Chemistry 20 1

Unit 2: Gases
 Chemistry 20 2
Unit 2: Gases

Chapter 4: Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory
 scientific model for explaining the behaviour of gases
 defined a hypothetical substance called an ideal gas
- no gas can be ideal but the theory explains real gas behaviours
 at ordinary temperatures and pressures

- ideal gas is defined by the following characteristics

a) gas molecules are in constant random motion
 they travel in straight lines until collisions with other gas molecules change their
direction
b) molecules of an ideal gas are “point masses”
 point mass: a mass that takes up no space and has no volume

c) gas molecules interact with one another and the walls of the
container through elastic collisions
 gas molecules are not attracted or repelled by another gas
molecules
 elastic collision: kinetic energy is conserved

 kinetic energy can be exchanged or transferred but is not

lost in the collision
 Chemistry 20 3
Unit 2: Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Temperature Changes

 kinetic energy (Ek), motion, temperatures changes are a direct relationship
- as motion increases, temperature increases, Ek increases
- as motion decreases, temperature decreases, Ek decreases
 there are three different molecule motions

a) translational: straight line motion

- in liquid and gas phases
 this is the most important mode of motion for gases

b) vibrational: contraction/expansion of bonds

- in solid, liquid and gas phases

c) rotational: spin
- in gas and liquid phases
 Chemistry 20 4
Unit 2: Gases

Properties and Gases

 all gases are macroscopic
 macroscopic: properties that can be directly observed using your senses or a measuring instrument

Chemically
 gases do NOT share any common similarities
- some are reactive: F2(g), Cl2(g), N2(g), O2(g) and H2(g)
- some are un-reactive: all noble gases

Physically
 gases share a number of common features
a) always fill their containers and occupy all the space available to them
- take the shape of their containers
- gas volume equals the containers volume
 just like liquids

b) gas molecules more from

regions of high concentration
to regions of low
concentration to become
evenly distributed throughout
the space available
- called diffusion
 examples: coffee aroma
perfumes etc
 Chemistry 20 5
Unit 2: Gases

- miscible: substances mix completely with each other

 all gases are miscible

 some liquids such as alcohol and water are miscible but water and oil are not

c) gases have much lower densities

than solids or liquids
- density of water vapour is
1
the density of liquid
1000
water

d) gases have a low resistance to flow

- called viscosity
- low viscosity of gases enables them to escape quickly
through small openings of their containers
 helium escaping a balloon over a couple of days

e) all gases are highly compressible and respond to changes in pressure

- due to space between individual molecules
 as pressure increases, volume decreases
INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
 as pressure decreases, volume increases

 graphically:
 Chemistry 20 6
Unit 2: Gases

f) all gases respond to changes in temperature which affect the motion of gas molecules
- expand as temperature increases
Ek (kinetic energy)

volume
temperature motion DIRECT RELATIONSHIP
pressure

Pressure
 pressure: force per unit area
2
 SI unit Pascal (Pa) represents a force of 1 N (Newton) on an area of 1 m

N
- 1 Pa = 1 2
m
kN
 1 kPa = 1000 Pa = 1
m2
 atmospheric pressure: force per unit area exerted by air on all objects
 at sea level atmospheric pressure is 10.325 kPa

- also know as one standard atmosphere (1 atm)

 STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure): 0C and 101.325 kPa

 SATP (Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure): 25C and 100 kPa

- closer to laboratory conditions

Unit Name Unit Symbol Definition/Conversion

N
Pascal (SI unit) Pa 1 Pa = 2
m
atmosphere atm 1 atm = 101.325 kPa (exactly) = 1.01325 bar
millimetres of mercury mm Hg 760 mm Hg = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar
Torricelli torr 1 torr = 1 mm Hg

 Torricelli’s experiment derived today’s measurements and units

of atmospheric pressure
 made a mercury barometer to measure atmospheric pressure

- a glass tube filled with mercury was placed in a mercury

filled tub
- mercury level in the tube changes from day to day
- standard pressure was 760 torr or 760 mm Hg
 Chemistry 20 7
Unit 2: Gases

Lesson #13: Kinetic Molecular Theory and Properties of Gases

1. Review the characteristics of gases and select one that you think is important in hot-air
ballooning. Explain why you think it is important.
2. Review the characteristics of gases and select one that you think is important in SCUBA diving.
Explain why you think it is important.
3. Using the list of macroscopic properties of gases, identify which macroscopic property explains
the following real-life situations.
a) a full propane tank can provide enough fuel for an entire season of barbeques
b) the label on a can of hairspray contains the warning,” caution may explode when heated”
c) a carbon monoxide leak in the basement spreads quickly throughout the house
d) forced air heating is often a better choice for home heating than hot water
e) a bicycle tire develops a small hole and very rapidly becomes flat. Use one of the
characteristics of gases to explain why the tire deflates so quickly
4. Explain the meaning of point mass.
5. How does an elastic collision differ from an inelastic collision? To picture and inelastic collision,
imagine throwing a ball of putty against a wall.
6. Why is it important that the molecules of an ideal gas have only elastic collisions?
7. Under what conditions might real gases not behave like ideal gases?
8. The following figure shows three possible paths for a gas molecule moving inside a filled
volleyball. Which of these diagrams represents that most likely path of the gas molecule? Justify
your choice in terms of the kinetic molecular model of gases.

A B C
9. Use kinetic molecular theory to explain:
a) the miscibility of gases
b) why gases explain to fill the size of their container
c) why gases can be easily compressed
10. Discuss the principle on which a mercury barometer is based. How does this principle explain
why a water pump cannot bring water up to a height greater than 10 m.
11. Convert the following into kPa:
a) 3.58 bar
b) 850 mmHg
 Chemistry 20 8
Unit 2: Gases

