David Burns Final Thesis Book PDF

Grief and Healing
in Architecture
David Burns
Senior Project Research + Programming 2010-2011
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Advisors: George Proctor, Alexander Pang,
Juintow Lin
Table of Contents
Research Abstract
Research Documentation
Programming Planning and Zoning Regulations

Building Code Research
Program Description
Program Space Summary
Program Data Sheets
Resource Allocation
Design Site Assessment and Analysis

Schematic Design
Project Design
Supplemental Appendix
Works Cited
Abstract
Death is a universal phenomenon. It’s existence is one of the defining charac-
teristics of what it means to live, yet dialog on the matter is often avoided.
However, as cemeteries are filling up, land is at a premium, and the largest
generation in American history is approaching, now is the time to address
the subject. I propose the investigation of crematoriums as a possible solu-
tion to these arising infrastructural issues. However, I seek to also examine
the implications of cremation and its built form on the idea of the sacred
and the phenomenal. Such a program provides a unique opportunity for
architecture to consol the bereaved.
Research Documentation
The nation is ageing. As the Baby Boomer Generation reaches retirement

and beyond, new infrastructural problems will be revealed. The need for
both health and living facilities for them to accommodate will expand
greatly. Increased life spans provided by modern medicine ensure that they
will remain a sizable population in the United States for the next 40 years.
However, another infrastructural issue related to passing on.
From this stems two important approaches to dealing with interment. The
first is the technical requirements for handling all that pass on. There are
considerable space and resource requirements both in the preparation for
funeral rites, and in their permanent containment. It is unclear what the how
much increase capacity existing funerary facilities can handle as the de-
mand for their services rises. As land resources become scarcer, especially
in Los Angeles, the amount of land need to contain these bodies will be ex-
orbitant. The other issue at stake is mental wellbeing of those who remain,
morning their lost ones. This is potentially far more significant, and the often
less considered of the two approaches. The need to help those people rein-
tegrate back into normal life, and not be caught up in a confused stream of
emotions is vital to their lives. What is desired from this project is an under-
standing of what role architecture can play in these conditions.
The funeral process has a profound impact on the grieving process people
endure after the passing of another. During this time people are filled with
a variety of emotions, including love, hate, disappointment, relief, shame,
guilt, and gratitude. This jumble of emotions results in a sense of confusion.
This confusion is also a result of an encounter with the unknown. Death is a

mystifying feat, and upon encountering it the “presence of holiness involves
a suspension of ordinary activities and normal attitudes.”(Grainger 55) In
his studies, Roger Grainger has found that the people who are the most
comfortable with confronting the issue of death are those who are either
religious, or those who explicitly have no faith. Those who have no firm
convictions on way or the other are the ones who are most uncertain of the
phenomenon, and prefer to avoid the subject. They may even become vio-
lent upon its discussion.
To deal with the process of recovering from the loss of a fellow human, peo-
ple have developed rituals. While the various methods of expressing this
interaction with the dead may vary from culture to culture, “the impulse to
send them in the right way is characteristic of the human species.” (Grainger
7) Grainger continues by saying that these rituals are beginning stages of
reintegrating and accepting what has happened.
The reflections of Catholic clergyman Rodney J. Copp provides useful in-

sight into the social situation of funerals. When reflecting on one of his first
funeral homilies, one that was intensely personal to him, he recounts the
incredible mix of emotions felt in the room simultaneously: anger, guilt, sad-
ness, confusion, and memories. The people drawn together were a unique
blend: classmates, family, hospital attendants, old friends. Yet despite all
the differences and varying opinions of the congregation, there was a unity.
They were all there for one purpose, to remember the one they knew and
loved. Funerals posses the ability to draw together people who would oth-
erwise never intermingle, and unite them for a moment in time. This means
that the architecture that houses this rite has a unique potential to enhance
and speak into this uncommon moment of unity.
Greif can have deep impacts upon people. Defined, “Greif is a natural
response to any loss.” (Manning 11) Many social ill can be attributed to
grief, such as divorce and alcoholism. This is why it is important that people
are allowed to experience the emotion. To repress it could cause years of
emotional and physical damage, though it is sometimes difficult to uncover
the source of these feelings. Doug Manning has written that of all the fu-
nerals he has conducted the one he feels was the most successful was the
one where he said all most nothing. The wake consisted of people from the
audience sharing their stories about the man. This sharing is a form of unity,
which we concluded above is essential connection needed during the funer-
ary process. Again, we as architects must seek to promote this interaction
between people, this sharing that promotes unity and healing in the midst
human strife. It is much more imperative than any formal gesture.
Author Marilyn Yalom has discovered a trend of people moving to a more

personal approach to handling the issue of death. Historically the rituals
associated with dying have been aimed at distancing the deceased from
the living, but we are moving to a more progressive time. The advent of hos-
pices, life celebrations and unique grave markers shows a new approach to
the subject, one that has not really been taken advantage of by architects
so much as by landscape architects.
Earth burial is the oldest form of handing human remains. History has docu-
mented people being buried in every position, form laying down to sitting
and standing. The remains may be placed in caves, vaults, or the ground.
In the times of hunter gathers burial grounds were considered sacred, and
villages were often developed alongside them. Today, cemeteries are typi-
cally planned along the outskirts of cities, where land is less expensive.
Over time, these places are often enveloped as cities expand.
Most people who are buried are protected from the soil by at least one
barrier. In olden days, this may have been just a sheet. Later, wood coffins
were used, but these would disintegrate over time. In the nineteenth century
new coffins were advertised as being fit for “presentation, preservation,
and protection of the corpse.”(Quigley 84)These caskets may now boarder
on the absurd. People have been buried in near full functioning automobiles,
and in coffins made of chocolate. Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles
offers air conditioning and music in some of its vaults, as well as earthquake
proof options.
One interesting practice related to earth burials is that of grave leasing. In

Victorian England cemeteries used to be dug up and any remains burned,
and then reused again. While this seems insensitive, it is due to a great
shortage of burial space in many urban centers. The practice of grave leas-
ing is the more formally contracted version of this phenomenon. In Berlin,
interment spots may be occupied for 50 years. In Denmark these spaces are
sometimes recycled as quickly as every 15 years. In the better cemeteries
of London there are 99 year contracts available.
The reason that these practices exist is the incredible land shortage faced in
many urban areas. It is estimated that the cemeteries of America will reach
capacity by the year 2020. With this date soon approaching, the need for
a new handling of interment must be reached. 2
Cremation offers a viable alternative to the more common earth burials.
Cremation saves space, time and money. The ashes of the deceased may be
stored in nearly any item. For those who choose to have there remains still
placed in the earth, a mere 16 square inch plot is needed. This means that
8 urns could be placed in the same amount of space as one typical coffin.
This increases the number of people able to be interred in cemeteries by
800%. This is not taking into account any new forms of design in handling
the ashes, which could potentially raise this statistic even higher. Columbaria
are walls that are comprised of many niches for placing cremation urns.
They are sometimes found inside of Mausoleums, and other times are free-
standing structures.
The process of cremation is very specific. The deceased is preserved until

cremation is approved. This approval typically is given by the corners office.
After this the body is placed in a special combustible case and placed in the
cremation oven. These ovens are large and technical pieces of equipment.
(Appendix 8) The temperature typically ranges from 1600°F -1800°F, and
can consume a body in an average of 2.5 hours. This time varies depend-
ing on the size of the body, temperature of oven. These ovens process the
smoke, fumes and odor internally. After cremation there are still bone frag-
ments left with the ashes. The remains are then taken to a processor, which
produces a fine grade powder. This is then placed in an urn, or any other
storage container provided.
Historically cremation has been met with mixed emotions. It was sometimes
used as a punishment for those had passed. Murders have attempted it to
hide their victims remains. Their success is limited because it is difficult to pro-
duce a fire hot enough to consume a body quickly. Christians has protested it
because they believed it to interfere with the resurrection of the body. They
also opposed it because it was viewed as being tied to pagan rituals.
To the other extreme, cremation has been a positive force in many societies.
The ancient Greeks cremated most of their deceased, believing that it was
a means of purification. Indeed, in times of plague many European cities
allowed it, seeing the practice as hygienic. Ancient Australians, Bronze Age
Scandinavians, and Babylonians are all recorded as practicing cremation.
Both the Hindu and Buddhist religions are keen on this method of dealing
with the dead. Some cities in Japan even require it.
Cremation is becoming increasingly common. In the United States, approxi-

mately 1 in 3 people is cremated, with it being more heavily favored in the
western states. In California this rate jumps to over 50%. In other parts of
the world statistics are even higher. In the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and
Denmark, the rates are 76%, 75% and 73% respectively. Yalom.
Crematoria are comprised of many different spaces. The most prominent of

these is the main chapel. This is typically the largest area in the facility and
is publically accessible. In some cases it contains religious symbols; however,
this is not always the case. Cremation is viewed as secularizing influence,
though the practice is accepted by many religions, including most Christian
sects, Catholicism, Buddhism and Hinduism. In the United Kingdom, 80% of
crematoriums surveyed stated that they had a religious dedication at their
opening, irrespective of whether they were run by a religion or the local
authority. Architecturally, the chapel resembles that of a church. Indeed, it
often borrows the elements of stained glass, alters, candles, organs, pews,
and sometimes religious symbols. The circulation of crematoria chapels does
differ from that of most chapels in a significant way. Most churches require
you to enter and exit the building through the same passage. In crematoria
it is common for you to enter and exit through different passage ways to
different areas. It has unofficially been deemed the “one door in one door
out” rule. Indeed this is a prominent feature in many examples of this build-
ing type, and may in part be the influence of Asplund’s Woodland Crema-
torium. This is exercised for a number of reasons. One is the greater need to
cycle people through the space, and past the body in some cases. The other
reason is that of ritual. There is little formal discussion of what the proper
rituals are for cremation, however, the separate exit provides potential for
scripting the procession. (Davies)
There are several spaces that may be periphery to the chapel. One of
these is a waiting space, placed before entry to the chapel itself. When
asked to include this space in his design for the Baurnschulenweg Cremato-
rium, Axel Schultes describes area akin to a doctors waiting room. Instead,
they created “a space to bind people together to share the dilemma of
grief.” (Russel 224) He feels that this reinterpreted part of the program
may be the most significant in the entire project. It allows people to come
together in a more intimate way than the wake held inside of the chapel. In
what could have been a simple waiting room they created a “metaphysical
forest.”(Russel 224)
Other spaces supplementary to the chapel may include separate waiting

