Đorđe Petrović OSA (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Петровић, pronounced [d͡ʑôːrd͡ʑe pětroʋit͡ɕ]), better

known by the sobriquet Black George, or Karađorđe (Serbian

Cyrillic: Карађорђе, pronounced [kârad͡ʑoːrd͡ʑe]; 16 November [O.S. 3 November] 1768 – 26
July [O.S. 14 July] 1817), was a Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for his country's
independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising of 1804–1813.
Born into an impoverished family in the Šumadija region of Ottoman Serbia, Karađorđe
distinguished himself during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 as a member of the Serbian
Free Corps, a militia made up of Habsburg and Ottoman Serbs that was armed and trained by
the Austrians. Fearing retribution following the Austrians' and Serb rebels' defeat in 1791, he and
his family fled to the Austrian Empire, where they were to live until 1794, when a general
amnesty was declared. Karađorđe subsequently returned to Šumadija and became a livestock
merchant. In 1796, the rogue governor of the Sanjak of Vidin, Osman Pazvantoğlu, invaded
the Pashalik of Belgrade, and Karađorđe fought alongside the Ottomans to quash the incursion.
In early 1804, following a massacre of Serb chieftains by renegade Ottoman janissaries known
as Dahis, the Serbs of the Pashalik rebelled. Karađorđe was unanimously elected to lead the
uprising against the Dahis at an assembly of surviving chiefs in February 1804. Within six
months, most of the Dahi leaders had been captured and executed by Karađorđe's forces, and
by 1805, the final remnants of Dahi resistance had been crushed. Karađorđe and his followers
now demanded far-reaching autonomy, a move which Sultan Selim interpreted as but the first
step towards complete independence. Selim promptly declared jihadagainst the rebels and
ordered an army to march into the Pashalik. The Ottomans suffered a string of defeats at the
hands of Karađorđe's forces. By 1806, the rebels had captured all the major towns in the
Pashalik, including Belgrade and Smederevo, and expelled their Muslim inhabitants. Burdened
by the demands of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1806–1812, Selim offered the Serbs extensive
autonomy, but Karađorđe refused in light of Russia's avowal to aid the rebels should they
continue fighting.
Frequent infighting, together with Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, weakened the rebels,
and the Ottomans were able to reverse many of their gains. Karađorđe was forced to flee Serbia
in October 1813 and Belgrade fell later that month, bringing the First Serbian Uprising to a close.
He and his followers sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, but were arrested and detained.
Despite Ottoman requests for his extradition, the Austrians handed Karađorđe over to the
Russians, who offered him refuge in Bessarabia. There, he joined the Greek secret
society known as Filiki Eteria, which planned to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the
Ottomans. Karađorđe returned to Serbia in secret in July 1817, but was killed shortly thereafter
by agents of Miloš Obrenović, a rival rebel leader, who was concerned that Karađorđe's
reappearance would cause the Ottomans to renege on the concessions that they had agreed to
following the Second Serbian Uprisingof 1815. Karađorđe is considered the founder of
the Karađorđević dynasty, which ruled Serbia in several intervals during the 19th and 20th
centuries. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants
and those of Obrenović, with the Serbian throne changing hands several times.

Contents

 1Origins
 2Early military exploits
 3First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)
o 3.1Revolt against the Dahis
o 3.2Rebellion against the Porte
 3.2.1Initial successes
 3.2.2Losses mount
 3.2.3Defeat
 4Exile, return to Serbia and death
 5Legacy
 6Family tree
 7Footnotes
 8References
 9Sources
 10Further reading

Origins[edit]
Đorđe Petrović was born into an impoverished family in the village of Viševac, in
the Šumadija region of Ottoman Serbia, on 16 November [O.S. 3 November] 1768.[1][a] He was
the oldest of his parents' five children. His father, Petar Jovanović, was
a highwayman (or hajduk) in his youth, but had since become a peasant farmer. His mother,
Marica (née Živković), was a homemaker.[3] Petrović's surname was derived from his father's
given name, in line with contemporary Serbian naming conventions.[4] Like most of his
contemporaries, Petrović was illiterate.[5][6] His family celebrated the feast day of Saint
Clement.[7] They are said to have been descended from the Vasojevići tribe of
Montenegro's Lim River valley.[8] His ancestors are thought to have migrated from Montenegro to
Šumadija in the late 1730s or early 1740s.[9] Petrović's childhood was strenuous and
difficult.[3] His parents were forced to move around often in search of a livelihood.[10] His father
worked as a day labourer and servant for a sipahi (Serbo-Croatian: spahija), an
Ottoman cavalryman. Petrović himself spent his adolescence working as a shepherd.[9] In 1785,
he married Jelena Jovanović,[11] whose family hailed from the village of Masloševo.[9] The couple
had seven children, six of whom reached adulthood.[1]
Petrović worked for several landlords across Šumadija until 1787, when he and his family left the
region and settled in the Austrian Empire, fearing persecution at the hands of
the Ottoman janissaries.[10] It is said that as they were preparing to cross the Danube into Austria,
Petrović's father began to have second thoughts about leaving Šumadija. Knowing that the entire
family would be put in jeopardy if his father stayed behind, Petrović either took his father's life or
arranged for someone to kill him instead.[12][b]

