Transducers
John Reiven G. Bayaras, Neil Jelo C. Marasigan*
 Also known as lead zirconate titanate. It is a ceramic
Abstract— Coal, Natural Gas, Hydro and Nuclear are the
world’s primary energy sources. However, the usage of these
fossil fuels can cause environmental problem, pollution, and
greenhouse effect. To deal with this environmental crisis it is
wise to work towards some directions like energy saving,
emission reduction, and exploration of new renewable energy.
This paper describes how transducers are being used to harvest
energy from different energy form. Also, presents an overview
of the feasibility of transducers for electric power system, in
which the fundamentals of piezoelectric power generation and
the process description of its mechanism.
Index Terms — Fossil Fuels, Greenhouse
Piezoelectric, Renewable Energy, Transducers.
I. INTRODUCTION
Transducer is an electronic device that converts one form
of energy into another form of energy. Signals are being
converted to and from other physical quantities like energy,
force, torque, light, motion, and position, etc. A common
example is a microphone, which converts the input energy,
the sound waves produces by a voice or instrument, to output
energy, the electrical signal in the form of amplified sound.
Transducer produces electrical energy when some pressure
(commonly mechanical) was exerted, its internal structure
can be deformed, causing the separation of positive and
negative molecules and tend the material to be polarized. This
polarization generates an electric field and can be used to
transform the mechanical energy used in the material’s
deformation into electrical energy.
Transducers are available in many forms and shapes. It
consists of the following parts: case or insulation, backing
material, matching layer, and PZT crystal.
II. DISCUSSIONS
Casing or Insulation
Casing, in transducers is an insulation that covers and
protects the internal materials for better efficiency.
The case of the transducer protects it to some elements like
temperature, some external pressures that may affect and
distort the signal. Also, it insulates the internal components
from electric interference.
This is where to the name, kind or type of the transducer
were labeled.
PZT Crystals
*JR. G. Bayaras, is a Fourth Year student of the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Mesa, Manila
Philippines 1016 (e-mail: jrbayaras@gmail.com).
NJ. C. Marasigan, is a Fourth Year student of the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Manila, Manila
Philippines 1016 (e-mail: neiljelom@gmail.com).
material that is widely used in designing various sensors as it
offers excellent piezoelectric properties.
When PZT crystals were being applied by a mechanical
pressure its structure deforms, atoms get pushed around,
positive and negative charge will separate that will lead to
polarization because of that phenomenon, eventually it will
generate electric charge.
PZT Crystals are known for its dielectric property. In a
transducer only ½ wavelength thickness were being used.
Matching Layer
Effect, Made from resin material placed on the front surface of
the transducer and protects the surface of PZT crystal.
Improves the efficiency of energy transmission into the
object.
When matching layer are in between the object and
piezoelectric element the ultrasonic waves are efficiently
enter the object.
The thickness of the matching layer is generally ¼ the
wavelength of the ultrasound produced.
Backing Material
A resin material placed on the back PZT crystal that
decreases its ringing.
The backing material serves to decrease the ringing of the
PZT crystal so that it also decreases the sensitivity to detect
low-level received echoes of a transducer.
III. CONCLUSION
Transducers are used to convert one form of energy to
another. It is made up of four main parts: the casing, which
surrounded and insulates the element and dissolves the heat
from it; PZT Crystals (lead zirconate titanate); the matching
layer that improves the efficiency of energy transmission into
the object; and the backing material, which decreases the
ringing of PZT crystal. To sum it all up, by the use of
transducer we can create a new source of renewable energy.
In the near future, energy formed caused by pollution can be
converted to a constructive energy.
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