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13- how to check system load without top command?

w
uptime

14- By default load average is shown in how many intervals?

1,5 and 15 min intervals

15- How can you get the physical and virtual memory statistics?

free -m or g
vmstat -a (active and inactive memory), -d disk stats, -t time
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
r b swpd free inact active si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 0 12004712 1005508 2539048 0 0 1 1 20 0 0 0 100 0
0

vmstat -a 2 (every 2 sec) 4 (4 intervals)

16- How to check cpu utilization and other statistics?

use sar which is part of sysstat package

sar -u shows cpu utilization stats for the current day


o/p
Linux 2.6.32-754.9.1.el6.x86_64 (icduspeshweb01) 12/29/2018 _x86_64_
(8 CPU)
12:00:01 AM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
12:05:01 AM all 0.14 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 99.69
12:10:01 AM all 0.14 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 99.70

sar -u 2 3 (shows realtime cpu stats every 2 secs with 3 intervals)


sar -r memoy utilization
[aibraka@icduspeshweb01 ~]$ sar -r
Linux 2.6.32-754.9.1.el6.x86_64 (icduspeshweb01) 12/29/2018 _x86_64_
(8 CPU)

12:00:01 AM kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit


12:05:01 AM 12113840 4219408 25.83 389268 1580688 6439436 31.52
12:10:01 AM 12107236 4226012 25.87 389352 1580704 6444064 31.54
sar -S swap space

17- How to find process id of a process and kill it immediately?


start cat
pidof cat
kill -9 PID

18- How to list all open files by specified user ?


lsof -u user

19- How to list all files opened by a particular command?

lsof -c cat

20- how can you list all network connection by port 22?

lsof -i :22

21- how to view all messages generated by the system since the last reboot on
RHEL7/CentOS7?
journalctl
journalctl |grep ssh

22- What are 2 different ways of showing the kernal message?


dmegs
journalctl -k

23- how can you contiously monitor the logs as they come in ?
journalctl -f
tail -f /var/log/messages

24-Where can you find messages related to the installation of Linux ?


anaconda.cfg
/var/log/anaconda/anaconda.log

25- Where are the most log files are located ?


/var/log

26- To improve performance, how can you safely set the


limit of the process for the super-user roto to be unlimited?
ulimit -u unlimited

27- Where can you set the resource limits for users logged
in via PAM?
/etc/security/limits.conf

28- how to check ulimit for a user?


ulimit -a

29-How to check and increase the limit of opened files in linux?


cat /proc/sys/fs/flie-max
To change:
1- vi /etc/sysctl.conf
(and add line)
2- fs.file-max=98321
3- sysctl -p
cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max

30. How to view run time kernel parameters?


sysctl -a

31. how to change runtime kernel parameter for maximum


shared segment size in bytes?

append >> kernel.shmmax=184467440 to /etc/sysctl.conf


sysctl -p

32- how to view boot time parameters and which file is


modified to change these parameters?

To view cat /proc/cmdline


These are supplied /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

32- How to disable ping?


Temp:
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
Permanent
Step1: Edit the sysctl.conf file and

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

Step2: Execute sysctl -p to enforce this setting immediately

# sysctl -p

33. How to find all files in /bin with 755 permissions?

find /bin -perm 755 -ls

34. how to extend the swap space?


1. vgs - look for free space
2. lvextend -L 4G /dev/VG-name/LV-name
3. swapon -s
will still show the old swap size
4. swapoff -v /dev/VG-name/LV-name
5. mkswap /dev/VG-name/LV-name
6. swapon -va /dev/VG-name/LV-name

34- How to extend a logical volume?

1. lvextend -L 8G /dev/vg/lv

35- How to reduce a logical volume?


unmount the file system
run e2fsck
reduce the logical volume (lvreduce -L 5G /dev/vg/lv)
resize2fs /dev/vg/lv
mount the file system

36- how to stop the logical volume? or deactivate the logical volume?
umount the file system
lvchange -an /dev/vg_name/lv_name

37- How to activate the logical volume which is in deactivated state ?


lvchange -ay /dev/vg_name/lv_name

38- How to disable the volume group? or deactiviate the volume group?
vgchange -an volume_group_name

39- how to enable the volume group? or activate the volume group?
vgchange -ay volume_group_name

40- What is the default size of a physical extent in LVM?


