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Introduction stepdown
transformer
The problem of predicting the peak pool boiling (or
"burnout") heat flux qmax in subcooled liquids has received 0"
© v o Itmeter
, temperature
sensor
current
nant pool will eventually warm to the saturation temperature. supply lead uniform
t e m p e r a t u r e bath
However, since a heater in a large bath can operate in quasi- mercury
- cooling coil
static subcooled boiling for a long time, subcooled burnout is thermometer
- test section
important in the short term. Furthermore, if cool liquid is preheater
replenished, either by slow fluid motion or a cooling process in
the bath, a condition very close to pool boiling can be main-
magnetic
tained indefinitely. Finally, since subcooled behavior is impor- stirrer
tant in flow boiling, an understanding of the zero velocity
limit is a part of a general understanding of burnout in flow
boiling. Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the experimental apparatus
Kutateladze (1951) first looked at the subcooled boiling
burnout heat flux <7max>sub, and argued that since some fraction
of the heat had to go to warming the liquid to its boiling point
before boiling could occur, one could represent q max.sub as meant that additional vapor would have to be generated at a
heater surface before Helmholtz instability caused burnout.
^/max.sub The amount of vapor condensed must then be established by a
= const »Ja (1) process of transient heat conduction in the moving liquid-
((max
vapor interface. Thus they obtained a correlation that explicit-
where the Jakob number ly displays the familiar formula for transient conduction into a
Ja = pfCpATmb/pgh/g (2) semi-infinite medium
Ar s u b == the liquid subcooling = (r s a t - T bath ); and qmm = the ^max,sub 2A:Ars,
saturated peak heat flux. ; 1 + const- (3)
*?max
Kutateladze and Schneiderman (before 1953) measured
<7max,sub o n horizontal cylinders. Their limited data in water, where T was Zuber's approximate lifetime of the vapor jets
ethanol, and iso-octane suggested that <7maXiSUb varied in direct irfli
proportion to Ja and thus to A7 , sub ; but they also suggested ( ° )1/2 ( "3 ) (4)
v g ( P\s(pf-pJo/
/-Pg)c
that the constant in equation (1) should contain the factor g(Pf-p„K
(Pf/pg)0-011 to account for the "recirculation of unheated sub- The Zuber-Tribus-Westwater mechanism remains the most
cooled liquid." The maximum subcoolings that they observed probable one for subcooled burnout; however it has not suc-
were 64°C in water, 120°C in ethanol, and 76°C in iso-octane. ceeded in providing very good correlation of the existing sub-
They did their measurements on graphite rods, whose cooled data.
diameters they failed to report.
Ivey and Morris (1962) (see also Ivey and Morris, 1966) pro-
Zuber et al. (1963) suggested in 1961 that subcooling would vided the following modification of Kutateladze and
augment burnout by condensing a fraction of the departing Schneiderman's correlation:
vapor on the walls of the jets through which it flowed. This
1+0 Ja (5)
\ P f j
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division and presented at the 2nd
ASME-JSME Joint Thermal Engineering Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii,
Equation (5) correlated the data of Kutateladze, and their own
March 1987. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division October 27, data for horizontal wires 1.22 to 2.67 mm in diameter in
1986. Keywords: Boiling. water, in the range 0 < Ar s u b <72°C. The correlation was only
dt &$k * A \ AA A
2.5
j t » o V ° ° ° oo o A.JN&
^
^D*
©
• • *£? -
» # ^ a
s
o
highly subcooled boiling
>§ A& .. !i
Oil
, «** — highly subcooled boiling region - — - S" Freon-113 data :
A" — - region of
J
A 1.042 mm dia. heaters
low
subcooling —i
s? 4 1.295 mm dia. heaters
0.5 A 1.524 mm dia. heaters
— — region of
moderate isopropanol data : —
i^~
F*S
?