c) 1.75 atm
12. For each of the following parts, determine which of the following indicates a larger pressure?
a) 1.25 atm or 101.325 kPa
b) 15 bar or 740 mmHg
c) 1 bar or 105 kPa
d) 800 mmHg or 1.25 atm
13. What characteristics of a graph indicate that there is an inverse relationship between the two
variables represented in the graph? How would you determine whether the relationship was, in
fact, an inverse relationship?
14. Predict what would happen to a 2.5 L helium balloon if it were taken by a scuba diver 20 m
underwater (where pressure is at 3 atm). Using kinetic molecular theory, explain this change in
volume, assuming there is no temperature change.
15. Raja embeds the end of a 20 mL plastic syringe into a
rubber stopper when the plunger is at the 10 mL line.
Raja finds that he has to exert considerable force to
push the plunger to the 5 mL lines, nut he can move the
plunger easily to the 15 mL line. Using kinetic
molecular theory, explain Raja’s findings.
16. In which one of the following substances, at room temperature and pressure, are the particles quite
close together, disordered and moving in a random manner?
A. lead
B. chlorine
C. sulphur
D. mercury
17. Which one of the following changes in conditions would give the greatest increase in the rate at
which gas particles collide with the walls of the container?
A. raising the temperature of the gas and increasing the volume of the gas
B. raising the temperature of the gas and decreasing the volume of the gas
C. lowering the temperature of the gas and decreasing the volume of the gas
D. lowering the temperature of the gas and increasing the volume of the gas
18. When a bicycle tire is pumped up at a constant temperature, assuming any change in its volume
can be neglected, the pressure increase comes from the fact that
A. The gas particles are moving faster
B. The collisions with the wall occur at a greater frequency
C. Each collision transfers more momentum to the wall than before
D. Two or three of the changes mentioned in A, B or C occur simultaneously
19. “Floating” balloon is filled with helium. Explain why these always deflate more quickly than
those filled with air?
20. Explain why your hands feel cold when alcohol is wiped on the back of them?
 Chemistry 20 9
Unit 2: Gases

21. The graph shows the distribution of molecular speeds in the three gas samples. Explain how the
samples must differ if
a) they are all the same gas, but under different conditions
b) they are all under the same conditions but they are for different gases

A
Relative
probability of B
speed occurring C

| | | | | |
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Speed (m/s)

22. The apparatus below is set-up and left to stand for about a half hour. At this time a smoke of
ammonium chloride, formed by the reaction of the ammonia and hydrochloric acid, is observed to
form inside the tube.

Plug soaked in Plug soaked in

concentrated A B C concentrated
HCl NH3

a) write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs

b) explain how the reagents reach the point where the reaction occurs
c) what name is given to this process
d) at which points (A, B or C) does smoke form?
e) explain why the reaction occurs at this point.
f) if the process were carried out at a higher temperature, how would this affect the time taken
for the reaction to occur?
g) explain why temperature has this effect.
 Chemistry 20 10
Unit 2: Gases

Boyle’s Law
 Boyle used a mercury filled glass U-tube to explain his theory
 air was trapped in the end of the U-tube and can only compress or expand

- as mercury is added to the tube , the mercury increases the pressure on the trapped gas and
causes its volume to decrease
- proved and inversely proportional relationship
 as mercury length increased the gas length decreased

1
 V
P

 Boyle’s Law: as pressure on a gas increases, the volume of the gas decreases proportionally
 temperature and chemical amount of gas must remain constant

 inversely proportionally relationship between pressure and volume of a gas

P1V1  P2V2

Graphical Determination of Boyle’s Law

 Volume versus Pressure creates a logarithmic
graph
- cannot determine slop easily
- relationship is inversely proportional
 Chemistry 20 11
Unit 2: Gases

 graphically determine Boyle’s Law through slope on a

Volume versus the Inverse Pressure graph
- causes the line to become straight
y  mx  b  equation of a straight line
1
V  m b  y-axis is volume (V); x-axis is pressure
P (P)
1
V m  m is the slope of the line and b is the y-
P intercept (equal to zero)
1
PV  Pm  multiply both sides by P
P
PV  m  produces PV which is equal to a constant, it is also the slope of the line
P1V1  m or
 where 1 and 2 represent pressure and volume at any two data points on the
P2V2  m graph

P1V1  P2V2  since m is the same anywhere on the line, two product equal themselves

Example:
1. A weather balloon with a volume of 2000L at a pressure of 96.3 kPa rises to a height of 1000 m,
where the atmospheric pressure is measured to be 60.8 kPa. Assuming there is no change in
temperature, what is the final volume of the weather balloon.
P1  96.3 kPa P1V1  P2V2
V1  2000 L 96.3 kPa2000 L   60.8kPaV2 
P2  60.8 kPa V2  3167.76 L
V2  ? V2  3.17 x10 3 L

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Boyle’s Law

 if temperature and the amount of gas remain constant and external pressure increases
- there will be a larger internal gas pressure
 causes the piston to go down and decrease the volume
- molecules will be closer together and will collide with the walls of the container and one
another more frequently
- d1 and d2 represent the average distance between the molecules and the wall of the container
 Chemistry 20 12
Unit 2: Gases

Lesson #14: Pressure - Volume Relationship

Introduction:
The following evidence was collected from an experiment in which the pressure on a gas was
varied and the changing gas volume was measure. All other variables which as temperature and
amount (moles) of gas were controlled

Evidence:
Pressure and Volume of a Gas Sample
Pressure (kPa) Volume (L)
100 5.00
110 4.55
120 4.16
130 3.85
140 3.57
150 3.33
160 ?

Questions:
1. Construct a graph of the data using pressure as the manipulated variable (horizontal (x) axis)
and volume as the responding variable (vertical (y) axis). What is the expected volume at
160 kPa?
2. What kind of “line” results?
3. Does this kind of line represent a simple or complex relationship between pressure and volume
of a gas?
4. Is the relationship between the two variables direct or inverse?
5. What happens when each pressure/volume combination is multiplied?

Answers: 1. 3.12 L; 2. Straight; 3. Simple; 4. Inverse; 5. Constant volume obtained (PV=k)

Chemistry 20 13
Unit 2: Gases
 Chemistry 20 14
Unit 2: Gases

5.00 – Volume vs Pressure

KEY

4.00 –

3.00 –

Volume
(L)

2.00 –

1.00 –

0.00 –|  | | | | | | |
0.0 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Pressure
(kPa)
 Chemistry 20 15
Unit 2: Gases

Lesson #15: Boyle’s Law

1. If 20.0 L of Cl2(g) at 90.0 kPa is expanded to 35.0 L, what is the resulting pressure?
2. A 12.0 L sample of oxygen gas has a temperature of 40.0C. What will its volume be at 95.0C?
3. A balloon is inflated to a pressure of 155.0 kPa. It is released and rises to an altitude of 2.0 km
where its volume is 25.0 L at a pressure of 87.0 kPa. What was the original volume of the
balloon?
4. What will be the pressure of 17.0 L of a gas That was formed from 27.5 L of the gas having a
pressure of 100 kPa?
5. An elastic container can withstand a pressure of 150 kPa before exploding. If 5.0 L of gas are in
the container at 95.0 kPa, will the container explode if the gas expands to 30.0 L?
6. A dry gas occupies a volume of 284. mL at 92.2 kPa. What will be the volume of this gas at
120 kPa?
7. The gas Cl2, when placed in a 5.00 L container, exerts a pressure of 200 kPa. If the has in then
placed in a 15.0 L container, what pressure will result?
8. At a pressure of 79.99 kPa, a sample of O2(g) has a volume of 300 mL. If the pressure upon the
gas increases to 113 kPa, what will be the volume of the gas?