and preparation rooms for either the family or minister.
The work spaces of crematorium are much more utilitarian. This stems from a
number of different reasons. Firstly, these spaces are often closed to general
public, though this is not always the case. Second, this is where the technical
and medical facets of the occupation occur, requiring clean, sanitary, and
well lit spaces. In addition to spaces for ovens, these facilities must include
spaces for storing the body. In many cases the body must be refrigerated
until documentation has been approved for cremation. There must also be
space for handling the body, both before and after the burning. Before the
cremation, the body may be inspected for things that will hinder cremation.
Afterwards, the ashes and bone fragments are placed into processors that
produce the fine grade ash that we associate with cremains. This part of the
facility has its own means of circulation, separate from that of the chapel. It
often includes its own private carport for the hearse to deliver the bodies,
unseen by grieving visitors.
While these spaces are treated in a utilitarian fashion, they are sometimes
visited by the bereaved. In some cases they wish to view the burning. In
Japan, where cremation rates are incredibly high, it is not uncustomary to
watch the process. In extreme cases, guards are placed there to keep peo-
ple from trying to save the body or join it. In the Crematorium Heimolen,
Belgian firm Claus en Kaan Architecten designed a large, clean, naturally lit
hall in which three large ovens are placed. While it still takes on the clean
requirements of utilitarianism, it also provides a sacred feeling. This space
is open to the public.
There are several types of services that are held within a crematorium. One
is a where a service takes place at the crematorium, just before the start
of the cremation process. Another option is to hold a normal funeral service
offsite, and then have the body sent to the crematorium. The body may
either be processed immediately or at a later time.2 Regardless, there is a
disconnection between the time of the wake and the cremation process. This
is often the case.
Several elements are prominent in the design of crematoriums. First is the

emphasis on natural light. It is used to guide people through, softly or dra-
matically light them, or provide a natural feeling. The dominant use of the
color white is also common. This may be for its purifying connotations, and its
soft feeling. Norwegian architect Kjell Kristiansen states of his project that
“The whiteness and height stress the importance of the event.” (Preece 50)
Indeed the expansion and compression of space is a dominant feature in
the Scandinavian examples that I have visited. It has great influence upon
the feeling one has when progressing though the space. Kristiansen also
comments on the East-West orientation of his crematorium design, which
symbolically follows the rising and setting of the sun upon life.
Building and program articulation has been expressed in a variety of ways

for crematoriums. However, there are several prominent models or trends.
One example is a tendency to place the utilitarian parts of the facility
below grade. This may be done for several reasons; to visually hide the
program elements that may be harder for the bereaved to handle, to take
advantage of site conditions, or as a method of organization in which public
space is best served from below. Little evidence supports the notion that
this has been done for any symbolic reasons related to death, though the
connections to burial are uncanny. Rather, it appears to be done for much
more pragmatic reasons.
Another debate is weather the chapel and actual crematorium spaces are
connected or placed in separate buildings. While there is inevitably a di-
vide in the program between front of house and back of house, this division
may be handled in different ways. It is not uncommon for both to be housed
under the same roof. This is the case with the Baurnschulenweg and the
Woodland Crematorium. In both of these instances the program is stacked,
with the utilitarian spaces below. It is important to note that there is prec-
edent for on grade facilities where both parts of the program are con-
nected. Lusparken Arkitekter’s facility in Bodø, Norway houses both areas in
one building, albeit divided in two wings rather than stacking the program.1
There are also examples, however, of the two programmatic pieces being
separated from each other. In the case of Claus en Kaan Architecten’s Cre-
matorium Heimolen the chapel and crematorium are in separate buildings
on opposite sides of the site, separated by a small lake.
Another debate in crematorium design is whether the building should ex-

press its function. This is related to the above arguments. The most promi-
nent way in which this dilemma manifests itself is in the expression of the
chimney. Varying approaches exist. In the Hagen Crematorium, the stack is
quite prominently displayed. This was done for several reasons; the build-
ing was a prototype for a new type of building, and was influential upon
policy changes in Prussia on the subject of cremation. A clear stance had
to be taken upon what the building was. In the Bodø example, the stack
is express but hardly emphasized. It is used to balance composition.1 The
Baurnschulenweg crematorium provides contrast to these examples. Located
in a German suburb, all expression of what the buildings functions are is
hidden, including the smoke stake. It sits like a foreign object at the end of
a row of trees. The architects confess, however, that they had to consider the
stigma that Germans face with crematoriums after their prominent use dur-
ing World War II. In Los Angles, this stigma is not of great concern. Modern
crematoriums have not expressed the chimney in dominant ways. Indeed,
while there is still use for them, technological advances in cremation mask
the smoke and there is little visual proof. One crematorium facility in North
Hollywood looks merely like an uninspiring strip mall.
One problem cremation must address more actively than cemeteries is the
issue of place. When a body is interred, there is a direct location associated
with that person. Family members and close friends find this comforting.
Cremains are not handled in such a consistent fashion. They may be stored
in several ways.
Some people opt to take the cremains away from the crematorium. Several
studies in the United Kingdom have examined this phenomenon. In these
cases the crematorium no longer has any influence over the sense of place
in cremation. Those that take the ashes are in charge of creating that place.
In some cases people build private shrines at locations where the deceased
frequented. Others keep the ashes with them in their homes, and still oth-
ers scatter the ashes at some significant place. This process is impossible
to predict, as it stems from the complex associations of the living and their
connection to the deceased. It is important for the people to have a place
to relate to the mourned. In the state of California, it is legal to: place cre-
mains in columbarium or mausoleums, bury them in a cemetery plot, retain
at a residence, store in a house of worship or religious place, scatter ashes
where not prohibited by other local laws, scatter in cemetery gardens, or
scatter at sea at a distance not less than 500 yards from shore. (“Consum-
ers Guide”)
There are several ways in which cremains may hold the same powerful
sense of place as traditional burial. They may be buried in the ground, just
as traditional graves are. In this instance they take up only an eighth of the
space required by a typical coffin, making the interment of cremains 800%
more efficient. (Prothero) They may also be placed in and above ground
monument, such as an obelisk or granite sphere. Similarly, cremains may
be placed in a columbarium niche, which also has a direct sense of place.
Columbarium are similar to mausoleums, but are specifically designed for
cremains. Traditional mausoleums themselves are also capable of storing
ashes. Another common option is for the remains to be scattered in a remem-
brance garden. In some cases they are scattered in a specific spot, which
the family can then memorialize and connect with. However, other times they
are scattered throughout the garden, and the family does not know what
area is associated with them. Some have complained that they feel like they
have lost that person completely once they no longer know where even the
remains are. Indeed, the scattering of ashes in general may result in a feel-
ing that the deceased is truly gone.
One strategy that crematoriums have implemented to help the bereaved

who feel a sense of placelessness related to the deceased is the creation
of mourning chapels. This facility is located on the grounds, and is separate
from the main chapel. It is also much smaller, quieter place, intended for
private meditation and not public gathering. It always contains a book of
remembrance, in which the names of all the cremated are placed, along
with an inscription.
Public policy related to crematoriums is incredibly absent in the United
States. There exists no national institution that regulates the funeral arts in-
dustry, and few policies that pertain explicitly to crematorium facilities. This
has resulted in several scandals, including a crematorium in Georgia which
had not cremated the remains but rather scattered them in an insensitive
fashion around the site. A California institution was caught selling organs for
medical research. Only a handful of states monitor their operation at all.
In 2002 the California Department of Consumer Affairs doubled its staff or
cemetery inspectors, and more than doubled its caseload to 528 investiga-
tions.
The lack of oversight in the funeral industry is problematic. It has resulted

in limited amounts of statistics pertaining to the resources available in the
profession. Policy failure in London provides an example of the potential
problems with lack of regulation. There, as here, no one body rules over or
monitors burial facilities. While there are a multitude of cemeteries, they
are all nearly filled. People must be interred at greater distances from their
homes, which means they are charged much higher rates because they are
outside of the area to which they paid their taxes. In the US, confirms that
cemeteries are also filling up here as well. (Prothero) Cremation can help
solve this problem.
Crematoriums have been used to influence public policy. In Prussia, crema-

tion was forbidden, despite a large number of advocates for its practice.
The Hagen Cremation Society paired their radically idea of burial with
modern architecture. They built the crematorium before they had permis-
sion to use it, and once it was completed, they sued for the right to use it.
The building became a symbol, and the cities most visited attraction. Peter
Behrens modern design influenced a generation of architects, including Le
Corbusier and Walter Gropius. It also helped cremation become legalized
in the state of Prussia. It is possible that America needs a new crematorium
that will draw attention to impending problem of limited cemetery land
resources, and present the practice in a new light.
Crematoriums face environmental challenges. The lack of governmental

