Documentos de Académico
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Implementation
Introduction to Public Administration
• The management of public programs affected by all the :
• Expertise
• Leadership
• Organizational structure
• Personnel
• Politics
• Law (courts)
• Budget
• Individual programs are what is being used to implement public policy – Organizing framework of purposes and rationales
for government programs that deal with specified societal problems (who gets what)
• Foreign Policy
• Trade Policy
• Economic Policy
• Health Policy
• Civil Rights Policy
• Environmental Policy
• Defense Policy
Introduction
• Obviously public policy is highly shaped by politics and the political process
• Policies often not rational
• Often not well planned
• Intent doesn’t match outcomes
• Can originate from many sources
• President
• Congress
• Interest groups
• State/local government
• Policy best described as incremental
• Some policies are nothing more than symbolic actions
Introduction
• Distributive policies – deliver large scale services or benefits to certain individuals or groups in the population
who do not bear the costs.
• Examples:
• Tax breaks
• Subsidy
• Loans for college students
• Redistributive policies – effort by government to shift the allocation of valued goods from one group to
another.
• Examples:
• Affirmative action
• Medicare
• Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
• Lottery
• Regulatory policies – promote restrictions on the freedom to act of those subject to regulation.
• Sherman Antitrust Act (policy) program
• Usually targeted at businesses
• Self-regulatory policies – policy change sought by those being regulated as a means of protecting or promoting
their own economic interests.
• Licensing of professions – law, medicine, hair stylists
Typology of Policies
• Legislative stage (Congress/President)
• Administrative stage
• Create rules
• Implement
• Review stage (courts or Congress)
• Policies broken down into programs and projects, these are the focus of management
(example: Don’t Mess with Texas)
• Thus we must recognize that administrators play a vital role with respect to public
policy
• Discretion
Program Evaluation
• Broad:
• Site visit
• Hearings
• Citizens
• More specific
• Before versus after studies – evaluation and comparison of results before and after program to determine what results were
achieved.
• Time-trend projection – focus on more data points
• Comparison
• Compare with other jurisdictions with and without the program and compare differences
• Compare with professional programs
• Controlled Experimentation – comparisons of two groups of similar people, one served by the program and the other not served
• Not served called the control group
• Most expensive and least used
• Can be combined with other methods
• Methods try to establish causality – or that intervention A causes result B
• But in order to demonstrate causality we have to eliminate changes caused by extraneous confounding factors
• In order to conduct these evaluations we need data and thus the initial operationalization of goals becomes important
Government Productivity
• Increased focus on business values/customer service focus
• Privatization
Other Issues