Extra Practice Questions: Boyles’s Law

1. A sample of gas in a flexible container has a volume of 6.9 L after its pressure has been increased
from 1.0 atm to 3.5 atm. What was the initial volume of the gas?
2. A flexible container holding 3.50 L of hydrogen gas at standard atmospheric pressure has to be
compressed into a volume of 1.75 L. If there is no change in temperature, what pressure was
required?
3. A sample of neon gas at room temperature is collected in a 2.50 L balloon at standard
atmospheric pressure. The balloon is then submerged into a tub of water, also at room
temperature, so that the external pressure is increased to 112.5 kPa. What will be the final volume
of that balloon?
4. A flexible container holds 4.0 L of air at 22C. If the temperature of the air remains constant,
what will be the volume of the air if the pressure doubles?
5. The volume of gas in a 25 mL syringe attached to a pressure gauge is 2.50 mL when the pressure
gauge reads 8.26 bar. If there has been no change in temperature when the plunger of the syringe
is pulled back to allow the has to occupy 20.0 mL, what does the pressure gauge read?
6. A 2.5 L container is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 3.5 atm. If the temperature remains
constant, and the volume increases to 9.0 L, what is the final pressure on the gas?
 Chemistry 20 16
Unit 2: Gases

7. A gas with an original volume of 5.0 L at a pressure of 95.8 kPa is allowed to expand until the
pressure drops to 20.6 kPa. What is the volume of the expanded gas if the temperature of the gas
is unchanged?
8. A 2 .5 L sample of gas is trapped at 100 kPa in a cylinder with a moveable piston. If the pressure
rises from 3.35 atm which the temperature is kept constant, what is the volume of the sample in
the cylinder?
9. State Boyle’s law. Describe at least one “everyday observation” that could be explained by
Boyle’s law.
10. A scuba tank with a volume of 10 L holds air at a pressure of 1.75x104 kPa. What volume of air
at standard atmospheric pressure was compressed into the tank if the temperature of the air in the
tank is the came as the air temperature before it was compressed?
11. Use kinetic molecular theory to explain what would happen if you reduced the external pressure
on a sample of a gas.
12. Would it be easier to drink water from a straw at the top of Mt. Everest of at sea level? Explain
why.
13. Sara sets up an experiment to collect hydrogen gas in a balloon
that is fitted over the top of an Erlenmeyer flask. Shaw records the
atmospheric pressure reading from the barometer as 98.5 kPa.
When she returns after lunch, she notices that the volume of the
balloon has noticeably decreased. Initially, Sara thinks that some
of the hydrogen gas has escaped from the balloon. Sara decides
she needs to collect more data to account from her observations.
What data would you advise Sara to collect? Why?
14. A student collets oxygen gas in an inverted cylinder and
records the volume at 27.9 mL. Later that evening he realizes
that he has forgotten to record the pressure. He returns the next
day and finds the pressure is 102.1 kPa, but the volume of the
gas in the cylinder is now 27.3 mL. How can the student find
the pressure of the gas on the previous day? What assumptions
must the student make?
 Chemistry 20 17
Unit 2: Gases

Charles’s Law
 Charles determined the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas
 obtained a consistent result with several different gases and pressures

- obtained a linear plat

- amount of gas and pressure had to stay constant throughout the experiment
 obtained a linear plot and when extrapolated down to a zero volume, all lines converged from
one temperature
- -273.15C

 Lord Kelvin suggested this was the theoretical lowest possible temperature
 absolute zero: the theoretical lowest possible temperature -273.15C

 started a new temperature scale where -273.15C was

the “new” zero or starting point
- named the absolute or Kelvin temperature scale
 size of the unit was the same only the starting
point was different
 unit is Kelvin (K) and symbol for temperature is
changed to distinguish the difference between
Celsius and Kelvin scales
 Celsius temperature symbol is t

 Kelvin temperature symbol is T

 can convert between the two scales

- Celsius to Kelvin
T  t  273.15
- Kelvin to Celsius
t  T  273.15
 Chemistry 20 18
Unit 2: Gases

 Charles’s Law: as temperature on a gas increases, the volume of the gas increases directly
 pressure and chemical amount of gas must remain constant

 directly proportionally relationship between temperature and volume of a gas

 temperature must be in Kelvin temperature scale

V1 V2

T 1 T2

Graphical Determination of Charles’s Law

 in both graphs the relationship between volume of a gas and its temperature are linear
 equation of a line is in the form of y = mx + b
- one temperature will have a simpler overall equation compared to the other
Celsius Scale Kelvin Scale
y  mx  b y  mx  b  equation of a straight line
V  mt  b V  mT  b  y-axis is volume (V); x-axis is temperature (t for Celsius and
T for Kelvin)
 Celsius scale Y-intercept according to the graph, is different
V  mt  bn V  mT for each pressure. Use bn to represent the intercepts
 Kelvin Scale Y-intercept according to the graph, is the same
for each pressure, zero. Eliminate b from the equation
 Chemistry 20 19
Unit 2: Gases

When temperature is in Celsius, it is not possible to write a general equation for Charles’s Law.
Only Kelvin temperature scale can be used to generate a general equation
V mT
  divide both sides of the equation by T
T T
V
m
T

V1
 m or
T1 V
 m is the slope of the line which is constant,
V2 T
m  where 1 and 2 represent temperature and volume at any two data points on the
T2
graph

V1 V2
  since m is the same anywhere on the line, two product equal themselves
T1 T2

Example:
1. A balloon inflated with air in a room at 22.00C has a volume of 650 mL. The balloon is put
onto a freezer of a refrigerator at 0.00C and left long enough got the air in the balloon to reach
the same temperature. Predict the volume of the balloon at the end of the two hours, assuming
that air pressure in the room and the freezer are the same.
V1  650 mL V1 V2

t1  22.00C T1 T2
V2  ? 650 mL V2 

t 2  0.00C 295.15 K  273.15 K 
V2  601.55 mL
V2  602 mL
convert t C  to T K 
T1  22.00C  273.15
T1  295.15 K