oversight means few restrictions have been set on emissions produced by
the facilities. They are known to introduce both mercury and dioxins into the
atmosphere. The EPA has put these emissions on a list indicating that there
is insufficient data to investigate the severity of the problem. It is believed
that the mercury comes from the burning of medical implants, such as fillings
in teeth. It is estimated that 3 grams of mercury per corpse are introduced
to the atmosphere. This means that a facility that handles 3000 bodies
a year would produce 20 lbs. of mercury. It is estimated that 238 lbs. of
the gas are produced by this source every year in the U.S. In comparison,
a single ConocoPhillips refinery produces 81 lbs. per year. Other nations
have strong policies regulating crematorium emissions. Taiwan has produced
studies indicating that filtration of the smoke dramatically reduces the num-
ber of dioxins emitted.2 Similarly, Denmark is beginning to enforce emission
controls on crematoriums for both dioxins and mercury. To do this one must
cool the temperature of “chimney gasses from 800 °C to 100 °C.” This can
be done by running it through cool water.
Not all by products of the cremation process are harmful. In fact, the process
is capable of producing power for the grid. In Denmark, Sweden and the
U.K., excess heat from the process is used to add power to the grid, warming
thousands of homes. While some have found this controversial, its practice
has not been challenged. Some have even supported it by stating that it is
simply the responsible use of a byproduct of a sustainable funerary process.
Indeed, it is both financially and ecologically beneficial to crematoriums.5, ,
(“Body heat”, “Britain”, Maeder)
Few people are fully aware of rituals and processes associated with crema-
tion. The process is still forming its identity. The modern crematorium itself
has only existed for just over a century. Its popularity in the United States
is increasing, but lacks a clear domestic model. In California, nearly 50%
of people are cremated, yet there is no emerging identity for these facili-
ties. Most crematoriums are located in unassuming strip malls and mortuar-
ies. Cemeteries that have their own crematory facilities seem to not be of
the same design quality as those in Northern Europe. They are treated as
incredibly utilitarian pieces, with modest hints at sensitivity. They are some-
what removed from the funeral wake, and their facilities lack any features
that indicate its purpose. The design does not help the crematoriums operate
more effectively, nor do they actively aid in the healing of the bereaved.
When surveyed, 57% of those over 40, and 41% of those under the age
felt that crematoriums were sacred. Of those under the age, those with more
experience with crematoria were more likely to feel they were. Douglas
Davies states that this means that “remembering the dead is not a passive
moment but a potent experience of the sacred.” Indeed, this brings into
play many of Lindsay Jones’ beliefs about the ‘sacred’ in architecture. The
building brings people together to mark a singular event. Davies also points
out that in the U.S. crematoriums are viewed as utilitarian pieces and not
“symbolic architectural location.” (Davies 92)
Death is one of the few places that the eye cannot see. There is not glimpse
ahead to the other side. It is one of the last unknown phenomenons in human
existence. As noted above, this has different affects upon different people.
Some embrace it, however fearfully, while others are terrified at the no-
tion.
Architectural treatment of this program must be different from that of oth-

ers. The intense emotions and gravity that people carry with them in these
situations is unique to humanity. If the role of architecture is to serve the
masses and to help people, as the original premise of modernism is, then
this program offers a unique opportunity for architecture to have an impact
upon the physic of its occupants, however temporary.
In his seminal piece, The Eyes of the Skin, Juhani Pallasmaa discusses the role
of vision in architecture, and how it has lessened the sensation of design.
However, if we are dealing with a natural phenomenon which has no vision
associated with it, then our architectural work may benefit from being less
reliant upon our societies prevailing sense of dominance. The modern eye
has become narcissistic and nihilistic. For architecture, this has led to a sense
of detachment from any sensory feelings. An isolated body, making archi-
tecture not much more than visual self-expression.
Vision is the sense dominating Western culture right now. This is clearly ex-
emplified in other fields, where analogies are drawn to opening your eyes.
The ability to capture and manipulate images, to print and read, has led us
to a place where we are hardened to the emotional impact of visual repre-
sentation. As we are intent upon dealing with the emotional state of people
we must find additional ways to supplement this sense.
One way to do this is through the use of materials. “Natural materials- stone,
brick, and wood- allow our vision to penetrate their surfaces and enable
us to become convinced of the veracity of matter.” (Pallasmaa 31) These
materials allow for their age and history to be expressed. This materials all
contain their own unique connotations.
There lies great potential in new materials as well. While glass, metals
and plastics are usually used for their ageless properties, they too can be
tactfully applied. Architectural expression through “reflection, gradations,
transparency, overlay and juxtaposition” (Pallasmaa 32) all hold the abil-
ity to create incredibly sensual and spatially engaging environments. The
senses are the able to not just understand our physical surroundings but
activate our imaginations and memory.
Pallasmaa continues his discussion of phenomenology by talking about the

role the other senses play in architecture. Where vision may be representa-
tive of the distance between things, touch reveals the closeness, an intimacy.
This is why we close our eyes when doing certain tasks, such as daydreaming
or caressing loved ones. A separation from sight strengthens other senses.
Where the modern sentiment is to provide as much light as possible to a
space, which indeed in my view has merit in many situations, darkness can
also add to a space. By limiting the strength of sight, the other senses must
play a larger role. It is in dim spaces that you get a tactile feeling; mystery
and imagination come alive, and thoughts can be more articulated. The play
of light and shadow is paramount. Tadao Ando is a master at this skill. In
his Church of the Light me masterfully employs light to add to the spiritual
nature of the building, while reinforcing the materiality and program of the
structure. (See Appendix 1)
Sound also influences our perception of space and vision. Through this sense
we feel the scale of space. The souring cavities of a cathedral for example,
or echo of an abandoned house. Likewise sounds are associated with im-
ages, with places. I, for example, associate the music of Marina and the
Diamonds to the Copenhagen neighborhood of Østerbro, where it provided
the soundtrack to my summer of biking to work. Here, sound reminds me of
an urban environment. It can also provide triggers for memories of events,
spaces, and an endless host of other experiences. Sound in architecture
may be the result of conscious acoustical planning, that of the noise of the
program, or the nature surrounding.
The senses provide us with a connection to something greater. They help us

feel a part of something; of an environment. This connection is paramount.
Architecture provides people with the unconscious ability to be a part of a
cycle greater than our lives because of its rather permanent standing. Hold-
ing the door that has been opened by thousands of others, or touching the
stone of a centuries old building all provide a feeling of something greater
when contemplated. Likewise, a connection to the cycles of nature provides
this sensation as well. This connection to something must be connected to the
design of grief. The uses of the proposed buildings are in a mental condi-
tion searching for some kind of connection, or lack thereof, to help them
integrate the experience into their lives in a helpful way.
Toyo Ito draws a beautiful analogy for the role of architecture in events.
Recounting a cherry blossom viewing party, where people gather with a
simple sheet, and a tent, and immerse themselves in the event. It is not the
architecture that is there first, rather it is the people celebrating the event.
The role of the structure is to provide a framework from which to participate
in the event. It is in no way the focus. This logic applies greatly to the frame-
work of a chapel and crematorium. What is important here is not building,
but how it enhance the wake within.
Los Angeles County has a population of 9.8 million people (statistics as of

2009). It is estimated that by 2050 the population will grow to 13 million.
(California Dept. of Finance). Currently only 6.7% of people claim to belong
to religions banning the practice of cremation (Judaism and Islam). , Be-
tween 1990 and 2003 the death rate remained relatively flat, with an av-
erage of 6.45%. If this remains consistent that means that funeral homes will
need to accommodate 838,000 deaths annually. This is a significant swell.
However, these calculations do not take into account the aging population.
In 2006 the baby boomer generation began turning 60, with a life expec-
tancy of 78-82 years. The Baby boomers account for 28% of the overall
population. This means that between the years 2024-2036 we can expect
a sizable portion of the largest generation in American history to pass.
Currently, over 50% of deaths in California are cremated, with statistics
indicating a continual rise in this trend. There are inadequate statistics mea-
suring the states capacity to handle this large influx of impending demand.
Further research and professional investigation will be continued regarding
this dilemma. However, it is known that cemeteries across the country are
reaching capacity. In one decade it is expected that most cemeteries will be
filled to capacity. (Prothero) This necessitates the need for cremation, and
will likely result in its growing prevalence in American society.
Another issue to keep in mind, though less prevalent, is land management.

As cemeteries begin to fill up and close their gates there will still be a need
for upkeep. Traditional cemetery management has taken this into consider-
ation, with part of its budget set aside for this purpose. However, once, these
coffers run dry the process will no longer be self sustaining. Crematoriums
and more specifically columbaria offer increased advantage in that they
increase the density of remains, resulting in less space consumed, and reduc-
ing the cost of maintain facilities.
There are several ideas that are paramount for the design of a cremato-
rium. These are the concepts of image, symbol, security, and sacredness.
These concepts are very interdependent. Currently, crematorium designs in
America lack any sense of these notions. A crematorium should be seen as
a symbolic building type. It is the final place that a person’s body goes. It is
where people gather to celebrate their life and mourn their loss. Because of
these ramifications, crematoriums should not be mere strip mall or hospital
structures of utilitarianism. There must be a stronger essence reassuring the
bereaved that their loved one is being handled with reverence. These peo-
ple require a place in which to mourn and associate with their friend. This is
well argued above. The crematorium must be a place where one feels safe,
and with an air of sacredness. The building is the final impression left upon
the life of the deceased, and must be handled with more care than waiting
room. The architecture must accommodate both the sacred gathering of the
bereaved and the final processing of the remains.
Rose Hills offers a potentially viable site. It has ample room for expansion.
Its landscape is such that it could easily handle either the above and below
grade strategy dominant in crematorium design. It is also able to hand the
chapel and technical facilities in either combined or multiple buildings. The
location can also accommodate memorial gardens and access to a larger
network of existing burial facilities. Rose Hills location atop a hill may also
be of significance symbolically, as it can be seen from the entire Los Angeles
Basin, potentially avoiding a sense of placelessness, and ties to the city as a
whole. This hill top location may also be of benefit in distancing neighboring
communities from the emissions that are produced. The more time and dis-
tance that these substances have to evaporate and cool before reaching the
ground, the less significant their effect. It is also an easily accessible site.
Another viable site is tucked into the San Gabriel Mountains. This site has
the advantage of distancing the population from any emissions. It too is
able to handle the various connected and separated building strategies of
crematoriums. Its natural setting may prove to be therapeutic, and ripe with
symbolism and a sense of place. The most significant hindrance is site access.
It takes more time to access the area, which is not used to high traffic flow.
However, its dual proximity to the city and the sense of differentiation from
it may overcome this.
Costal Los Angeles also satisfies several of the criteria for crematorium de-
sign. The location has easy accessibility. It is a place deeply associated with
the city, much more so than the mountains. It contains a strong sense of place,
which contains strong potential for symbolism and image. However, it may
not be able to handle all building types, inclusion of memorial gardens, and
brings emissions closest to the population.
Additional sites may still be considered, specifically examination of more

urban sites. However, these locations may be more limited in scope, and
could bring the public closer to emissions.
Planning and Zoning
Regulations
Summary
The project site is located in an unincorporated section of Los Angeles

