gearing Ratio
c1, c2 Linear Distance (positive or negative) mm, in. M Bearing Operating Torque or Moment N-m, N-mm, lb-in.
C Dynamic Radial Load Rating N, lbf n Bearing Operating Speed or
C0 Static Load Rating N, lbf General Term for Speed rot/min, RPM
Cp Specific Heat of Lubricant J/(kg -C˚), nG Gear Operating Speed (RPM) rot/min, RPM
BTU/(lb x F˚) nP Pinion Operating Speed (RPM) rot/min, RPM
d Bearing bore diameter mm, in. nW Worm Operating Speed (RPM) rot/min, RPM
d0 Mean inner race diameter mm, in. NG Number of Teeth in the Gear
dc Distance Between Gear Centers mm, in. NP Number of Teeth in the Pinion
dm Mean Bearing Diameter mm, in. NS Number of Teeth in the Sprocket
ds Shaft inside diameter mm, in. P0 Static Equivalent Load N, lbf
D Bearing outside diameter mm, in. P0a Static Equivalent Thrust (Axial) Load N, lbf
D0 Mean outer race diameter mm, in. P0r Static Equivalent Radial Load N, lbf
DH Housing outside diameter mm, in. Pr Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load N, lbf
Dm Mean Diameter or Effective Working Q Generated Heat or Heat Dissipation Rate W, BTU/min
Diameter of a Sprocket, Pulley, Wheel or Tire T Torque N-m, lb-in.
Also, Tapered Roller Mean Large Rib Diameter mm, in. v Vertical (used as subscript)
DmG Mean or Effective Working Diameter of the Gear mm, in. V Linear Velocity or Speed km/h, mph
DmP Effective Working Diameter of the Pinion mm, in. Vr Rubbing, Surface or Tapered Roller
DmW Effective Working Diameter of the Worm mm, in. Bearing Rib Velocity m/s, fpm
DpG Pitch Diameter of the Gear mm, in. X Dynamic Radial Load Factor
DpP Pitch Diameter of the Pinion mm, in. X0 Static Radial Load Factor
DpW Pitch Diameter of the Worm mm, in. Y Dynamic Thrust (Axial) Load Factor
e Life Exponent Y0 Static Thrust (Axial) Load Factor
Lubricant Flow Rate L/min, U.S. pt/min ΥG Bevel Gearing – Gear Pitch Angle deg.
0 Viscous Dependent Torque Coefficient Hypoid Gearing – Gear Root Angle deg.
1 Load Dependent Torque Coefficient ΥP Bevel Gearing – Pinion Pitch Angle deg.
B Belt or Chain Pull Factor Hypoid Gearing – Pinion Face Angle deg.
F General Term for Force N, lbf Coefficient of linear expansion mm/mm/C˚,
Fa Applied Thrust (Axial) Load N, lbf in./in./F˚
Fai Induced Thrust (Axial) Load due to S Interference fit of inner race on shaft mm, in.
Radial Loading N, lbf H Interference fit of outer race in housing mm, in.
Fac Induced Thrust (Axial) Load due to η Efficiency, Decimal Fraction
Centrifugal Loading N, lbf θ1, θ2, θ3 Gear Mesh Angles Relative to the
FaG Thrust Force on Gear N, lbf Reference Plane deg.
FaP Thrust Force on Pinion N, lbf θi, θo Oil inlet or outlet temperature C˚, F˚
FaW Thrust Force on Worm N, lbf λ Worm Gear Lead Angle deg.
B Belt or Chain Pull N, lbf µ Coefficient of Friction
Fc Centrifugal Force N, lbf v Lubricant Kinematic Viscosity cSt
Fr Applied Radial Load N, lbf σ0 Approximate Maximum Contact Stress MPa, psi
FsG Separating Force on Gear N, lbf ΦG Normal Tooth Pressure Angle for the Gear deg.
FsP Separating Force on Pinion N, lbf ΦP Normal Tooth Pressure Angle for the Pinion deg.
FsW Separating Force on Worm N, lbf ΨG Helix (Helical) or Spiral Angle for the Gear deg.
Fte Tractive Effort on Vehicle Wheels N, lbf ΨP Helix (Helical) or Spiral Angle for the Pinion deg.
FtG Tangential Force on Gear N, lbf T Temperature difference between shaft/inner
FtP Tangential Force on Pinion N, lbf race + rollers and housing/bearing outer race C˚, F˚
FtW Tangential Force on Worm N, lbf ρ Lubricant Density kg/m3, lb/ft3
FW Force of Unbalance N, lbf
h Horizontal (used as subscript)
H Power (kW or HP) kW, HP
HFs Static Load Rating Adjustment Factor for Raceway Hardness

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A DETERMINATION OF APPLIED LOADS AND BEARING ANALYSIS - continued