T2  0.00C  273.15
T2  273.15 K
 Chemistry 20 20
Unit 2: Gases

2. A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of 1.50 L of helium gas in an air-conditioned room at

21.00C. The balloon is then taken outdoors on a warm sunny day. The volume of the balloon
expands to 1.55 L. Assuming the pressure remains constant, what is the Celsius temperature
outdoors?
V1  1.5 L V1 V2

t1  21.00C T1 T2
V2  1.55 L 1.5 L  
1.55 L 
t2  ? 294.15 K  T2
T2  303.955 K
convert t C  to T K  T2  304 K
T1  21.00C  273.15
T1  294.15 K

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Boyle’s Law

 the speed of the molecules increases as a gas is heated
1. they collide with the walls of the container more frequently, increasing the pressure
 external pressure remains the same, the gas pushes the piston up and increases the volume of the
container
 Chemistry 20 21
Unit 2: Gases

Lesson #16: Temperature – Volume Relationship

Introduction:
Graph the relationship between temperature and volume for gases A, B, C and D on the same
piece of graph paper. Assume the following when constructing your graph.
a) temperature is the manipulated variable and its scale begins at -300C and increases
systematically in 50C increments
b) volume in the responding variable and its scale begins at 0L and increases systematically in
1.00L increments
c) the paper punch holes are at the TOP of the graph

Evidence:
Temperature and Volume of Four Different Gas Samples
Gas Temperature (C) Volume (L)
25 5.00
50 5.42
A 75 5.84
100 6.30
125 6.70
-125 1.50
-75 2.00
B -25 2.50
25 3.00
75 3.50
-200 0.90
-125 1.90
C -50 2.90
25 3.90
100 4.90
-250 0.50
-200 1.50
D -150 2.60
-100 3.60
-50 4.70
 Chemistry 20 22
Unit 2: Gases

Questions:
1. Based upon the four lines on your graph, does a simple or complex relationship exist between
temperature and volume of a gas?
2. In the previous exercise, pressure – volume relationship all pressure times volume calculations
produced a constant value. Using only the data for gas A, does the same principle apply to
temperature times volume calculations?
3. Look carefully at the four lines on your graph. Do you note any other feature shared by all
four gases?
4. If questions #2 (above) is redone after converting C to Kelvin, do the temperature – volume
calculations produce a constant value?
5. Based upon your graph, is the relationship between temperature and volume direct or inverse?
6. The constant for pressure – volume was obtained by multiplying and the relationship was
inverse. If temperature – volume relationship is direct, how should the constant be obtained?

Conclusion:
All gas calculations involving temperature MUST be performed using the KELVIN scale by
ADDING 273 to the Celsius temperature

C + 273 = Kelvin

Answers: 1. Simple; 2. No; 3. Absolute zero - 270C origin for all 4 lines (Kelvin Temperature Scale); 4. No; 5. Direct;
6. Dividing volume by temperature in Kelvin (k=0.0168), dividing temperature by volume in Kelvin (k=59.6)
Chemistry 20 23
Unit 2: Gases
 KEY Chemistry 20
Unit 2: Gases
24

Volume vs Temperature
7.00 –
A

6.00 –

5.00 – C
D

4.00 –

Volume
B
(L)
3.00 –

2.00 –

1.00 –

0.00 –| | | | | | | | | | |
-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

Absolute Zero Temperature

(-273C) (C)
 Chemistry 20 25
Unit 2: Gases

Lesson #17: Charles’s Law

1. If 37.5 L of CH4(g) have a temperature of 27.0C and the gas contracts to 15.8L, what is the final
temperature?
2. If 10.6 L of bromine gas at 100C are expanded to 23.2 L, what will be the final temperature of
the gas?
3. 17.5 L of neon gas are heated to 100C where the volume becomes 33.4 L. What was the original
temperature of the gas?
4. Under STP conditions, a gas has a volume of 17.6 L. If the temperature rises to 80.0C, what will
be the gas volume?
5. A dry gas has a volume of 430 L at 28C. If the has is contracted to 320 L, what will be the
resulting temperature?
6. A sample of methane (CH4) occupies 40.0 L at a specific temperature. If the temperature is
changed to -20.0C, the gas volume is reduced to 28.8 L/ What was the original temperature in
C?

Extra Practice Questions: Charles’s Law

1. Convert the following Celsius temperature Kelvin scale:
a) 37C
b) 27.3C
c) 37.8C
d) 122.4C
e) - 25C
f) - 40C
2. Convert the following Kelvin temperature to the Celsius scale:
a) 77 K
b) 373.2 K
c) 275 K
d) 173 K
e) 23.5 K
f) 873 K
3. A 75 mL balloon immersed in liquid nitrogen at -196C is lifted out and left in a room at 22.3C.
What is the final volume of the balloon?
4. A child’s balloon is filled to a volume of 3.0 L with room temperature air (22C). The balloon
will burst if it reaches a volume of 3.5 L. The child takes the balloon with her in the car when she
goes shopping with her mother on a hot day. They leave the balloon in the closed car while they
are shopping. The temperature of the air in the car reached a temperature of 38C. Did the
balloon burst? Support your answer with calculations.
 Chemistry 20 26
Unit 2: Gases

5. A sealed syringe contains 37.0 mL of trapped air. The temperature of the air in the syringe is the
same as room temperature of 295 K. The Sun shines in the syringe causing the temperature of the
air inside to increase. If the volume increases to 38.6 mL, what is the new temperature of the air
in the syringe?
6. The volume of a 1.5 L balloon at room temperature increases by 25% of its volume when it is
placed in a hot-water bath. How does the temperature of the water bath compare with room
temperature?
7. A birthday balloon is filled with 1.80 L of helium gas at 20.0C. The balloon expands to a
volume of 5.40 L. If the pressure remains constant, what is the final Celsius temperature of the
gas in the balloon?
8. Compressed gases can be condensed when they are cooled. A 500 mL sample of carbon dioxide
at room temperature (assume 25.0C) is compressed by a factor of four, and then is cooled so that
its volume is reduced to 25.0 mL. What must the final temperature be (in C)?
9. Your friends\s little brother is showing you his helium balloon when he loses control of the
string. The balloon floats over the barbeque, where some food is cooking. The balloon bursts.
Using kinetic molecular theory, explain what has happened.
10. Your driver’s licence test is schedules for the middle of July. Just when you thought things were
going fine with your driving lessons, you noticed that the car tires seem to be thumping along the
road. Your dad tells you to check the air pressure of the tires. Why might he think that there could
be something wrong with the sire pressure in the tires?
11. The propellant in an aerosol can is pressurized gas. Once the pressure of the gas in the can drops
to atmospheric pressure, it can no longer be used to deliver the product. Explain why it is
dangerous to throw a used aerosol can into a firs where the temperature might exceed 500C.
12. The table to them the left shows the volume of a sample of
Temperature (C) Volume (mL)
air at different temperatures and a constant pressure. Use
these data to determine the relationship of the volume of a 100 126
gas and its Celsius temperature. What is the proportionality 75 119
constant? What is the y-intercept? 50 109
25 102
0 92