Early military exploits[edit]

Members of the Serbian Free Corps, 1798

Following the outbreak of the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791, Petrović joined the Serbian Free
Corps (German: Serbische Freikorps), and took part in fighting the Ottomans in western
Serbia.[10][15] The Free Corps was a volunteer militia made up of both Ottoman and Habsburg
Serbs that was armed and trained by the Austrians. It was led by a Habsburg Serb officer,
Major Mihailo Mihaljević.[16] Petrović's participation in the war brought him invaluable military
experience, as well as insight into the Austrians' military techniques.[10] He distinguished himself
in combat and was decorated for bravery, reaching the rank
of sergeant (German: Wachtmeister).[17][18] In this capacity, he was given command over a squad
of 25 men.[19]
The Austrians and Serb rebels briefly succeeded in liberating a strip of land east and south
of Belgrade, which in Serbian historiography came to be known as Koča's Frontier (Serbo-
Croatian: Kočina Krajina), after one of the senior rebel leaders, Koča Anđelković. In 1791, the
Austrians and Ottomans signed the Treaty of Sistova. The Austrians agreed to return all the
territory that they and the Serbs had captured south of the Danube in exchange for minor
territorial concessions in northern Bosnia, effectively abandoning the Serbs and leaving them to
resist the Ottomans on their own. The rebels were crushed by 1792 and most of their leaders
executed.[20]Unwilling to surrender, Petrović became a hajduk and briefly fought the Ottomans as
an outlaw.[21] He and his family once again sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, this time finding
sanctuary in the Krušedol Monastery, at the foot of Fruška Gora, where Petrović worked as a
forester.[14][22]
In 1793, Hadji Mustafa Pasha was appointed governor of the Pashalik of Belgrade. He declared
a general amnesty for former rebels and announced that Muslims would no longer serve as tax-
collectors in areas where Christians formed a majority of the population. These changes were
part of a plan devised by Sultan Selim aimed at improving relations with the Pashalik's Christian
population.[23] Sensing that it was safe, Petrović returned to Šumadija in 1794, together with his
family.[24] He settled in Topola, where he became a livestock merchant and traded with the
Austrians. His business dealings led him to establish connections with many Habsburg
Serbs.[10] In 1796, Osman Pazvantoğlu, the renegade governor of the Sanjak of Vidin, who had
rejected the authority of the Sublime Porte, launched an invasion of the Pashalik of Belgrade.
Overwhelmed, Mustafa Pasha formed a Serbian national militia to help stop the
incursion.[20] Petrović joined the militia and became a boluk-bashi (Serbo-
Croatian: Buljukbaša),[c] leading a company of 100 men.[10]
In return for their service, the Serbs of the Pashalik were granted a number of privileges. They
were allowed to bear arms and raise autonomous military units. After the Serb militias joined the
war on Mustafa Pasha's side, Pazvantoğlu suffered a string of defeats. He retreated to Vidin,
which was subsequently besieged.[23] The war against Pazvantoğlu marked the first time that
Petrović distinguished himself in the eyes of the Ottomans, who bestowed him with
the sobriquet "Black George" (Serbo-Croatian: Karađorđe; Turkish: Kara Yorgi), partly because
of his dark hair and partly because of his sinister reputation.[22][25]Karađorđe's service in the
Serbian militia resulted in him becoming well acquainted with Ottoman military doctrine.[26]

First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)[edit]

Revolt against the Dahis[edit]

Nineteenth-century illustration of the Orašac Assembly with Karađorđe at its centre