DETERMINATION OF APPLIED LOADS
The following equations are used to determine the forces Straight bevel and zerol gearing with
developed by machine elements commonly encountered in bearing zero degrees spiral (Fig. A-3)
applications. In straight bevel and zerol gearing, the gear forces tend to push
DETERMINATION OF APPLIED LOADS the pinion and gear out of mesh, such that the direction of the
thrust and separating forces are always the same regardless of
GEARING • direction of rotation. (Fig. A-3) In calculating the tangential force,
Spur gearing (Fig. A-1) (FtP or FtG), for bevel gearing, the pinion or gear mean diameter,
Tangential force (DmP or DmG), is used instead of the pitch diameter, (DpP or DpG).
The mean diameter is calculated as follows:
FtG = (1.91 x 107) H (newtons) DmG = DpG - b sin γG or DmP = DpP - b sin γP
DpGnG
In straight bevel and zerol gearing
= (1.26 x 105) H (lbf-in.) FtP = FtG
DpGnG

Separating force FtP

FsG = FtG tan ΦG

Positiv
FsG is e Thrust e
kw + aw ay

c
Clo
FsP pinion
apex

ise
ckw
clo
Co nter
Fig. A-1 FtG u
Spur gearing.
Fig. A-3
Straight bevel and zerol gears
– thrust and separating forces
are always in same direction
regardless of direction of
Single helical gearing (Fig. A-2) rotation.
Tangential force Pinion
Tangential force
FtG = (1.91 x 107) H (newtons)
DpGnG FtP = (1.91 x 107) H (newtons)
DmP nP
= (1.26 x 105) H (lbf-in.)
DpGnG = (1.26 x 105) H (lbf-in.)
DmP nP
Separating force
Thrust force
FtG tanΦG FΦP = FtP tan ΦP sin γP
FsG =
cos ΨG FtP
Separating force
Thrust force FaG FsP = FtP tan ΦP cos γP
FsG
FaG = FtG tan ΨG

FsP

FaP Fig. A-2 FtG

Helical gearing.

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DETERMINATION OF APPLIED LOADS AND BEARING ANALYSIS - continued

A
Straight bevel gear (Fig. A-4)
Tangential force
FaP
FtG = (1.91 x 107) H (newtons) FaG FsP
DmG nG
FsG
= (1.26 x 105) H (lbf-in.) Fig. A-4
DmG nG Straight bevel gearing.

Thrust force
FtG
FaG = FtG tan ΦG sin γG

Separating force
FsG = FtG tan ΦG cos γG

Spiral bevel and hypoid gearing (Fig. A-5)

In spiral bevel and hypoid gearing, the direction of the thrust
and separating forces depends upon spiral angle, hand of spiral,
direction of rotation, and whether the gear is driving or driven (see
se P os
Table 1). The hand of the spiral is determined by noting whether the wi Thrus itive
t awa

+
tooth curvature on the near face of the gear (Fig. A-5) inclines to the y from

Cloc

kwise
pinio
left or right from the shaft axis. Direction of rotation is determined n ape
x
by viewing toward the gear or pinion apex.

loc
Ne
_ Thrus gative
rc
Counte t tow
In spiral bevel gearing pinio ard
n ap
ex
FtP = FtG
Fig. A-5
In hypoid gearing Spiral bevel and hypoid gears – the direction
FtG cos ΨP of thrust and separating forces depends
FtP = upon spiral angle, hand of spiral, direction
cos ΨG of rotation, and whether the gear is driving
or driven.
Hypoid pinion effective working diameter
DmP = DmG
( )(
Np
NG
cos ΨG
cos ΨP ) FtP

Tangential force FaP

FaG FsP
FtG = (1.91 x 107) H (newtons)
DmG nG FsG

= (1.26 x 105) H (lbf-in.)

DmG nG Fig. A-6
Spiral bevel and
hypoid gearing.
Hypoid gear effective working diameter FtG

DmG = DpG - b sin γG

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A DETERMINATION OF APPLIED LOADS AND BEARING ANALYSIS - continued

TABLE 1

SPIRAL BEVEL AND HYPOID GEARING EQUATIONS

Driving member rotation Thrust force Separating force

Driving member Driving member

Right hand spiral
FaP = FtP (tan ΦP sin ΥP – sin ΨP cos γP) FsP = FtP (tan ΦP cos ΥP + sin ΨP sin γP)
clockwise
cos ΨP cos ΨP
or
Driven member Driven member
Left hand spiral
FaG = FtG (tan ΦG sin ΥG + sin ΨG cos γG) FsG = FtG (tan ΦG cos ΥG – sin ΨG sin γG)
counterclockwise cos ΨG cos ΨG

Right hand spiral Driving member Driving member

FaP = FtP (tan ΦP sin ΥP + sin ΨP cos γP) FsP = FtP (tan ΦP cos ΥP – sin ΨP sin γP)
counterclockwise
cos ΨP cos ΨP
or
Left hand spiral Driven member Driven member
FaG = FtG (tan ΦG sin ΥG – sin ΨG cos γG) FsG = FtG (tan ΦG cos ΥG + sin ΨG sin γG)
clockwise
cos ΨG cos ΨG

Straight worm gearing (Fig. A-7)

WORM
Tangential force

(1.91 x 107) H FsW

FtW = (newtons)
D p W nW
FaW
(1.26 x 105) H FtW
= (lbf-in.)
DpW nW
Fig. A-7
Thrust force FaG Straight worm gearing.

FaW = (1.91 x 107) H η (newtons)

D p G nG FtG FsG

= (1.26 x 105) H η (lbf-in.)

D p G nG
or

FaW = FtW η
tan λ

Separating force

FsW = FtW sin Φ

cos Φ sin λ + µ cos λ

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