subcooling —
o 0.813 mm dia. heaters
0
, i
20
, i
40
i i
60
i i
80 90
e 1.042 mm dia. heaters
-* Fig. 5 The effect of liquid subcooling on the peak heat flux, for heaters
of various sizes in Freon-113
I
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 3.0
AT s u b = T s f l t - T b a l h < ° C )
. \ * + + +* * * + ++
Fig. 3 The effect of liquid subcooling on the peak heat flux, for heaters
of various sizes in isopropanol
1
h' hi* "uhc ol ri hn'll
g J - g g
B B a n B B B r a B
m 0
B m % % mS a @ (
•am o 1.5 - j K
(acetone yields only 3 data
a a a • • a n i points in the region of
KB* +
•fc
0.813 mm dia. heaters
1.042 mm dia. heaters
moderate 4- 1.295 mm dia. heaters
subcooling — * 1.524 mm dia. heaters
methanol data :
1.0F
a 0.813 mm dia. heaters
to 1.042 mm dia. heaters
0 1.295 mm dia. heaters
20 60 80 100
a 1.524 mm dia. heaters
CO
i r l Fig. 6 The effect of liquid subcooling on the peak heat flux, for heaters
20 60 80 120 of various sizes in acetone
CO
the jets diminish slightly in size. In the ' 'region of intermediate
Fig. 4 The effect of liquid subcooling on the peak heat flux, for heaters subcooling" the jets give way to fairly large bubbles that con-
of various sizes in methanol
tinue to condense away after they depart from the wire.
The most dramatic surprise awaits us in the "region of high
<WSun =<7raax2[0.89 + 2.27exp(-3.44V/F)] (6) subcooling." Here two unexpected things occur: The burnout
where R' is the Laplace number based on the cylinder radius R heat flux reaches a ceiling that is independent of Ar sub , and
the bubble departure pattern takes on the appearance of
R'^R[g(Pf-Pg)/o]i/2 (7) saturated film boiling. At high superheats, very small bubbles
and qmaxz is Zuber's estimate of the peak heat flux on a leave the wire and rise, without condensing, in what must be a
horizontal flat plate thin sheet of liquid that has been heated all the way to rsat by
the wire, We have delineated this region by developing com-
imax^ = ^l'2hfi\So(Pf-Pg)Y (8) plete sets of data at the highest subcoolings while other in-
vestigators have only provided a few points.
The purpose of using the hydrodynamic prediction of qmax Our task is now to determine what factors dictate burnout
to reduce the data on an otherwise dimensional plot is to make in each of these three regimes and to do what we can about
it feasible to put data for different wire sizes on the same developing predictions of the peak heat flux in each case.
graph. While we do not claim that equation (6) presents the
correct accounting for geometric scale at high subcooling, this Heat Transfer Models
normalization nevertheless makes it possible for us to see, at
this preliminary stage, three identifiable regimes of boiling The Region of Low Subcooling. The mechanism for
behavior near ^maXiSUb, as ATsub is increased. burnout in the region of low subcooling is the same Helmholtz
The three regimes of subcooled burnout behavior become instability process that occurs in saturated boiling. However
more sharply evident in photographs made at heat fluxes near when the liquid is subcooled, more vapor must be supplied to
burnout. Indeed the photographs make it clearer than do the the escaping jets to make up that portion that condenses on
data alone that a middle region must be identified. Figures the jet walls before burnout occurs.
l{a-d) are typical photographs showing saturated boiling and This is the essence of the Zuber et al. mechanism. Like
the three subcooled regimes, just below the peak heat flux. In Zuber et al., we note that it is necessary to add to qmax the
the "region of low subcooling" some of the familiar jets-and- transient heat flux from the saturated interface of the vapor
columns behavior of saturated boiling is preserved, although jets to the surrounding subcooled liquid. The average transient
2.0
x
.
Q
'"
E
0-
0.5 6 .Freon-113
o Isopropanol
results
t} 0 o~---'----'--'--JO.L5J -OJ. 7
--- Ivey and Morris (1962) Ja/Pe
114
Ja/Pe 1/4
data : °yS
+ acetone - X A s equation (34) -
800 D methanol
A Freon-113
% ^
o isopropanol
- 0.010 — KF"
&S A '
" data -
" a methanol 1 Nichrome heaters. -
isopropanol 1 Numbers indicate number
o + <
400 - acetone f of d a t a p o i n t s f o r e a c h
°<o+ +
- Freon-113 J symbol. -
0.005 T indicates range of
s c a t t e r among data
200 ; / ^~~~~- equation (25) 1 for each symbol.
1.2
r/
* 0.2
0.6 D data for methanol _l_
boiling on 1.04 mm 0 40 60 80 120
0.4 cylinders.