13. The temperature of a 60. L sample of gas increases from 200 K to 450 K. If the atmospheric
pressure us constant, what is the final volume of the gas?
14. When soldering circuit boards, technicians often work with the board in a nitrogen atmosphere, A
sample of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 300 mL at 17C. When the technician is welding,
the temperature of the nitrogen increases to 100.0C. If the pressure remains constant, what
volume will the nitrogen occupy?
15. One cool morning, when the temperature is 6.00C, a balloon containing 2.00 kL of helium is
used as a promotional attraction over a shopping centre. The noon day sun heats the gas to 25C.
If the atmospheric pressure remains constant and the final volume of the balloon is 2.14 kL, what
is the Celsius temperature?
 Chemistry 20 27
Unit 2: Gases

16. A 2.5 L balloon is completely filled with helium indoors at a temperature of 24.2C. The balloon
is taken out on a cold winter day. If the final volume of the balloon is 2.0 L, what is the Celsius
temperature outdoors?
17. Methane gas can be condensed by cooling and increasing the pressure. A 600 L sample of
methane gas at 25C and 100 kPa is cooled to -20C at a constant pressure. In a second step, the
gas is compressed until the pressure is quadrupled. What will the final volume be?
18. When you increase the temperature of the air inside a hot-air balloon, the volume of the balloon
does not increase. Assuming the pressure remains constant; explain what does happened and why
that causes the balloon to rise in the air.
19. Which of the following questions is invalid? Explain why. Answer the valid question,
a) If the Kelvin temperature of a quantity of gas is doubled and the volume is held constant, by
what factor is the pressure changed?
b) If the Celsius temperature of a quantity of gas is tripled and the volume is held constant, by
what factor is the pressure changed?

Combined Gas Law

 combined gas law: when Charles’s and Boyles laws are put together
 relationship among the volume, temperature and pressure of any fixed chemical amount of a gas

 PV=kT

- T has to be in Kelvin temperature scale

P1V1 P2V2

T 1 T2
1
V  Boyle’s law
P

VT  Charles’s law

T 1
V  If V is proportional to and also proportional to T, then V must be
P P
T
proportional to
P
T
V k  convert this proportionality to an equality by inserting a proportionality
P
constant

PV
k  rearrange the expression to bring all the variables to the left side of the
T equation
 Chemistry 20 28
Unit 2: Gases

P1V1
k
T1  for a specific amount of gas, the pressure on the gas times its volume divided
P2V2 by its temperature is always equal to the same constant
k
T2

P1V1 P2V2
  since k is the same for any gas, two product equal themselves
T1 T2

Example:
1. A volume of 25 mL of gas is produced in a laboratory experiment at a temperature of -15C and
a pressure of 700 mmHg. Predict the Celsius temperature of the gas when its volume is reduced
to 20 mL and the pressure is increased to 820 mmHg.
V1  25 mL P1V1 P2V2

t1  15C T1 T2
P1  700 mmHg 700 mmHg 25 mL  820 mmHg 20 mL
V2  20 mL 258.15 K  T2
P2  820 mmHg T2  241.92 K
t 2  241.92 K  273.15
convert t C  to T K  t 2   31.23C
t 2   31C
T1  15.0C  273.15
T1  258.15 K

Lesson #18: Combined Gas Law

1. What is the pressure required to compress hydrogen at 1.00 atm from 300 mL to 200 mL at a
constant temperature?
2. A 400 mL sample of a gas at 10C is warmed to 25C at a constant pressure. Calculate the final
volume.
3. A bicycle tire has a pressure of 450 kPa at 20C. Assuming the volume does not change, what is
the new pressure at 35C?
4. Nitrogen in a 250 mL container at 65.0 kPa is transferred to a container with a volume of 600 mL
5. A 450 mL sample of Freon gas at 1.50 atm and 15C was compressed to 300 mL at a pressure of
2.00 atm. Calculate the final temperature in degrees Celsius.
6. A 2.75 L sample of helium gas at 99.0 kPa was heated from 21.0C to 71.0C and the pressure
changed to 100 kPa. Calculate the final volume.
 Chemistry 20 29
Unit 2: Gases

Extra Practice Questions: Combined Gas Law

1. A sample of gas has a volume of 525 mL at 300 K and 746 mmHg. Find the volume if the
temperature increases to 350 K and the pressure increases to 780 mmHg.
2. A sample of gas has a volume of 75 mL at 19.0C and 120 kPa. Predict what its volume would be
at 25C and 100 kPa.
3. A chemical researcher produces 15 mL of a new gaseous substances in a laboratory at a
temperature of 25C and pressure of 100 kPa. Predict the volume of this gas if the temperature
was changes to 0C and the final pressure was 101.325 kPa.
4. A 2.7 L sample of nitrogen gas is collected at a temperature of 45.0C and a pressure of 0.92 atm.
What pressure would have to be applied to the gas to reduce its volume to 2.0 L at a temperature
of 25.0C?
5. A sample of argon gas occupies a volume of 2.0 L at -35C and standard atmospheric pressure.
What would its Celsius temperature be at 2.0 atm if its volume decreased to 1.5 L?
6. A 500 mL sample of oxygen is kept at 950 mmHg and 21.5C. The oxygen is expanded to a
volume of 700 mL and the temperature is adjusted until the pressure us 101.325 kPa. Predict the
final temperature of the oxygen gas.

