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Reactor Design
Lecturers:
• Part I: Dr. LIM Wee Chuan Eldin
Part II: Dr. XIE Jianping
Textbooks:
• Chemical Reaction Engineering, Octave Levenspiel, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons. 1999.
• Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, H. Scott
Fogler, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc. 2006.
Assessment:
• Quizzes (25%)
• Laboratory (15%)
• Assignments (10%)
• Final Examination (50%)
1
Course Outline
PART I:
• Basic Principles of Chemical Kinetics
• Analysis of Rate Data
• Performance of Single Ideal Reactors
• Multiple Reactions
• Temperature Effects
PART II:
• Non-Ideal Flow Reactors
• Heterogeneous Reaction Systems
• Catalyst Deactivation
2
Introduction to Chemical
Reaction Engineering
• Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce
economically a desired product
• Chemical reaction engineering is concerned with the
chemical treatment step of a process
• Frequently, the chemical treatment step is the heart of
the process
• Reactor design involves a variety of areas such as
thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics,
heat and mass transfer
• Chemical reaction engineering is the synthesis of all
factors with the aim of properly designing a chemical
reactor
3
Classification of Reactions
• A reaction is homogeneous if it takes place in one phase
alone
• A reaction is heterogeneous if it requires the presence of
at least two phases
• In homogeneous systems, temperature, pressure and
composition may affect the rate of reaction
• In heterogeneous systems, material may have to move
from phase to phase during reaction
• Heat and mass transfer effects become important in
determining rates of heterogeneous reactions
4
Definition of Reaction Rate
• Select one reaction component for consideration and
define rate in terms of this component, i
• Rate of change in number of moles of this component
due to reaction is dNi/dt
• Based on unit volume of reacting fluid,
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• Based on unit volume of solid in gas-solid systems,
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Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions
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• Ideal Reactor types:
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• A single reaction is where a single stoichiometric
equation and single rate equation are chosen to
represent the progress of the reaction
• Multiple reactions are where more than one
stoichiometric equation is chosen to represent the
observed changes and more than one kinetic expression
is needed to follow the changing composition of all
reaction components
• Multiple reactions may be classified as:
• Series reactions,
• Parallel reactions,
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• More complicated schemes, reaction proceeds in parallel
with respect to B but in series with respect to A, R and S
12
• Since the order refers to the empirically found rate
expression, it can have a fractional value and need not
be an integer
• However, the molecularity of a reaction must be an
integer because it refers to the mechanism of the
reaction, and can only apply to an elementary reaction
Rate Constant k
• In the previous rate expression, dimensions of the rate
constant k for the nth-order reaction are
13
Representation of an Elementary Reaction
• In expressing a rate, we may use any measure
equivalent to concentration, such as partial pressure
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• It would not be proper to write
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• If it refers to product T,
• Hence
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Representation of Non-elementary Reactions
• A non-elementary reaction is one whose stoichiometry
does not match its kinetics
• The reaction rate constant has been found in practically all cases to
be well represented by Arrhenius’ law
23
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Tutorial Questions
• Levenspiel book: 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 2.15,
2.19
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