,CC>
0.2
Fig. 12 Comparison of the data with the three predictions for acetone
0 _1_ boiling on 1.3-mm-dia cylinders
20 60 80 120
CO
superposed flow, and cannot be compared with a pool boiling
Fig. 11 Comparison of the data with the three predictions for methanol correlation.
boiling on 1.04-mm-dia cylinders
Finally, our moderate and high subcooling correlations are
predictions for the three regions, equations (21), (25), and based on a uniform-wall-temperature assumption. Several of
(34). This plot dramatizes the difficulty we face. the extant <7maXiSUb data were obtained on thin-walled, high-
One would want the three regions to be delineated by the in- thermal-resistance tubes (Ivey and Morris used such heaters).
tersections of the three correlating equations. However, in Therefore, the only significant surviving data set that we are
some cases the low and moderate subcooling region curves in- aware of, with which we can compare our results, are the Ivey
tersect and in some cases they do not. In Fig. 11 they do not, and Morris data for water in the region of low subcooling. The
and the data clearly jump from the low A!Tsub prediction to the line through the center of these data is shown in Fig. 8. (The
moderate ATsvb prediction at about 30°C. We do not yet know scatter of these data about the line shown is approximately the
what factors determine where this jump occurs. same as ours.)
We used the following procedure to identify the appropriate This ex post facto comparison is almost perfect despite the
region for each data point. We first guessed the region on the fact that it involves a liquid - water - not involved in the
basis of Figs. 3-6. Then we made preliminary correlations of present correlation. This data set extends to a subcooling of
the data and generated plots similar to those in Fig. 11. Next 70 °C and it compares well with equation (21) over the entire
we judged which points lay in which region by looking at each range. Furthermore, Ivey and Morris' photographs show that
point in relation to the predictions. Finally, we made new cor- the jets-and-columns structure is more or less preserved at
relations based on these decisions. After about three such least to Arsub = 610C.
iterations no further changes were required. At high subcooling, the Ivey-Morris data substantially ex-
The results obtained for acetone in this process exhibited a ceed the limit set by equation (34). Since their experiments in-
trend different from that shown in Fig. 11. The low and volved a constant wall heat flux, they probably caused boiling
moderate Arsub predictions intersected at a very small value of contact to be maintained over the entire cylinder surface. In
Arsub as shown in Fig. 12. The acetone data (for all but the our experiments, contact is probably localized at the bottom
smallest heaters) failed to deviate from the low Arsub predic- of the heater.
tion until they reached the high A7"sub limit. A Note on the Function: <7max,sul)(Arsub). For many years
The resulting boundary between the moderate and high sub- the common wisdom has been that <7maXiSUb varies directly as
cooling regions is clearly defined by the single intersection be- Ar sub . This linearity has been roughly borne out by existing
tween equations (25) and (34). When equations (21) and (25) data sets and models. The present study shows that
intersect, the left-hand point of intersection does not locate
the transition between the regions of low and moderate sub- • The relation is linear in the region of low subcooling.
cooling and we have no situation in which the right hand in- • <7max,sub varies approximately as (ATsub)}/s in the region of
tersection occurs in the range of interest. All cases of transi- moderate subcooling except as it is modified by the strong
tion from low to moderate ATsub behavior occurred at a seem- temperature dependence of the thermal properties.
8
ingly arbitrary point. In the region of high subcooling, #maX|SUb shows no
dependence on ATsvb except for a small influence of physical
Comparison of the Present Correlations With Literature property variations.
Data. Certain of the existing data sets are incompletely The previous experimental studies could not reveal these lat-
reported, and many of the other sets reflect system variables ter two regimes because, without a large number of data, tight
that are inconsistent with the present models. Our models ap- control of all variables, and a wide range of ATsub they simply
ply only to pool boiling on "large" isothermal cylinders. were not evident. Kutateladze, for example, failed to
All three of our correlation equations are restricted to burn- discriminate influences of heater size, or even to report
out on cylinders for which R' is greater than about 0.1. It was diameters. His data might actually have reached into the high
demonstrated by Bakhru and Lienhard (1972) that the subcooling region, but not far enough to make the actual
hydrodynamic burnout processes are completely destroyed as trend apparent.
R' falls below 0.1, because capillary forces then dominate the
vapor escape. Many of the extant data lie in this range, and
none of them can be compared with our correlations. Conclusions and Open Issues
Some of the extant data for <7max?sub were obtained by keep- 1 We have obtained what we believe to be the most com-
ing the liquid subcooled with a superposed liquid flow across prehensive set of subcooled <?max data yet developed, and they
the cylinder. Subsequent studies of flow boiling burnout have reveal that there are three regions of subcooled burnout
shown that such data were, in fact, strongly influenced by the behavior.