Law of Combining Volumes

 Gay-Lussac discovered that gases react in whole number coefficients and on a set ratio depending
on the compound
 Water vapour was 50 mL oxygen gas : 100 mL hydrogen gas

 followed Dalton’s billiard ball theory of a set ratio

- ratio was not in whole number though

- water vapour was 88.89% oxygen gas : 11.11% hydrogen gas
 law of combing volumes: when gases react, the volume of the gaseous reactants and products,
measured at the same conditioned of temperature and pressure, are always in whole-number
ratios

Examples:
1. Reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas
hydrogen gas + oxygen gas water vapour
2 H2(g) + 1 O2(g) 2 H2O(g)
100 mL + 50 mL 100 mL
50 mL + 25 mL 50 mL
8 mL + 4 mL 8 mL
 Chemistry 20 30
Unit 2: Gases

2. Decomposition of ammonia gas

ammonia gas hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas
2 NH3(g) 3 H2(g) + 1 N2(g)
150 mL 225 mL + 75 mL
50 mL 75 mL + 25 mL
8 mL 12 mL + 4 mL

3. What volume of nitrogen forms when 300 mL of ammonia decomposes?

8 mL ammonia   12 mL hydrogen   4 mL nitrogen 

 
4 mL 4 mL 4 mL

2 ammonia  3 hydrogen  1nitrogen 

ammonia 2

nitrogen 1

300 mL ammonia  2

x mL nitrogen  1

x  150 mL nitrogen 

Avogadro’s Law
 Dalton’s and Gay-Lussac's observations were in conflict with each other
- could not explain how one volume of oxygen could combine with two volumes of hydrogen to
form two volumes of water if the mass of oxygen in water was eight times the mass of
hydrogen
 Gay – Lussac’s observations: 1 volume oxygen gas : 2 volume hydrogen gas = 2 volume
water vapour
 Dalton’s observations: 88.11% mass oxygen gas : 11.11% mass hydrogen gas

 Avogadro resolved the conflict since both scientists were correct

- he concluded that law of combining volumes could be explained if the equal volumes of gases
contained the same number of particles, regardless of mass
- Avogadro’s Law: equal volumes of all ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure contain
the same number of molecules
 Chemistry 20 31
Unit 2: Gases

molecules
 uses 6.02x1023
mol

n1 n2

V 1 V2

n V  when temperature and pressure of a gas are constant, Avogadro’s law as a

proportionality
n  kV  changes proportionality constant to an expression of equality

n1
k
V1  as long as temperature and pressure remain constant
n2
k
V2

n1 n2
  since k is the same for any gas, two product equal themselves
V1 V2
 Chemistry 20 32
Unit 2: Gases

Molar Volume of Gases

 molar volume (v): volume of one mol of a gas
L
- expressed in unit of
mol

V
v
n
- will vary with different temperatures and pressures
 scientists have agreed on specific sets of conditions to report gas volumes

 standard temperature and pressure (STP): defined as 0C (273.15 K) and pressure of 1 atm
(101.325 kPa)
 values are approximately freezing temperature of water at sea level

 standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP): defined as 25C (298.15 K) and
pressure of 100 kPa
 values are at room temperature and a little above sea level

 laboratory conditions

Celsius Kelvin Molar

Conditions Pressure
Temperature Temperature Volume
L
STP 101.325 kPa 0C 273.15 K 22.4
mol
L
SATP 100.0 kPa 25C 298.15 K 24.8
mol

Example:
1. An empty, sealed vacuum container with a volume of 0.652 L is found to have a mass of
2.50 g. When filled with nitrogen gas, the container has a mass of 3.23 g. The pressure of the
nitrogen in the container is measured and found to be 97.5 kPa when the temperature if
21.0C. Calculate the molar volume of nitrogen gas at STP.
V1  0.652 L convert t C  to T K  mass of nitrogen gas
t1  21.0C T1  21.0C  273.15 mnitrogen  mcontainer  mvacuum
P1  97.5 kPa T1  294.15 K
mnitrogen  3.23 g  2.50 g
V2  ?
t 2  0C mnitrogen  0.73 g
T2  0C  273.15
P2  101.325 kPa T2  273.15 K

g
molar mass of N 2  28.02
mol
 Chemistry 20 33
Unit 2: Gases

moles of nitrogen gas P1V1 P2V2


m T1 T2
n
M 97.5 kPa0.652 L   101.325 kPaV2 
n
0.73 g 294.15 K  273.15 K 
28.02
g V2  0.582597 L
mol
n  0.026053 mol
V
v
n
0.582597 L
v
0.026053 mol
L
v  22.36199
mol
L
v  22.4
mol

Lesson #18: Law of Combining Volumes

1. Using kinetic molecular theory, explain what happens when air is heated in an open container at
atmospheric pressure.
2. Jane was trying to show her friend the collapsing soft drink that she saw on You Tube. She heated
the can for 10 minutes on the stove burner and filled a large bowl with cold water and ice. She
lifted the heated can from the stove with tongs and inverted it into the cold water and nothing
happened. Explain using kinetic molecular theory why the can did not collapse.
3. Hydrogen gas (H2(g)) combines with chlorine gas (Cl2(g)) to form hydrogen chloride gas
(HCl(g)). What is the whole-number ratio between the volumes of the reactants and products?
4. How many moles are present in 6.98 g of chlorine gas? What volume would 6.98 g of chlorine
occupy at STP?
5. Find the volume of water vapour produced when 2.73 L of hydrogen gas and an excess of oxygen
gas (plenty of oxygen to burn all the hydrogen) are put into a reaction vessel and ignited. Perform
your calculations, assuming that the gases have all returned to the original temperature and
atmospheric pressure.
6. Find the pressure of a 60 mL sample of gas that is heated from STP conditions to 55.0C if its
volume expands to 120 mL.
7. A 6.98 g sample of chlorine gas has a volume of 2.27 L at 0C and 1.0 atm. Find the molar
volume of the chlorine gas at 25C and 100 kPa.
8. A large syringe was filled with 48 mL of ammonia gas at STP. If the gas was compressed to
24 mL with a pressure of 110 kPa, what was the final temperature?
9. Jessica’s friends are having a birthday party for her on a mild winter day. When the temperature
was -2C and the atmospheric pressure was 100.8 kPa, her friends tied 4.2 L balloons in front of
 Chemistry 20 34
Unit 2: Gases

the house. A sudden cold front passed through and the atmospheric pressure increased to
103.0 kPa and the temperature dropped to -25C. What was the final volume of the balloons?

