FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 12 (PASCAL’S LAW) CHAPTER 14 (FLUID FLOW)

CHAPTER 11 (PRESSURE)
Pascal's law states that at any point in a fluid at rest, the Fluid Flow is a part of fluid mechanics and deals with fluid
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. pressure is the same in all directions. dynamics. Fluids such as gases and liquids in motion is called
𝐹 as fluid flow. Motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced
𝑃= Px = Py =Pz forces. This motion continues as long as unbalanced forces
𝐴
are applied.
SI UNIT ENGLISH UNIT MANOMETERS
𝑁 𝑙𝑏
= pascal = psi Types of Fluid Flow
𝑚2 𝑖𝑛2
Simple U-Tube Manometer PA + γ1h1 = γ2h2 + Patm
Fluid flow has all kinds of aspects — steady or unsteady,
2 Pressure references used to measure fluid pressure:
compressible or incompressible, viscous or nonviscous, and
1. True zero 2. Atmospheric Pressure
rotational or irrotational, to name a few. Some of these
Gage Pressure - pressure measured with respect to the characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and
atmospheric pressure. others focus on how the fluid is moving.
pg = γh = (density of fluid) (pressure head) Steady/Unsteady Flow: Fluid flow can be steady or
unsteady, depending on the fluid’s velocity.
Absolute Pressure - pressure is measured with respect to Differential
the true zero reference. PB + γ1h1 = γ2h2 + γ3h3 + PA
Manometer Steady: In steady fluid flow, the velocity of the fluid is
Pabsolute = Pgage + Patmospheric constant at any point.
Unsteady: When the flow is unsteady, the fluid’s velocity
- may also be taken as the difference between atmospheric can differ between any two points.
pressure and the vacuum.
Vacuum - a pressure below atmospheric pressure (i.e. Viscous or Nonviscous Flow
negative gage pressure). Vacuums are always stated in Viscosity is a measure of the thickness of a fluid, and very
positive number. gloppy fluids such as motor oil or shampoo are called
viscous fluids.
Pabsolute = Patmospheric - Pvacuum
CHAPTER 13 (ARCHIMEDES’ LAW)
Fluid Flow Rate
Atmospheric Pressure - Also known as BAROMETRIC Archimedes' Principle states that a body submerged in a The volume of fluid replaced in a given interval of time is
PRESSURE, taken from barometer, an instrument used to fluid is subjected by an unbalanced force called the called the fluid flow rate.
measure air pressure. BOUYANT FORCE equal to the weight of the displaced
fluid. where: Mass flow rate = ρAV
Standard atmospheric pressure Buoyant Force – upward force on
F b = Wd ρ = density
= 1.013 bar objects that are partially or
A = area Flow Rate = Area X Velocity
= 1.013 x 105 pascals F b = γV d completely submerged in fluids.
V = velocity
= 101.3 kilopascals F b = Win air - Wwater The buoyant force is equal to the
= 14.696 pounds per sq. inch weight of the displaced water.
Continuity Flow Equation
= 2116.2 pounds per sq. foot where:
where:
= 1.000 atmosphere Fb = buoyant force
Q = volume flow rate Q1 = Q2
= 760 millimeter Hg W = weight of the body
A = cross sectional area of the flow A1V1 = A2V2
= 29.921 inches Hg Wd= weight of the displaced liquid
V = mean velocity
= 407.1 inches H2O γ = specific weight of the substance
ρ = density
= 33.93 feet H2O Vd = volume displaced of fluid or the volume of the body
m = mass
= 760 torr submerged
 CHAPTER 15 (BERNOULLI'S EQUATION) The Pressure Gradient (∆P): The difference of the pressure jointly to the square root of the vertical
which exists between the two ends of the tube is determined distance, h, between the liquid surface and the center of the
States that the energy of the flowing fluid per unit time by the simple fact that any fluid will always flow from high opening and to the square root of twice the acceleration
passing any upstream section is the same as the energy per pressure region (P1) to low pressure zone (P2) and hence caused by gravity, 2g, or simply v = (2gh)1/2
unit time passing any downstream section plus the loss of the flow rate will be determined by the
head between two sections. pressure gradient (P1–P2). CHAPTER 19 (REYNOLDS NUMBER)
Radius of Tube: The flow of fluid is found to be varying
directly with the radius to the power of 4 and hence if the Reynolds Number is a dimensionless parameter equal to the
radius is halved the flow decreases by almost 16 times. ratio of the inertia forces to the friction forces.

𝑉𝐷 where:
𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟐 Viscosity of fluid (η): The flow of the fluid is found to vary
𝟏
+ + Z1 = 𝟐
+ + Z2 + HL 𝑅𝑒 =
𝒈 𝛄 𝒈 𝛄 inversely with the viscosity of fluid and with the increase in µ𝑘
V = mean velocity
viscosity of fluid the flow decreases and similarly the flow 𝑉𝐷𝑝
where: 𝑅𝑒 = D = diameter of the pipe
will increase as viscosity decreases. µ𝑑
𝑽𝟐 µ𝒅 = dynamic viscosity
𝟏
= velocity head 𝑉𝐷𝛄
𝒈 Length of the Tube (L): The flow is inversely proportional to 𝑅𝑒 = µ𝒌 = kinematic viscosity
𝑷 the tube length and hence longer the tube length greater is µ𝑑 g ρ = density
= pressure head
𝛄 the resistance to the flow. g = acceleration
Z = elevation
HL = head loss Resistance (R): The resistance is represented by Types of steady flow
and hence the Poiseuille’s Law becomes:
1. Laminar Flow (Re ≤ 2000)
2. Turbulent Flow (Re > 4000)
3. Transitional (2000 < Re ≤ 4000)
CHAPTER 17 (STOKE’S LAW)
CHAPTER 20
Stokes’s law, mathematical equation that expresses the (INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF FLUID MECHANICS)
settling velocities of small spherical particles in a fluid
medium. 1. Hydroelectric Power Plants
2. Hydraulic Machines
3. Refrigerators and Air Conditioners
where: 4. Automobiles
d = grain diameter 5. Thermal Power Plants
ρf = density of the fluid 6. Nuclear Power Plants
ρg= density of the settling grain 7. Fluids as a Renewable Energy Source
CD = dimensionless coefficient of drag 8. Operating Various Instruments
CHAPTER 16 (POISEUILLE’S LAW) 9. Heat Engines
V = velocity of the settling grain
g = acceleration due to gravity
Poiseuille flow is pressure-induced flow (Channel Flow) in a
long duct, usually a pipe. It is distinguished from drag-
CHAPTER 18 (TORRICELLI’S THEOREM)
induced flow such as Couette Flow.
The law expresses the relation between the flow (Q) and
Torricelli's theorem is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating
pressure gradient (∆P) inside a long narrow tube (L) with a
the speed of fluid flowing out of an orifice to the height of
radius of (r) filled with viscous fluid (η). The entire relation
fluid above the opening.
is framed as:
It states that the speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the
force of gravity out of an opening in a tank is proportional