In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt, forcing the Porte to redeploy thousands of regulars from the
Balkans in order to resist the French. The janissaries in the Pashalik of Belgrade, known
as Dahis (Serbo-Croatian: Dahije), who had been expelled from the region on Selim's orders
nearly a decade earlier, were pardoned and allowed to return to Belgrade on the condition that
they obey Mustafa Pasha. The détente between the aging governor and the Dahis did not last
long. In 1801, Mustafa Pasha was killed by a Dahi assassin.[23] The power vacuum caused by his
murder resulted in a period of infighting between the Dahis that would last until 1802. By this
time, four senior Dahi commanders emerged triumphant and agreed to share power within the
Pashalik. The Serbs were stripped of the privileges that they had been granted under Mustafa
Pasha. Dahi bands roamed the countryside, killing peasants, looting property and setting homes
on fire. Thousands of villagers were displaced and forced to flee into the mountains, where over
the next several years, the able-bodied men formed ad-hoc guerilla bands.[10]
In mid-July 1803, Karađorđe obtained arms and munitions from Habsburg Serb merchants
in Zemun. Later that month, he dispatched couriers through Šumadija calling for a meeting of
Serbian notables to devise a strategy for resisting the Dahis.[27] The flow of arms from the
Austrian Empire into the Pashalik, combined with their inability to crush the guerillas in the
countryside, made the Dahi leadership increasingly uneasy.[20] In January and February 1804, the
Dahis launched a pre-emptive assault against the Pashalik's Serbian chieftains (known
as knezovi, or "princes"), killing between 70 and 150 of them.[26] The killings outraged the
Serbian rayah, the Pashalik's tax-paying lower class.[21] By this time, Karađorđe was a well known
and well respected figure in Šumadija.[26] He narrowly escaped being killed in the two-month
massacre, which came to be known as the Slaughter of the Knezes (Serbo-Croatian: Seča
knezova). Upon killing the chieftains, the Dahis impaled their severed heads on wooden stakes
and put them on public display.[5] On Candlemas, 14 February [O.S. 2 February] 1804, the
surviving chieftains assembled in the village of Orašac, near Aranđelovac, to decide on a course
of action.[24] They agreed to launch a rebellion against the Dahis and Karađorđe was elected
without opposition to lead it.[28] It is said that he twice refused to lead the uprising, arguing that his
violent temper would make him unsuitable for the role. Karađorđe's initial refusal only reinforced
the chieftains' convictions that he was the only suitable candidate, and eventually, he agreed to
lead the rebels.[4][21] This event marked the beginning of the First Serbian Uprising, the opening
phase of what would come to be known as the Serbian Revolution.[25]
By the start of the revolt against the Dahis, the Pashalik of Belgrade had a population of about
400,000, 10 percent of which was Muslim.[29] Its Serb population was roughly 250,000.[30] At first,
the rebels numbered around 30,000 men.[31] In this initial stage, they were joined by a significant
amount of the Pashalik's Muslim population, whom the rebels dubbed the "Good
Turks".[32][d] Karađorđe and his followers appealed to Sultan Selim for assistance against the
Dahis, who had since rejected the authority of the Porte. Austria sent weapons and supplies to
the rebels, while Russia lobbied on their behalf, encouraging the Porte to grant the Serbs further
autonomy following the Dahis' removal. In May, Selim ordered a 7,000-strong army under of the
command of Bekir Pasha, the governor of Bosnia, to march into the Pashalik. The Serbs
welcomed Bekir Pasha and his men as liberators, and the Dahis were soon defeated through the
joint efforts of Bekir Pasha's army and the rebels. By late August, the most prominent Dahi
leaders had been captured by Karađorđe's men, beheaded, and their severed heads sent to the
Sultan as trophies.[21] The Dahis resisted for another year before they were completely
defeated.[33] Following their total defeat, Karađorđe and his followers demanded that Serbia be
granted autonomous status, similar to that enjoyed by neighbouring Wallachia. Selim suspected
that Karađorđe's demands for autonomy were but the first step towards complete
independence.[34] He responded by declaring a jihad against the rebels.[35] Hafiz Pasha, the
Ottoman governor of Niš, was then ordered to march into Šumadija and destroy Karađorđe's
army.[34]

Rebellion against the Porte[edit]