10. Use the data in the table to show the Pressure

relationship between temperature
and the molar volume of an ideal 740 750 760 770
Temperature
gas, and between pressure and the mmHg mmHg mmHg mmHg
molar volume of an ideal gas. 30C 25.5 25.2 24.9 24.6
25C 25.1 24.8 24.5 24.1
a) Identify the manipulated,
responding and controlled 20C 24.7 24.4 24.1 23.7
variables for each relationship 15C 24.3 24.0 23.6 23.3
you are planning to develop
b) Make graphs and develop a mathematical relationship between the variables
c) Your should include an explanation of the relationships in terms of kinetic molecular theory

Extra Practice Questions: Law of Combining Volumes

1. What volume of water vapour forms when 250 mL of hydrogen combines with 125 mL of
oxygen?
2. What volume of nitrogen gas forms when the decomposition of ammonia gas produces 15 mL of
hydrogen gas?
3. A chemist performed an experiment and determined that 125 mL of nitrogen gas reacted with 250
mL of oxygen gas and formed 250 mL of nitrogen dioxide gas. What volume of nitrogen dioxide
gas is formed when 350 mL of nitrogen gas reacts with an excess of oxygen gas?
4. When as formation reaction occurs, such as the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen to form nitrogen
dioxide (NO2(g)), the masses of the compounds always react in the same rations. For example, the
ratio of masses of nitrogen, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide are always approximately 7:16:23. In a
chemical reaction between gaseous reactants, the ratio of volumes is also always the same.
However, the ratio of volumes differs from the ratio of the masses for the same reaction. In the
reaction above, the ratio of the volumes of nitrogen, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide would be 1:2:2.
Explain how Avogadro resolved this apparent contradiction.
5. If the volume of one mole of helium at 37C and 90 kPa is 29 L, what will be the volume of one
mole of nitrogen at the same temperature and pressure? Explain your reasoning.
6. Explain why it is helpful for chemists to define and use standard temperature and pressure (STP)
and standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP).
 Chemistry 20 35
Unit 2: Gases

Ideal Gas Law

 ideal gas: a gas in which there are no attractive forces between the molecules
 one that has accurately predictable behaviour with respect to

1
a) volume varies inversely with pressure V 
P
b) volume varies directly with temperature V  T
c) volume varies directly with the amount (moles) of gas present V  n
nT
 V for ideal gas
P
 in reality, an ideal gas does not exist because all real gases do possess weak attractive forces
between their molecules
 to make real gases behave in a ideal fashion for predictions, a constant to proportionality (R) is
included in the mathematical relationship
Ideal
V R
nT
or V 
nRT
PV  nRT Gas
P P Law

Kelvin

 Avogadro stated that one mole of any gas will occupy a volume of 22.4L at STP conditions
 from this, a numerical value for “R” can be calculated

PV  nRT

PV 101.325 kPa22.4 L   kPa  L Universal

 R 8.314 Gas (in data book)
nT 1.00 mol 273 K  K  mol Constant

Examples:
1. Find the volume of 100.0 g of oxygen gas at SATP.
T  298.15K
P 100.0 kPa PV  nRT
V ?
100.0 kPaV   3.125 mol  8.314 kPa  L 298.15 K 
 mol  K 
g V  77.463 L
M O2  32.00
mol V  77.46 L

moles of oxygen gas

m
nO2 
M
100.0 g
nO2 
g
32.00
mol
nO2  3.125 mol
 Chemistry 20 36
Unit 2: Gases

2. Find the Celsius temperature when 5.50 moles of a gas occupies a volume of 56.5 L under a
pressure of 1.20 atm.

n  2.50 moles PV  nRT

V  56.5 L
121.59 kPa56.5 L   2.50 mol  8.314 kPa  L T 
T ?  mol  K 
P  1.20 atm T  330.5189 K

convert pressure convert T K  to t C 

 101.325 kPa  t  330.5189 K  273.15
P  1.20 atm 
 1 atm  t  57.369C
P  121.59 kPa t  57.4C

3. Find the molar mass of a mass if a 1.58 g sample occupies a volume of 500.0 mL at STP.
Method #1
m  1.58 g PV  nRT
V  0.5000 L
101.325 kPa0.5000 L   n  8.314 kPa  L 273.15 K 
T  273.15 K  mol  K 
P  101.325 kPa n  0.02231 mol

m
n
M
0.02231 mol 
1.58 g 
M 
g
M  70.820
mol
g
M  70.8
mol

Method #2
m 
m  1.58 g PV    RT
M 
V  0.5000 L
T  273.15 K 101.325 kPa0.5000 L    1.58 g  8.314 kPa  L 273.15 K 
 M  mol  K 
P  101.325 kPa
g
M  70.82
mol
g
M  70.82
mol
 Chemistry 20 37
Unit 2: Gases

4. Find the density of helium gas at SATP, accurate to two significant digits.
g
M He  4.00 m m
mol PV    RT D
V  1 .0 L M  v
PM m
T  298.15 K  D
RT V
P  100 kPa
100 kPa 4.00 g 
 mol  m
 D
 kPa  L 
298.15 K 
v
 8.314
 mol  K 

g
D  0.16137
L
g
D  0.16
L

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure: the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each
individual gas
- in a mixture of gases that do not react chemically
- partial pressure: when gases are mixed, the pressure of any one gas exerts on the walls of the
container

Ptotal  P1  P2
 Chemistry 20 38
Unit 2: Gases

Lesson #19: Ideal Gas Law

1. What volume is occupied by 0.0330 mol of Cl2(g) at 91C and 50.0 kPa? (2.00 L)
2. How many moles of fluorine gas are present in a 1.00L bottle at 20.0C and 100.0 kPa?
(0.0411 mol)
3. If 5.00 g of He (g) occupy 10.0 L at 40.0C, what is the pressure exerted by the gas? (325 kPa)
4. What mass of argon gas is contained in a 20.0 L sample at 127C and 150 kPa? (36.0 g)
5. A 2.40 g sample of an unknown gas has a volume of 2.80 L at 180C and 50.0 kPa. Calculate the
g
molar mass of the unknown (64.6 ).
mol
6. What volume is occupied by 0.0273 mol of oxygen gas at 27C and 107 kPa?
7. How many moles of chlorine gas are contained by a 2.00 L container having a temperature of
20C and a pressure of 100.0 kPa?
8. Determine the mass of the chlorine gas found in #7.
9. Determine the temperature of 0.500 mol of methane gas that exerts a pressure of 150 kPa in a
2.00 L container.
10. A 2.40 g sample of argon gas exerts a pressure of 50.0 kPa and a temperature of 120C in a
container. What is the volume of the container?
11. What mass of carbon dioxide is present in a sample that occupies 1.09 L at 127C and 0.5
kPa?
12. Calculate the volume of 19.0 g of F2(g) at 33.0 kPa and -35.0C.
13. If a 10.4 g sample of an unknown gas occupies 4.00 L at 25C and 101 kPa, determine the molar
mass of the gas.
14. Determine the molar mass of a gas if 2.82 g of the gas occupies 3.16 L at SATP.
15. A sample of a gas has a volume of 0.560 L at 0.00C and 106.6 kPa. If the molar mass of the gas
g
is 58.80 , determine the mass of the sample of gas
mol

Extra Practice Questions: Ideal Gas Law

1. What is the pressure on a gas when 3.25 mol of hydrogen gas occupies a volume of 67.5 L at a
temperature is 295 K?
2. What is the volume of a 5.65 mol of helium gas at 98 kPa of pressure and a temperature of
18.0C?
3. How many moles of ammonia are present in a 250 mL container at 25.0C and 0.100 bar?
 Chemistry 20 39
Unit 2: Gases