County. The county’s codes specify that this site is in the Workman Mill
Special District. Rose Hills Memorial Park is the sole occupant of this zone.
The mailing address is in the city of Whittier, but it is not under their juris-
diction. The site is classified for light and heavy agriculture (Zone A-1 and
A-2, respectively). Cemetery land use is permitted for this zone classifica-
tion. Presented here are passages from the county ordinances pertaining
to Zone A, and to cemetery land use.
ZONE A-1: Light Agriculture (Title 22)
Permitted Uses:
A. Single family residences, crops (field, tree, bush, berry, row and
nursery stock) (22.24.070)
B. Greenhouses and raising of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, poultry,
birds, earthworms, etc. (22.24.070)
Minimum Required Area:

A. Unless otherwise specified, 5000 sq. ft./lot (22.52.100, 2
2.52.250)
B. 1 to 5 acres, depending on type of structures and/or number and
types of animals (22.24.070)
Maximum Height Limit:

A. 35 feet for residential uses (22.24.110)
B. 13 times buildable area for non-residential uses (22.52.050
Standard Yard Requirements and Development Standards:

Properties developed with single family residences are subject to
the same requirements as in zone R-1 (22.24.110)
Animal-related structures must be kept a minimum of 50 feet from streets

and highways and structures used for human habitation (22.24.070)
Stands for the display and sales of products grown on the property must
be wooden, not larger than 300 sq. ft., not nearer than 20 feet from a
street, and on a parcel of at least 1 acre (22.24.080B)
ZONE A-2: Heavy Agriculture (Title 22)
Permitted Uses:
A. Uses permitted in zone A-1 (22.24.120)
B. Animal hospitals, dairies, dog kennels, livestock feed lots, manure
spreading, oil wells (22.24.120)
Minimum Required Area:

A. Unless otherwise specified, 10,000 sq. ft./lot (22.52.100 and
22.52.250)
B. 1 to 10 acres depending on the type of structures, uses, and/or
numbers and types of animals (22.24.120)
Maximum Height Limit:

A. 35 ft. for residential uses (22.24.170)
B. 13 times buildable area for non-residential uses (22.52.050)
Minimum Required Parking:

- 2 covered spaces per single family residence (22.52.1180)
- For other uses, see applicable uses, Part 11, Chapter 22.52
Standard Yard Requirements and Development Standards:

Properties developed with single family residences are subject to
the same requirements as in zone R-1 (22.24.170)
Animal-related structures must be kept a minimum of 50 feet from streets

and highways and structures used for human habitation (22.24.120)
Stands for the display and sales of products grown on the property must
be wooden, not larger than 300 sq. ft., not nearer than 20 feet from a
street, and on a parcel of at least 1 acre (22.24.130)
Part 4 CEMETERY PERMITS
22.56.540 Cemetery defined.

As used in Title 22 of this code “cemetery” means a place for the perma-
nent interment of dead human bodies, or the cremated remains thereof,
including a crematory. It may be either a burial park for earth interments,
a mausoleum for vault or crypt interments, a columbarium for cinerary in-
terments, or a combination of one or more thereof. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art.
4 § 504.1, 1927.)
22.56.550 Cemetery deemed established when.

A. A cemetery shall be deemed to be established or maintained or ex-
tended where the interment of one or more dead human bodies or cre-
mated remains is made in or upon any property, whether or not the same
has been duly and regularly dedicated for cemetery purposes under the
laws of the state of California, and which at the date the ordinance codi-
fied in this Part 4 took effect, was not included within the boundaries of a
legally existing cemetery.
B. Any person who makes or causes to be made any interment in or upon

such property, and any person having the right of possession of any such
property who knowingly permits the interment of a dead body or cremat-
ed remains therein or thereupon shall be deemed to have established, or
maintained, or extended a cemetery within the meaning of the provisions
of Title 22 of this code. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.3, 1927.)
22.56.560 Permit required.

A person shall not establish or maintain any cemetery or extend the
boundaries of any existing cemetery at any place within the unincorpo-
rated territory of the county of Los Angeles without a permit first having
been applied for and obtained from the hearing officer. This section does
not prevent the maintenance, development and operation within their
present boundaries of cemeteries which were legally established on the
date the ordinance codified in this Part 4 took effect. (Ord. 85-0195 § 14
(part), 1985; Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.5, 1927.)
22.56.570 Application--Filing.
Any person desiring to obtain a permit required by this Part 4 shall file a
written application therefor with the director. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 §
504.7, 1927.)
22.56.580 Application--Information required.

An application for a permit required by this Part 4 shall set forth in sepa-
rate paragraphs or in exhibits attached thereto the following information:
A. A list, certified to be correct by affidavit or by statement under penalty
of perjury pursuant to Section 2015.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, of
names and addresses of:
1. All persons owning any part of the property proposed to be used as a
cemetery, and
2. All persons owning property within a distance of 500 feet of the
boundaries of the subject parcel of land, as shown on the latest available
assessment roll of the county of Los Angeles;
B. The names and addresses of the officers and directors of the corpora-
tion which will be in charge of the operation of the cemetery;
C. A map showing the exact location, exterior boundaries and legal de-
scription of the property which it is proposed to use for a cemetery and
the location of all buildings, whether public or private, located within a
distance of 500 feet from the exterior boundaries of the subject parcel
of land and the location and depth of all wells in said area from which
domestic or irrigating water is obtained. The map shall also show the loca-
tion and names of all roads located within a distance of 500 feet from
the exterior boundaries of the said parcel. The map shall further show the
elevation in feet above sea level or the highest and lowest points in the
said premises, and the width, depth and location of all natural watercours-
es and artificial drains or conduits for the drainage of stormwater located
upon the said parcel and within 2,000 feet from the exterior boundary
thereof in any direction;
D. A financial statement of applicant, showing the financial ability of ap-
plicant to establish, care for and maintain the proposed cemetery in such a
manner as to prevent the same from being a public nuisance;
E. A statement setting forth whether the said cemetery is to be established
as a perpetual-care or nonperpetual-care cemetery, and if a perpetual-
care fund is to be or has been created, the amount then on hand and
the method, scheme or plan of continuing and adding to the same in full
details sufficient to show that said cemetery will be maintained so as not to
become a public nuisance. (Ord. 90-0134 § 12, 1990: Ord. 1494 Ch. 5
Art. 4 § 504.11, 1927.)
22.56.590 Application--Verification and signatures required.

The president and secretary of the corporation which will be in charge of
the operation of the proposed cemetery and the owner of the land to be
included therein shall sign the application for a permit required by this
Part 4. Such persons shall also verify the application as provided by the
Code of Civil Procedure of the state of California for the verification of
pleadings in civil actions. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.9, 1927.)
22.56.600 Application--Fee and deposit.

At the time of filing any application for a permit required by this Part 4,
the applicant shall pay to the director the filing fee and deposit as re-
quired by Section 22.60.100. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.13, 1927.)
22.56.610 Application--Public hearings required.

The public hearing on an application for a cemetery permit shall be held
pursuant to the procedure provided in Part 4 of Chapter 22.60. (Ord.
2008-0043 § 9, 2008: Ord. 92-0096 § 3, 1992: Ord. 90-0134 § 13
(part), 1990: Ord. 85-0195 § 14 (part), 1985; Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 §
504.15, 1927.)
22.56.630 Denial of permit--Conditions.

A permit may be denied if it is found that:
A. The establishment or maintenance of the proposed cemetery or the ex-
tension of an existing cemetery will or may jeopardize or adversely affect
the public health, safety, comfort or welfare; or
B. Such establishment, maintenance or extension will or may reasonably be
expected to be a public nuisance; or
C. Such establishment, maintenance or extension will tend to interfere with
the free movement of traffic or with the proper protection of the pub-
lic through interference with the movement of police, ambulance or fire
equipment, and thus interfere with the convenience of the public or the
protection of the lives and property of the public; or
D. That the applicant, through the proposed perpetual-care fund or other-
wise, cannot demonstrate adequate financial ability to establish and main-
tain the proposed cemetery so as to prevent the proposed cemetery from
becoming a public nuisance. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.19, 1927.)
22.56.640 Dedication of public highways required when.

Before taking final action, the hearing officer, commission or the board of
supervisors may require of the applicant any reasonable dedication of
public streets or highways through the premises proposed to be used for
the proposed cemetery or extension of an existing cemetery so as to pre-
vent the same from jeopardizing the public safety, comfort or welfare, and
if the time required by the hearing officer, or the board of supervisors for
compliance with such conditions shall elapse without such conditions having
been met, the hearing officer, commission or the board of supervisors may
deny the permit. (Ord. 85-0195 § 11 (part), 1985; Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art.
4 § 504.21, 1927.)
22.56.650 Repeated applications--Waiting period.