4MB
physical volume is divded into several smaller logical pieces when its added to a
VG
These logical pieces are knwon as PE's

41- How to find files that are over 10MB in size?

find /usr -size +10M

42- How to scan for new disks added to Linux machine?

$ echo "---" /sys/class/scsi-host (or) fc-host/host0,1,2/scan


43- How to create a raid 0 volume?

$ mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=0 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdd /dev/sde

44- How to check the status of Raid in linux?

cat /proc/mdstat
mdadm --detail (to view the created volume)

45- How to manually fault the disk ?


mdadm /dev/md1 -f /dev/sdh

mdadm --detail /dev/md1 - To check the status

46- How to recover from the faulty disk?

mdadm /dev/md1 -r /dev/sdh - To remove the disk


mdadm /dev/md1 -a /dev/sdh - To add the disk

47- What is configuration file for raid ?


The raid is temporary until or unless if the config details are present in the
config file.
/etc/mdadm.conf. After creating raid copy the output below to config file to
persistent
across reboot.
mdadm --detail -scan >> /etc/mdadm.conf

48- How to create a snapshot volume in lvm?


lvcreate -L150M -s -n backup /dev/vg1/data

-s -> snapshot
-n -> name of the new volume attr
backup -> backup volume name
/dev/vg1/data -> create a new volume called backup against this volume.

mount /dev/vg/backup /mnt

49- How to create a striped logical volume?

lvcreate -L 300M -i3 -I64 -n lvolstrp /dev/vg01

300M - Volume size


i3 - number of pv's to be used
I64 - Stribe size is 64KB
-n - switch for adding name
lvolstrp - name of the volume
/dev/vg01 - vg name

50- How to create mirroed logical volume?

lvcreate -L +200M -m1 -n

+200 M - Size of the volume


m1 = mirror copy
-n = name switch
mirrorvol - volume name
/dev/vg01 - volume group name
51. How to recover a failed metadata disk in lvm ?

1. copy the UUID from the pvdisplay -v


2. pvcreate --uuid "UUIDoFthe disk" --restorefile
/etc/lvm/archive/vg01_latestfile.vg /dev/sdc1 (Newdisk)
3. vgcfgrestore /dev/vg01
4. Talk to backup team to restore the backup from the backup software.

52. How to check if there is/are any issues with lvs?


lvs -a -o +devices

53- What are NFS services ?

Services at NFS server


nfsd,rpcbin, rpc.statd, rpc.idmapd, rpc.rquotad & rpc.mountd

Services at NFS client:


nfsiod & rpcbind

54- What are the commands to manage kernel modules?


lsmod
modprobe <modname> -> to insert a module
modprobe -r <modname> ->to remove a modlue
modinfo

55- How to change the kernel parameters?

# echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward


# sysctl -w
# sysctl -p -> to persistent across reboot (/etc/sysctl.conf)

56- Booting procedure ?


BIOS -> MBR - LILO/GRUB -> kernel -> init

57- How to enable kdump on RHEL 7?

1. install kexec-tools using yum


# yum install kexec-tools

2. Update the GRUB2 file to Reserver Memory for Kdump kernel


# vi /etc/default/grub
crashkernel=<Reserverd_size_of_RAM>

3. Execute the below command to regenerate GRUB2 configuration.


# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

4. Reboot the box


# shutdown -r now

5. edit /etc/kdump.conf file and specify as to where to save the vmcore dump file
example.
path /var/crash

6. Enable and start the kdump services


# systemctl start kdump.service
# systemctl enable kdump.service
58- How to configure REdhat satellite server 6.2

Pre-requsite
1. NTP should be in sync with local NTP server if there is any otherwise (internet)
2. Host should have FQDN
3. If the satellite server is behind the FW, then OS FW and selinux can be
disalbled.
4. # subscription-manager register --username=username --password=password
--proxy=proxyserver:ports
5. # subscription-manager list --available |less
6. # subscription-manaer attach -auto
The system has been registered with ID.

To see what subscription have been consumed on the system,


7. #subscription-manager list-consumed

8. # subscription-manager repos --disable "*"

9. # subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-7-server-rpms -enable=rhel-server-


rhscl-7-rpms --enable=rhel-7-satellite-tools-6.2-rpms

10. #yum repolist enabled --> to see the enabled repos

11. # yum updates -> update all packages

12. Reboot the server

13. # mount satellite-6.2.6-rhel-6-x86_64-dvd.iso /media -o loop


cd /media
./install_packages

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