4. Find the volume of 1.87 g of methane gas (CH4) at 20.0C and 780 mmHg.
5. What is the Kelvin temperature of 0.063 mg of argon gas at 1.25 atm of pressure if its volume if
31.5 mL?
6. Find the Celsius temperature of nitrogen gas if a 5.60 g sample occupies 2400 mL at 3.00 atm
of pressure.
7. A sample of a gas with a mass of 0.571 g has a volume do 375 mL at 99.0 kPa and 23.8C. Find
the molar mass of the gas.
8. Calculate the density of carbon dioxide gas at SATP to three significant digits.
9. What is the density of helium gas at -25C and a pressure of 90 kPa?
g
10. What is the pressure on water vapour at 150C if its density if 0.500
L
11. Explain how the ideal gas law can apply to any gas, even when the masses of individual
molecules of various gases are different.
12. Describe two different ways for finding the molar mass of a gas.
13. Would water displacement be a good laboratory procedure for collecting hydrogen sulphide
gas? Explain your answer.
14. At STP, a container holds 14.01 g of nitrogen gas, 16.00 g of oxygen gas, 66 g of carbon
dioxide gas and 17.04 g of ammonia gas. What is the volume in the container?
15. A volume of 240 mL of oxygen gas is collected by water displacement when the atmospheric
pressure us measured at 100.2 kPa and the temperature is 20.5C. What is the pressure exerted
by the oxygen gas?
16. Use the following diagram to explain Dalton’s law of partial pressure.

17. What volume would 5.25x1027 molecules of xenon gas occupy at SATP?
18. Find the molar mass of an unknown gas if a 0.87 g sample of the gas occupies a volume of
352 mL at 21.5C and 102 kPa.
19. Calculate the volume of 1.2 mol of carbon dioxide gas at SATP
 Chemistry 20 40
Unit 2: Gases

20. Hanna and Josh collected a gas by displacement of

water. They measured the volume of the gas in the
inverted cylinder, as shown in the diagram. Explain
what measurements would be inaccurate and why. If
they attempted to calculate the number of moles in the
PV
gas using n  , would their calculated value be
RT
larger or smaller than the correct value. Explain

Lesson #20: Unit Review

1. A gas cylinder with a capacity of 105 L contains helium gas at a pressure of 6.70x103 kPa and a
temperature of 27.0C. Calculate the mass of helium in the cylinder.
2. A chemistry isolated an uncreative, monatomic gas. Due to its uncreative nature, attempts to
identify it by chemical activity were futile. At 30.0C and 98.0 kPa, however, it was found that
2.00 L of the gas had a mass of 6.52 g. What is the name of the gas?
3. What volume is occupied by 7.00 g of nitrogen gas at STP?
4. A gas cylinder container 18.6 g of chlorine gas at 20.0C and 101.325 kPa. The cylinder was left
in the sun and the gas temperature rose to 35.0C. What happened due to the temperature change.
Provide proof of your theory.
5. After the content of a steel container of pressurized helium with a volume of 18.4 L have been
evacuated completely, the pressure gauge in the cylinder reads 90.0 kPa at 22.5C. How many
moles of helium remain in the “empty” tank?
6. The ill-fated dirigible, Hindenburg, contained 8.92x106 mol of hydrogen gas. Calculate the
volume occupied by this amount of gas at 27C and 105 kPa.
7. A gas formed by uranium and fluorine is used to assist in the separation of uranium isotopes U-
235 and U-238. At 75.0C and 98.5 kPa, 1.00 g of the uranium-fluorine gas occupies a volume of
83.3 mL. Determine the molar mass of the gas and deduce the chemical formula.
8. Bromine is produced by reacting chlorine with bromine ions dissolved in sea water. What mass
of bromine is present in an 18.8 L sample of bromine gas at 60.0 kPa and 140C?
9. When the pressure in a gas cylinder of volume 4.50 L reached 5.07x104 kPa, the cylinder in
likely to explode. If this cylinder contains 1.60x103 g of argon gas and the temperature of the gas
rises to 25.0C from 10.0C, could the cylinder explode? Provide proof of your theory.
10. If a loaf of bread at STP contains 2.0 g of carbon dioxide gas, what is the volume of the loaf of
bread?
 Chemistry 20 41
Unit 2: Gases

11. Sulphur dioxide gas analysis is an important technique for monitoring emissions from gas plants
and oil refineries. A sample of air, at SATP, was bubbled though a sodium hydroxide solution to
remove the sulphur dioxide gas. Both temperature and pressure remained constant. The new
volume of the air sample was measured and recorded. The collected data follows:
Initial volume of air sample: 20.00 L
Final volume of air ample: 19.74 L
What mass of sulphur dioxide was present in the air sample?
12. If 206 mL of a gas, having a pressure of 85.3 kPa, are compressed to a volume of 146 mL, what
will be the final pressure?
13. If a gas at 10C has a volume of 59.3 mL, what will be the final volume of the gas if it is heated
to 130C? Assume pressure remains constant.
14. A sample do chlorine gas has a volume of 537 mL at STP. What will its volume be at 120C and
60.0 kPa?
15. At 300 K, a gas exerts a pressure of 85 kPa. IF the gas volume remains constant, what will the
pressure be at 300C?
16. A balloon has a volume of 3.75 L ay 50C and 140 kPa. What will its volume be at SATP?
17. If 5.05 g of hydrogen gas are in a balloon at STP and the pressure is held constant while the
volume increases to 100 L, what will be the temperature of the gas?
18. Calculate the volume of 15.04 g of ethane (dicarbon hexahydride) at 50C and a pressure of
80.0 kPa.
19. What mass of methane gas is found in 81.6 L at 34C and 125 kPa?
20. Calculate the pressure exerted by 70.6 g of nitrogen gas having a volume of 110 L and a
temperature of 87C.
21. Calculate the volume of 60.0 g of O2(g) at SATP?
22. How many moles of fluorine gas are present in 20.0 L at SATP?
23. A 48.0 g sample of an unknown gas has a volume of 37.0 L at 30C and a pressure of 140 kPa.
Calculate the molar mass of the gas.
24. An unknown gas is suspected as being one of the following substances: H2S(g), C4H8(g), O3(g) or
NH3(g). At 40C and a pressure of 125 kPa it was found that a 23.42 g sample of the gas had a
volume of 8.68 L. Identify the unknown from the choices given.