In the event that the hearing officer, commission or the board of supervi-
sors shall have denied its approval of any application heretofore or here-
after made for any permit provided for in this Part 4, no new or further
applications for any such permit shall be made to establish or extend a
cemetery upon the same premises, or any portion thereof, as described
in such previous applications, until the expiration of one year from and
after the date of the denial of such approval. (Ord. 85-0195 § 11 (part),
1985; Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.23, 1927.)
22.56.660 Permit assignment and use limitations.

No permit granted as a result of any such application shall be assignable
prior to the actual establishment of such cemetery or extension of any
existing cemetery, nor shall, such permit be used by any other person than
applicant in the establishment of such cemetery or extension of an existing
cemetery. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.25, 1927.)
22.56.680 Reduction in boundaries.

Where an application is filed requesting a cemetery permit for a reduc-
tion in boundaries of an existing cemetery never used, the applicant may:
A. Substitute a distance of 700 feet for filing and application require-
ments as provided in the case of minor expansions by subdivisions D1
through D4 of Section 22.56.670: and
B. Delete the information required by subsections D and E of Section
22.56.580. (Ord. 1494 Ch. 5 Art. 4 § 504.29, 1927.)
Building Code Research
Summary
The program of this project falls into two occupancy. The chapel and
related elements falls into the Assembly Group A-3 occupancy. The crema-
torium component is classified as Business Group B occupancy. The fol-
lowing section provides the formal description of what constitutes each of
these classifications. It also includes relevant sections on height, area, and
occupant load limitations. These sections have been deemed particularly
important for this program; however, the full code must be referenced for
applicable passages.
IBC-2006
SECTION 303
ASSEMBLY GROUP A
303.1 Assembly Group A. Assembly Group A occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, for the gathering of persons for purposes such
as civic, social or religious functions; recreation, food or drink
consumption; or awaiting transportation.
Exceptions:
1. A building used for assembly purposes with an occupant
l oad of less than 50 persons shall be classified as
a Group B occupancy.
2. A room or space used for assembly purposes with an
occupant load of less than 50 persons and accessory to
another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B
occupancy or as part of that occupancy.
3. A room or space used for assembly purposes that is
less than 750 square feet (70 m2) in area and is accessory
to another occupancy shall be classified as a
Group B occupancy or as part of that occupancy.
Assembly occupancies shall include the following:

A-1 Assembly uses, usually with fixed seating, intended for
the production and viewing of the performing arts or
motion pictures including, but not limited to:
Motion picture theaters
Symphony and concert halls
Television and radio studios admitting an audience
Theaters
A-2 Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink consumption
including, but not limited to:
Banquet halls
Night clubs
Restaurants
Taverns and bars
A-3 Assembly uses intended for worship, recreation or
amusement and other assembly uses not classified elsewhere
in Group A including, but not limited to:
Amusement arcades
Art galleries
Bowling alleys
Places of religious worship
Community halls
Courtrooms
Dance halls (not including food or drink consumption)
Exhibition halls
Funeral parlors
Gymnasiums (without spectator seating)
Indoor swimming pools (without spectator seating)
Indoor tennis courts (without spectator seating)
Lecture halls
Libraries
Museums
Waiting areas in transportation terminals
Pool and billiard parlors
A-4 Assembly uses intended for viewing of indoor sporting
events and activities with spectator seating including,
but not limited to:
Arenas
Skating rinks
Swimming pools
Tennis courts
A-5 Assembly uses intended for participation in or viewing
outdoor activities including, but not limited to:
Amusement park structures
Bleachers
Grandstands
Stadiums
SECTION 304
BUSINESS GROUP B
304.1 Business Group B. Business Group B occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, for office, professional or service-type transactions,
including storage of records and accounts. Business
occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
Airport traffic control towers
Animal hospitals, kennels and pounds
Banks
Barber and beauty shops
Car wash
Civic administration
Clinic—outpatient
Dry cleaning and laundries: pick-up and delivery stations
and self-service
Educational occupancies for students above the 12th grade
Electronic data processing
Laboratories: testing and research
Motor vehicle showrooms
Post offices
Print shops
Professional services (architects, attorneys, dentists,
physicians, engineers, etc.)
Radio and television stations
Telephone exchanges
Training and skill development not within a school or
academic program
SECTION 503
GENERAL HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS
503.1 General. The height and area for buildings of different
construction types shall be governed by the intended use of the
building and shall not exceed the limits in Table 503 except as
modified hereafter. Each part of a building included within the
exterior walls or the exterior walls and fire walls where provided
shall be permitted to be a separate building.
503.1.1 Special industrial occupancies. Buildings and

structures designed to house special industrial processes
that require large areas and unusual heights to accommodate
craneways or special machinery and equipment, including,
among others, rolling mills; structural metal fabrication
shops and foundries; or the production and distribution of
electric, gas or steam power, shall be exempt from the height
and area limitations of Table 503.
503.1.2 Buildings on same lot. Two or more buildings on

the same lot shall be regulated as separate buildings or shall
be considered as portions of one building if the height of
each building and the aggregate area of buildings are within
the limitations of Table 503 as modified by Sections 504 and
506. The provisions of this code applicable to the aggregate
building shall be applicable to each building.
503.1.3 Type I construction. Buildings of Type I construction

permitted to be of unlimited tabular heights and areas
are not subject to the special requirements that allow unlimited
area buildings in Section 507 or unlimited height in
Sections 503.1.1 and 504.3 or increased height and areas for
other types of construction.
SECTION 504
HEIGHT
504.1 General. The height permitted by Table 503 shall be
increased in accordance with this section.
Exception: The height of one-story aircraft hangars, aircraft
paint hangars and buildings used for the manufacturing
of aircraft shall not be limited if the building is provided
with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in accordance
with Chapter 9 and is entirely surrounded by public ways or
yards not less in width than one and one-half times the
height of the building.
504.2 Automatic sprinkler system increase. Where a building

is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the value
specified in Table 503 for maximum height is increased by 20
feet (6096 mm) and the maximum number of stories is
increased by one. These increases are permitted in addition to
the area increase in accordance with Sections 506.2 and 506.3.
For Group R buildings equipped throughout with an approved
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.2, the value specified in Table 503 for maximum height
is increased by 20 feet (6096 mm) and the maximum number of
stories is increased by one, but shall not exceed 60 feet (18 288
mm) or four stories, respectively.
Exceptions:
1. Fire areas with an occupancy in Group I-2 of Type
IIB, III, IV or V construction.
2. Fire areas with an occupancy in Group H-1, H-2, H-3
or H-5.
3. Fire-resistance rating substitution in accordance with
Table 601, Note e.
504.3 Roof structures. Towers, spires, steeples and other roof

structures shall be constructed of materials consistent with the
required type of construction of the building except where
other construction is permitted by Section 1509.2.1. Such
structures shall not be used for habitation or storage. The structures
shall be unlimited in height if of noncombustible materials
and shall not extend more than 20 feet (6096 mm) above the
allowable height if of combustible materials (see Chapter 15
for additional requirements).
SECTION 1004
OCCUPANT LOAD
1004.1 Design occupant load. In determining means of egress
requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of
egress facilities shall be provided shall be determined in accordance
with this section. Where occupants from accessory areas
egress through a primary space, the calculated occupant load
for the primary space shall include the total occupant load of
the primary space plus the number of occupants egressing
through it from the accessory area.
1004.1.1 Areas without fixed seating. The number of

occupants shall be computed at the rate of one occupant per
unit of area as prescribed in Table 1004.1.1. For areas without
fixed seating, the occupant load shall not be less than
that number determined by dividing the floor area under
consideration by the occupant per unit of area factor
assigned to the occupancy as set forth in Table 1004.1.1.
Where an intended use is not listed in Table 1004.1.1, the
building official shall establish a use based on a listed use
that most nearly resembles the intended use.
Exception: Where approved by the building official, the
actual number of occupants for whom each occupied
space, floor or building is designed, although less than
those determined by calculation, shall be permitted to be
used in the determination of the design occupant load.
1004.2 Increased occupant load. The occupant load permitted in

any building, or portion thereof, is permitted to be increased from
that number established for the occupancies in Table 1004.1.1,
provided that all other requirements of the code are also met
based on such modified number and the occupant load does not
exceed one occupant per 7 square feet (0.65 m2) of occupiable
floor space. Where required by the building official, an approved
aisle, seating or fixed equipment diagram substantiating any
increase in occupant load shall be submitted. Where required by
the building official, such diagram shall be posted.
1004.7 Fixed seating. For areas having fixed seats and aisles,
the occupant load shall be determined by the number of fixed
seats installed therein. The occupant load for areas in which
fixed seating is not installed, such aswaiting spaces and wheelchair
spaces, shall be determined in accordance with Section
1004.1.1 and added to the number of fixed seats.
For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms, the
occupant load shall not be less than the number of seats based
on one person for each 18 inches (457 mm)of seating length.
The occupant load of seating booths shall be based on one
person for each 24 inches (610 mm) of booth seat length measured
at the backrest of the seating booth.
1004.8 Outdoor areas. Yards, patios, courts and similar outdoor

areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants
shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chapter.
The occupant load of such outdoor areas shall be assigned
by the building official in accordance with the anticipated use.
Where outdoor areas are to be used by persons in addition to the
occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the
outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress
requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the
occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas.
Exceptions:
1. Outdoor areas used exclusively for service of the
building need only have one means of egress.
2. Both outdoor areas associated with Group R-3 and
individual dwelling units of Group R-2.
1004.9 Multiple occupancies. Where a building contains two
or more occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall
apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy of
that space. Where two or more occupancies utilize portions of
the same means of egress system, those egress components
shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies
that are served.
GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS
TABLE 503
ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREASa
Height limitations shown as stories and feet above grade plane.
Area limitations as determined by the definition of “Area, building,” per story
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
TYPE I TYPE II TYPE III TYPE IV TYPE V
A B A B A B HT A B
HGT(feet)
GROUP HGT(S) UL 160 65 55 65 55 65 50 40

S UL 5 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
A-1
A UL UL 15,500 8,500 14,000 8,500 15,000 11,500 5,500
S UL 11 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
A-2
A UL UL 15,500 9,500 14,000 9,500 15,000 11,500 6,000
S UL 11 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
A-3
A UL UL 15,500 9,500 14,000 9,500 15,000 11,500 6,000
S UL 11 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
A-4
A UL UL 15,500 9,500 14,000 9,500 15,000 11,500 6,000
S UL UL UL UL UL UL UL UL UL
A-5
A UL UL UL UL UL UL UL UL UL
S UL 11 5 4 5 4 5 3 2
B
A UL UL 37,500 23,000 28,500 19,000 36,000 18,000 9,000
S UL 5 3 2 3 2 3 1 1
E
A UL UL 26,500 14,500 23,500 14,500 25,500 18,500 9,500
S UL 11 4 2 3 2 4 2 1
F-1
A UL UL 25,000 15,500 19,000 12,000 33,500 14,000 8,500
S UL 11 5 3 4 3 5 3 2
F-2
A UL UL 37,500 23,000 28,500 18,000 50,500 21,000 13,000
S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NP
H-1
A 21,000 16,500 11,000 7,000 9,500 7,000 10,500 7,500 NP
S UL 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
H-2d
A 21,000 16,500 11,000 7,000 9,500 7,000 10,500 7,500 3,000
S UL 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 1
H-3d
A UL 60,000 26,500 14,000 17,500 13,000 25,500 10,000 5,000
S UL 7 5 3 5 3 5 3 2
H-4
A UL UL 37,500 17,500 28,500 17,500 36,000 18,000 6,500
S 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
H-5
A UL UL 37,500 23,000 28,500 19,000 36,000 18,000 9,000
S UL 9 4 3 4 3 4 3 2
I-1
A UL 55,000 19,000 10,000 16,500 10,000 18,000 10,500 4,500
S UL 4 2 1 1 NP 1 1 NP
I-2
A UL UL 15,000 11,000 12,000 NP 12,000 9,500 NP
S UL 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
I-3
A UL UL 15,000 10,000 10,500 7,500 12,000 7,500 5,000
S UL 5 3 2 3 2 3 1 1
I-4
A UL 60,500 26,500 13,000 23,500 13,000 25,500 18,500 9,000
S UL 11 4 4 4 4 4 3 1
M
A UL UL 21,500 12,500 18,500 12,500 20,500 14,000 9,000
S UL 11 4 4 4 4 4 3 2
R-1
A UL UL 24,000 16,000 24,000 16,000 20,500 12,000 7,000
S UL 11 4 4 4 4 4 3 2
R-2
A UL UL 24,000 16,000 24,000 16,000 20,500 12,000 7,000
S UL 11 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
R-3
A UL UL UL UL UL UL UL UL UL
S UL 11 4 4 4 4 4 3 2
R-4
A UL UL 24,000 16,000 24,000 16,000 20,500 12,000 7,000
S UL 11 4 3 3 3 4 3 1
S-1
A UL 48,000 26,000 17,500 26,000 17,500 25,500 14,000 9,000
S UL 11 5 4 4 4 5 4 2
S-2b, c
A UL 79,000 39,000 26,000 39,000 26,000 38,500 21,000 13,500
S UL 5 4 2 3 2 4 2 1
Uc
A UL 35,500 19,000 8,500 14,000 8,500 18,000 9,000 5,500
For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2.
UL = Unlimited, NP = Not permitted.
a. See the following sections for general exceptions to Table 503:
1. Section 504.2, Allowable height increase due to automatic sprinkler system installation.
2. Section 506.2, Allowable area increase due to street frontage.
3. Section 506.3, Allowable area increase due to automatic sprinkler system installation.
4. Section 507, Unlimited area buildings.
b. For open parking structures, see Section 406.3.
c. For private garages, see Section 406.1.
d. See Section 415.5 for limitations.
Program Description
This project consists of three main programmatic elements. These are the
chapel, the crematorium, and the columbaria. There is a series of over
arching themes that serve to unify the three elements. The primary goal
is to use architecture to articulate the processes of grief and healing that
surround the rituals of interment, and then feed back into the cycle. As
explored in depth earlier, architectural phenomenology has a tremendous
impact on our perception of place, and even how buildings function. The
intent here is to take these three elements of program and evoke in peo-
ple a sense of calming and resolution. This cannot be achieved without mo-
ments of tension, a tangible embodiment of the emotions running through
the bereaved.
Within the Chapel section of the program are several basic elements. In-
cluded are two chapels for the commencement of memorial services. These
are to be large open space with directed views to the surrounding hills.
They are to evoke a sense of the infinite, while at the same time connect-
ing you to those around. This is a place of shared experience. Research
indicates that this communal act aids greatly in the healing process. These
chapels are supported by supplementary spaces for family waiting areas,
and chaplain preparation rooms, in addition to the standard lobbies,
restrooms, etc. The family and chaplain rooms are to be calm, meditative
spaces.
A supplementary meditation chapel is also provided. This is a place for

people to return to, as is quite a common practice of the bereaved. It is a
much smaller space than the afore mentioned chapels, and is for personal,
rather than communal displays of grief.
The crematorium contains both public and private areas. In America,

there exist few rituals or well defined conceptions about what the pro-
cess of cremation entails, especially on a social level. There are however,
precedents for modern crematoriums found elsewhere. Based on these
examples, and upon trends in American interment, the crematorium is
decidedly unclinical. It will of course meet clinical requirements of cleanli-
ness, for both very real health concerns, and for the peace of mind of the
bereaved. Indeed, the back of house sections of this element, including the
storage and preparation spaces, will retain their pure aesthetic. However,
the room containing the incinerators shall be open to the families of the
deceased should they choose to watch the procedure. It is to feel every
bit as sacred as the chapel and other more clearly defined holy spaces.
It shall receive natural light in some form, because this is not a ritual to be
shrouded in darkness, but to celebrate conclusion of a life. The design of
the facility presents this as an option open in the formation of new crema-
tion rituals as the practice gains popularity. It is particularly important for
this space to shed the image of the crematorium as an inglorious strip mall
stripped of sacredness.
The crematorium has direct ties to the chapels. Depending on the ritual,
the family may choose to watch the cremation after the memorial service.
It may also be completed at a separate time from the ceremony, or be all
together independent of it. Either way, there is a direct correlation be-
tween the chapel and the crematorium. It is not uncommon for the cremato-
rium to serve the chapel spaces from below.
The final programmatic element contains the most abstract of require-

ments. The columbarium is where ashes are stored. It is also the place that
people begin to attach their memories of the deceased as it is their final
resting place. Because of this, it is important that the environment is condu-
cive to the preservation and evocation of memories. It is first and foremost
a place of remembrance. However it must also continue the burden of eas-
ing the grief, and continuing the healing of the bereaved. Currently, most
cemetery designs present wall niches as places to proceed directly too.
However, this is not conducive to meditation. Rather, the journey to the spot
of remembrance that harbors the most potential for healing. This path is
then interwoven with the paths to the other major programmatic elements,
creating unique moments. While it will primarily be an external space, it is
enclosed in some areas as part of the narrative, for various religious and
technical requirements of entombment, and so that a variety of spaces
maybe to be sold. The size of the columbarium is dictated both by the
need for incredible density and by the amount of space leftover upon the
site by the preceding pieces of program. A policy has been constructed
that 50% of the site is to remain undeveloped. The need for density stems
from the very real cemetery land use crisis that serves as the basis for this
project.
Program Space Summary
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Schematic Design
Scheme 1: Center Block This scheme provides a more concentrated mass. From a maintenance
viewpoint, this is very advantageous. It also allows for the crematorium to
serve the chapels and other spaces from below, as is typical in most mod-
ern facilities. The remainder of the site is left vacant, helping to distinguish
the center from the areas around and to preserve the natural landscape.
More importantly, it sets up a buffer between the center and the road,
becoming an integral part of the journey. The way in which this plan inter-
faces with the topography allows for complex sectional relationships.
It is also a scheme that maybe more easily replicated in other locations,
which may be desirable to other cemeteries also facing land use crisis.
P
Crematorium P
Chapel
Columbaria
P
Scheme 2: Paths This scheme provides strong opportunity for scripted journeys, which the
cemetery typology is sorely lacking. The trail is designed in such a way
as to clearly delineate between parking zones, connect nodes within the
cemetery, and reveal specifically choreographed views. It also separates
the various pieces of program, which can be seen in a positive light, as it
separates the various funeral parties that maybe occupying the site si-
multaneously. Additionally, this leaves pockets of natural space left over,
which provides a more calming setting, less maintenance, and potential for
future expansion. The program is allowed to occupy the topography in a
very localized way.
P
Crematorium P
Chapel
Columbaria
P
Site Assessment and Analysis
The largest active cemetery in the world will reach capacity in 50 years.
This has severe implications for architecture and urban planning. How do
you solve the issue of land management while still paying reverence to the
deceased? How can you ease the grief of the living? To explore these
concepts an unused portion of Rose Hills will be used as slate. However,
this is hardly a blank slate. It must respond to the above considerations,
in addition to seamless integration with the existing facilities so as not to
belittle the reverence of other sites within the grounds. The site is located
on the back facing ridge of the cemetery, with a southeastern orientation,
and close proximity to a nature reserve.
Nodes
1
1
2 3
5
4
1. Memorial Chapel
2
2. S ky Rose Chapel ( FLW employee
designed)
3. Greek Orthodox Chapel
4. Sky Ridge Lawn
5. Garden of the Passage
6. Buddhist Columbaria
3
4
6
Site Photos
Aging Population
age
time
between the years 2024-2036 we can expect a sizable portion of the largest
generation in American history to pass
Cemetery Management
graves
time
Within the next 10 years the majority of cemeteries will reach capacity. This
has already become a huge issue in England.
Cremation
% of cremations
time
Cremation is gaining popularity in the U.S. In California nearly 50% of the de-
ceased are cremated.
Programmatic Arrangement
Front of house
Back of house
Stacked Joined Separated
These are the three programmatic arrangements most common in crematori-

ums. The stacked approach is arguably the most common, or at least influen-
tial. Back of house is often placed below grad so that it is out of sight, and so
that it can most easily service the chapels.
Conflict
vs
utilitarian perception sacredness of event
There is a lack of strong architectural articulation of the crematorium in

America. It has been reduced to a utilitarian space, where it should have a
sacred and phenomenological aspect. This is a missed opportunity.
Emissions
Me
ioxins
r cu
ry
D
Crematoriums emit some mercury and dioxins. However, these are drastically
reduced when the gases from the chimney are cooled down before they enter
the atmosphere. This heat can be captured and used to supply power to the
grid. Proper management can result in a drastic decrease in emissions and an
increase in the production of power.
Ritual
?
No clear ritual exists regarding cremation. It is handled as a typical burial. Cur-
rently all major religions accept the prectice with the exception of Judism and
Islam.
Final Project
Site Plan: NTS
Floor Plans: NTS
Section A
Section B
Final Abstract and Board Rose Hills Crematorium
The goal of this project is two-fold: to explore interment as an infrastruc-

tural issue and to examine the role that architecture can play in the pro-
cess of grief and healing. The project is developed as a series of paths
aimed at evoking different feelings. Specific paths have been designed
for members of the funeral party, and for return visitors paying respect
to the memorialized. A shifting relationship to nature, spatial experiences,
and close attention to texture all work together to form an phenomeno-
logical experience stimulating all of the senses.
The path acts as a columbaria, with enclosing walls containing spots for the
ashes of the deceased. The crematorium and chapels are located at the
crossroads of these paths. An open central courtyard separates the two
chapels, and allows for circulation through the rest of the site. The build-
ings play with the concepts of light and heavy, reflecting their surround-
ings.
Appendix
Appendix 1
Church of the Light
Architect: Tado Ando
Location: Ibaraki, Osaka
Year: 1989
Tadao Ando’s church reveals a masterful command of light, shadow, and

tactile quality. The cube is side lit by a window from which it captures light
reflected off a wall, and by the cut out of the cross at the far end of the
sanctuary. This cross allows for the Christian emblem to dramatically cast
its light across the room in a new way each day, playing with the shadows.
Tactilely, the most dynamic element is the floor. Sloping slightly down to
the alter, this gesture guides you to where your focus should be. This no-
tion is reinforced by the simple materiality of the project, which consists
of concrete and blackened wood. The concrete gives a sense of timeless-
ness. Likewise the wood is something you can relate to as it ages, and to its
warm texture.
Figure 1: Study of light and shadow in the church. © Tadao Ando
Figure 2: Image of sanctuary. Notice the way the light enters the building,
and the materiality. © flickr: MichaelScullion
Appendix 2
COMPETITION ENTRY FOR CEMETERY IN JÄRVA COMMON, STOCKHOLM
Architect: NRJA
Location: Stockholm, Sweden
Year: 2010
Presented here are the size and space requirements for typical interment.
The information is that supplied by Welters Organization Worldwide, a
leading manufacture of funerary infrastructure. The purpose of presenting
this information is to demonstrate an understanding for the technical re-
quirements that must be known when designing a facility for the deceased.
All images © NRJA

Appendix 3
Skogskyrkogården (also known as Woodland Cemetery)
Architect: Erik Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz
Location: Stockholm, Sweden
Year: 1915
The Woodland Cemetery has many admirable features. Its landscap-

ing creates a deep and moving space for a variety of experiences. One
of the most dynamic space is the large clearing with a hill topped with a
small circle of tress. It is filled with symbolism, which may be reinterpreted
in anyway one desires. When I visited the site during the winter time I was
compelled to climb the hill to understand where I was, and gain a new
perspective on what surrounded me. The simple gesture has a profound
impact.
The woods are the next important feature. Most of the graves are scat-
tered throughout the natural thicket of trees. It’s a large and haunting
place filled with trees. Yet, these woods occasionally give way to a clear
axis’, directing one to specific parts of the cemetery. These breaks are
also compelling.
One of the most impressive aspects of this cemetery is that it may be ex-
perienced in a multitude of ways. No matter what the climatic condition, it
instills a sense of something greater, as seen in the photos.
Figure 1: Trail to Resurrection Chapel during winter. Notice the strong axis.
©David Burns
Figure 2: Trail to Resurrection Chapel during summer. ©Flickr: Guidje
Figure 3: A group journeys down the hill located at the center of the
Woodland Cemetery. ©David Burns
Figure 4: The same hill provides a new vivid spectacle for contemplation
during the spring. ©Flickr: Christian Mezöfi
Figure 5: The cross overlooking the
hill at sunset. Notice the lone tracks
headed up the hill. This image pro-
vides an excellent emotional sense
of how it feels to be here.
© Flickr: Michael Cavén
Figure 6: Graves in the woods.

Surreal and never-ending. © Flickr:
Anrakki Monki
Figure 7: Candle light event in the

wooded section of the cemetery. ©
Pelle Sten
Appendix 4
Holy Cross Chapel
Architect: Erik Gunnar Asplund
Location: Skogskyrkogården, Stockholm, Sweden
Year: 1940
The circulation and scale of the spaces in Asplund’s

Chapel are both notable. You enter through a
small entrance that appears to be to the side of
the main building. This presses people into a small
waiting room where they wait for another small
door to be opened leading them into a large
sanctuary. You enter it from the side and must turn
to the left to progress down into the seats. After
the ceremony is over, you turn and face the wood
and glass wall to the rear of the space. Initially,
this wall gives you a glimpse of what is to come.
This wall is then lowered into the floor, opening up
the entire back surface to covered colonnade sur-
rounded by nature. This space has grand propor-
tions.
Figure 1: The main sanctuary. The floor slopes

down, tactilely drawing you’re your gaze to both
the mural, the deceased and the family.
Figure 2: The rear doors to the sanctuary. The

wall slides into the ground at the conclusion of the
ceremony.
Figure 3: The courtyard outside of the chapel.

This is the space you enter into at the end of the
ceremony. In the background you may see the wall
that slides down.
All pictures © David Burns

Appendix 5
Chapel of The Holy Cross
Architect: Pekka Pitkänen
Location: Turku, Finland
Year: 1962-67
After visiting the Chapel of the Holy Cross, what

has struck me the most is the procession though the
building. There is a clear journey. Shown here is a
serial vision sequence that I have taken, followed
by a sectional diagram of how the spaces felt and
opened up internally. The program consists of two
funerary chapels on the ground level, with crema-
torium functions placed below.
Figure 1: The low covered walk way seems to hug

you, drawing you into building, between nature
and the manmade environment, or rather some-
thing that feels solid.
Figure 2: After entering the first set of doors you

are faced with another leading you to the sanc-
tuary. The same solid wall from the breezeway
follows you in along the right. The left side how-
ever opens up to a new level of space, feeling less
confined and slightly freer.
Figure 3: As you enter the chapel you find your-

self on its side. The wall on your right grows to
unseen heights, as hinted by the shadow lines of
the balcony. An opening breaks through this wall
to provide a natural light soffit, and place to sit if
ones chooses to pause their journey. The lights in
the rest of the space feel warm and inviting.
Figure 4: Turning, one feels the space expand and

lighten. Cool natural light from the far side fills the
space, as well as that from two carefully placed
skylights. The bench provided a sense of continual-
ity that progress back to nature.
All pictures © David Burns

Figure 5: Sectional diagram of the procession to
the sanctuary.
Appendix 7
Crematorium Baumschulenweg
Architect: Axel Schultes Architekten & Charlotte Frank
Location: Berlin, Germany
Year: 1998
This non-denominational crematori-
um is located in suburban Berlin. To
its guests it provides a totally new
calming feeling from the context
around it. Its limited material pallet
and gentle detailing provide a clam
and soothing sensory experience.
The slits bisecting the ceiling pro-
vide narrow channels of light that
guide you as you enter. In the cen-
ter atrium you can feel the expan-
sion of space. The souring columns
feel like a random maze, just as the
emotions one is experiencing in the
space. Yet as you continue through
it is simple understood. The columns
divide the room into four spaces.
Figure 1: Ribbons of light guide one

through the space as you enter ©
Flickr:96dpi
Figure 2: Columns in the central

room divide the space different
sections. © Flickr:96dpi
Figure 1: The sanctuary provides a
calm and focus feeling in what feels
like a timeless and natural space.
© Flickr:Joaaso
Figure 1: The exterior of the build-

ing provides a calm approach. ©
Flickr:Joaaso
Figure 5: The limited color pallet

provide one with a clam but dy-
namic intrepetation of the space. ©
Flickr:96dpi
Appendix 6
Statistics on Death and Homicide in Los Angeles
Section 1
Death and Death Rates in Los Angeles County
Information accessed from the Los Angeles Almanac on November 28, 2010
Information orginates from the California Dept. of Health Services
(http://www.laalmanac.com/vitals/vi11.htm)
Deaths and Death Rates, 1920 - 2003

Los Angeles County & California
Year Los Angeles County California (Statewide)

Number of Death Rate* Number of Death Rate*
Deaths Deaths
2003 61,072 6.1 239,325 6.7
2002 59,586 6.0 233,246 6.6
2001 59,774 6.2 232,790 6.7
2000 59,032 6.2 228,281 6.6
1999 59,614 6.1 227,965 6.7
1998 58,923 6.1 225,450 6.8
1997 60,070 6.3 223,438 6.8
1996 59,686 6.4 222,308 6.8
1995 60,953 6.5 222,626 6.9
1994 62,442 6.7 222,854 6.9
1993 62,250 6.8 220,271 6.9
1992 61,708 6.9 214,586 6.8
1991 61,585 6.9 214,220 6.9
1990 62,700 7.1 213,766 7.0
1989 64,940 7.3 215,930 7.4
1988 64,851 7.3 215,185 7.6
1987 64,237 7.8 209,395 7.6
1986 59,919 7.5 202,826 7.5
1985 62,250 7.8 201,815 7.6
1984 60,202 7.7 195,470 7.6
1983 58,427 7.8 188,018 7.4
1982 58,368 7.8 188,255 7.6
1981 58,101 7.8 184,732 7.6
1980 59,551 8.0 186,428 7.8
Year Los Angeles County California (Statewide)
Number of Death Rate* Number of Death Rate*
Deaths Deaths
1979 56,631 7.7 177,214 7.6
1978 57,705 8.1 175,878 7.7
1977 56,388 8.0 170,441 7.6
1976 58,971 8.4 171,095 7.8
1975 59,622 8.5 170,797 7.9
1974 60,325 8.6 170,475 8.1
1973 61,693 8.7 172,798 8.3
1972 61,457 8.7 170,026 8.3
1971 62,931 8.9 169,349 8.3
1970 62,192 8.8 166,382 8.3
1965 59,204 8.8 --- ---
1960 54,124 8.9 --- ---
1955 47,297 9.3 --- ---
1950 30,445 7.3 --- ---
1945 36,555 10.7 --- ---
1940 31,068 11.0 --- ---
1930 24,284 10.9 --- ---
1920 13,461 13.5 --- ---
Note: Although these are certainly available somewhere, we were unable to obtain
statewide death statistics prior to 1970.
*Death rates are per 1,000 population.
Source: California Dept. of Health Services

Appendix 8
Entombment Requirements
The following is information regarding cremation ovens. The technical size requirements weigh importantly in the
design of a crematorium. The information is that of a product by Mathews Cremation.
http://www.matthewscremation.com
Power-Pak II Cremation Equipment

The New Standard
SMOKE-BUSTER™ 140
2 – Hours or Less Cremation Time
Up to 4 Cremations in 8 Hours
The Power-Pak II Cremation System represents the very latest in cremation industry technology. Designed to pro-
vide fully automated operation, the Power-Pak II is the fastest, most fuel efficient cremator in its class.
AUTOMATIC OPERATION - The self-monitoring control system simplifies the cremation process, shutting itself off
upon completion of the cycle.
OPERATOR SAFETY - Underwriter’s Laboratories (UL) listed represents the most widely recognized measure of
safety and compliance, ensuring the safety of personnel and facilities.
SMOKE-BUSTER™ 140 - This feature effectively consumes and destroys smoke and odor from the cremation
process.
HYDRAULIC LOADING TABLE - Conveniently allows one person to safely and easily load the case into the cham-
ber, coolers, coaches and vans.
POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM - Automatically checks and regulates stack emissions.
The Power-Pak II is pre-wired, pre-piped, and pre-tested before shipment, requiring only off-loading, one con-
nection each for gas and electricity and placement of the stack we provide.
QUIET OPERATION - Exclusive “Whisper Shield” allows operation without disturbing other services.
RETRIEVAL SYSTEM - Retrieval of cremated remains is safe and quick with the convenient external collection hop-
per.
OPERATING CONTROLS - Advanced PLC System - 10-inch Hi-Definition color touch screen monitor with simple
graphic illustrations of everything happening during the cremation cycle.
CREMATION CHAMBER FLOOR - Unique “Hot Hearth” design eliminates fluid runoff and minimizes fuel consump-
tion.
STAINLESS STEEL STACK - Non-corrosive with 4 1/2” refractory lining for strength, durability and safety.
INSULATING THICKNESS - 12” of multi-component materials for longest lasting refractory and highest thermal
efficiency.
LOADING DOOR - Self-locking, self-sealing door opens and closes at the push of a button.
POWER-PAK II SPECIFICATIONS:
Height: 8’4” / 2.54m

Width: 6’5” / 1.96m
Length: 14’6.75” / 4.44m
Weight: 24,000 lbs. / 10,886kg
Fuel: Natural or L.P. Gas (Diesel Oil available)
Electrical: 220 volts, 1-phase/3-phase
Control Panel can be located right, left or remote
Presented here are the size and space requirements for typical interment. The information is that supplied by
Welters Organization Worldwide, a leading manufacture of funerary infrastructure. The purpose of present-
ing this information is to demonstrate an understanding for the technical requirements that must be known when
designing a facility for the deceased.
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Interview
The following is an email exchange conducted with Jeff Nordschow on
January 20th, 2011. Mr. Nordschow is the Director of Finance and Cem-
etery Development for Rose Hills Memorial Park and Mortuaries.
How long can your facility remain in operation at its current rate? Is
this a concern?
Our Cemetery is actually the largest single location cemetery
in North America. We have 1,500 acres dedicated for burial. At our
current sales rate, we have at least another 50 years, so it is not quite a
concern yet. With that said, others in the industry start developing mauso-
leums, columbariums, or provide double-depth (stacking) ground burials to
get more burials in a smaller area of space.
What are your plans for future development?

The cultural make-up of LA and surrounding counties continue to
shift over time, along with the people’s final disposition preferences. We
continue to monitor those shifts and adjust our development accordingly.
As an example, overall preferences continue to shift toward cremation and
so we have adjusted accordingly.
Are there any unique problems that a facility of your size suffers
from?
One of our facility challenges is our capability to provide chapels
to services that cater to the multiple cultures we service. Each culture have
their traditions and prefer to have a service in appropriately accommo-
dating chapels. Considerations include the overall theme of the building
and interior design, keeping incents and other fragrances confined, the
ability to serve small to large groups.
Another challenge facing the industry is that as the cemeteries continue to

build structures to obtain more density in the development plans, the mar-
gins are more difficult to maintain. As I’m sure you are aware, the cost of
a funeral and cemetery service are quite high. It is important to keep the
cost of the building down while keeping it an aesthetically attractive.
Works Cited
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Grief and Healing

Programming Planning and Zoning Regulations

Design Site Assessment and Analysis

The nation is ageing. As the Baby Boomer Generation reaches retirement

This confusion is also a result of an encounter with the unknown. Death is a

The reflections of Catholic clergyman Rodney J. Copp provides useful in-

Author Marilyn Yalom has discovered a trend of people moving to a more

One interesting practice related to earth burials is that of grave leasing. In

Cremation offers a viable alternative to the more common earth burials.

The process of cremation is very specific. The deceased is preserved until

Cremation is becoming increasingly common. In the United States, approxi-

Crematoria are comprised of many different spaces. The most prominent of

Other spaces supplementary to the chapel may include separate waiting

Several elements are prominent in the design of crematoriums. First is the

Building and program articulation has been expressed in a variety of ways

Another debate in crematorium design is whether the building should ex-

One strategy that crematoriums have implemented to help the bereaved

The lack of oversight in the funeral industry is problematic. It has resulted

Crematoriums have been used to influence public policy. In Prussia, crema-

Crematoriums face environmental challenges. The lack of governmental

Architectural treatment of this program must be different from that of oth-

Pallasmaa continues his discussion of phenomenology by talking about the

The senses provide us with a connection to something greater. They help us

Los Angeles County has a population of 9.8 million people (statistics as of

Another issue to keep in mind, though less prevalent, is land management.

Additional sites may still be considered, specifically examination of more

The project site is located in an unincorporated section of Los Angeles

Minimum Required Area:

Maximum Height Limit:

Standard Yard Requirements and Development Standards:

Animal-related structures must be kept a minimum of 50 feet from streets

Minimum Required Area:

Maximum Height Limit:

Minimum Required Parking:

Standard Yard Requirements and Development Standards:

Animal-related structures must be kept a minimum of 50 feet from streets

22.56.540 Cemetery defined.

22.56.550 Cemetery deemed established when.

B. Any person who makes or causes to be made any interment in or upon

22.56.560 Permit required.

22.56.580 Application--Information required.

22.56.590 Application--Verification and signatures required.

22.56.600 Application--Fee and deposit.

22.56.610 Application--Public hearings required.

22.56.630 Denial of permit--Conditions.

22.56.640 Dedication of public highways required when.

22.56.650 Repeated applications--Waiting period.

22.56.660 Permit assignment and use limitations.

22.56.680 Reduction in boundaries.

Assembly occupancies shall include the following:

503.1.1 Special industrial occupancies. Buildings and

503.1.2 Buildings on same lot. Two or more buildings on

503.1.3 Type I construction. Buildings of Type I construction

504.2 Automatic sprinkler system increase. Where a building

504.3 Roof structures. Towers, spires, steeples and other roof

1004.1.1 Areas without fixed seating. The number of

1004.2 Increased occupant load. The occupant load permitted in

1004.8 Outdoor areas. Yards, patios, courts and similar outdoor

GROUP HGT(S) UL 160 65 55 65 55 65 50 40

A supplementary meditation chapel is also provided. This is a place for

The crematorium contains both public and private areas. In America,

The final programmatic element contains the most abstract of require-

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