Initial successes[edit]
The rebels first clashed with Ottoman regulars at the Battle of Ivankovac in August 1805, scoring
a decisive victory.[36][37] Belgrade was soon besieged by about 16,000 rebel fighters.[38] The rebel
leaders used anti-Muslim rhetoric to mobilize the peasantry, calling upon them to rise up and
drive the Ottomans "across the blue sea". In order to further galvanize the population, Karađorđe
appealed to memories of the Battle of Kosovo of June 1389, which paved the way for the
Ottoman conquest of Serbia and the rest of the western Balkans, declaring that Serbia's defeat in
the battle needed to be avenged.[39] He sought to further cement his authority by harkening back
to symbols of Medieval Serbia, such as the relics of Stefan the First-Crowned, and placing
old heraldic symbols on flags and seals to establish continuity between the Serbian Empire and
himself.[40][e] Portraits of Dušan the Mighty, the founder of the Serbian Empire, are said to have
hung from the walls of the rebels' headquarters.[42] Muslims, combatants and non-combatants
alike, were killed unremittingly, as illustrated in this contemporary account describing the capture
of the village of Čučuge, near Ub, in April 1806:
In their flight the Turks threw away their arms and clothing in order to run the better, but to no
purpose. The Serbs caught up with them and killed them, some with swords, some with knives
and some with daggers, while others had their brains beaten out with cudgels and staves. They
say that over 2,800 Turks perished and only those got away who had good horses. When our
army mustered again at the camp at Ub, I saw that many of our soldiers had blood-stained
swords ... and their gun-butts also were smashed and broken; they were laden with every sort of
spoil.[43]
Serbs who neglected to join the uprising were brutalized in equal measure. Males who could not
produce an adequate excuse for why they were not fighting were killed and their houses
torched.[5][44] While most of the rebels were Serbs, the Pashalik's Romani (Gypsy) residents, the
majority of whom were Muslim, also fought on the rebel side,[45] as did some Albanians.[46] In
1806, the rebels twice dispatched the diplomat Petar Ičko to Constantinople to negotiate with the
Porte. The two parties eventually reached an understanding, which came to be known as Ičko's
Peace, in which the Ottomans agreed to grant the rebels extensive autonomy. Due to the
Balkans' poor communications and transport infrastructure, it took several months for news of the
Porte's offer to reach the rebels.[47] In August 1806, the rebels defeated the Ottomans at
the Battle of Mišar.[48] Later that month, they scored another victory at the Battle of
Deligrad.[49] Smederevo was captured in November and made the capital of Karađorđe's
revolutionary state.[50] Belgrade, with the exception of its imposing fortress, fell in early December.
The outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War that month, compounded by Russia's avowal to provide
extensive materiel and financial support to the rebels should they continue fighting, convinced
Karađorđe not to accept anything short of complete independence. He promptly refused to
accept the terms of the agreement negotiated by Ičko.[47] In March 1807, Karađorđe issued a
promise to Suleiman Pasha, the Governor of Belgrade, that he and his garrison would be granted
safe passage if they vacated the city's besieged fortress. When Suleiman and his garrison
emerged from the fortress, they were ambushed.[51] Adult men were killed on the spot. Women
and girls were converted to Christianity and forced to marry their captors, while children were
placed in the care of Christian families.[52][53] One contemporary account suggests that as many as
3,000 non-Christians – mostly Muslims, but also Jews – were converted.[52] Jews that resisted
conversion were either killed or expelled.[54] The city's mosques were destroyed or turned into
churches.[55]
Karađorđe was feared by enemies and allies alike because of his volatile temper.[56] He
considered executions to be the only way in which military infractions could be rectified, and
according to the military historian Brendon A. Rehm, personally killed 125 people.[22] In 1806, he
ordered that his brother Marinko be hanged. According to one account, Marinko had been
accused of raping a peasant girl.[12] Another suggests that he had been attempting to seduce
young women whose husbands were away at the front.[57] Whatever the case, Karađorđe
entertained senior rebel leaders in his home while his brother's lifeless body dangled from the
front gate—a warning to others to refrain from the behaviour in which Marinko had been
engaging.[12]
Losses mount[edit]
Detail of Skull Tower

As the revolution progressed, rebel strength peaked at around 50,000 fighters.[38] Despite their
initial successes, the rebel leaders were seldom on good terms, and constant infighting plagued
their camp. In the western part of the country, Jakov Nenadović was the principle figure. In the
east, Milenko Stojković and Petar Dobrnjacheld sway. The latter two opposed Karađorđe's
attempts to create a centralized state, fearing that this would result in their own power being
diminished.[26] Others, such as Nenadović, complained that Karađorđe was becoming
too authoritarian. Nenadović suggested that the rebels establish a central council to rein in
Karađorđe's power and write up a constitution based on the rule of law.[58] Karađorđe balked at
the possibility. "It's easy for this sovereign law of yours to rule in a warm room, behind this table,"
he responded, "but let us see tomorrow, when the Turks strike, who will meet them and beat
them."[59][60]
In May 1809, the rebels captured Sjenica. They repulsed an Ottoman attack on the village
of Suvodol in early June, and seized Novi Pazar later that month, but failed to take its
fortress.[61] Minor clashes also took place in the north of Kosovo.[46] Lacking numbers and
adequate military training, the rebels failed to establish a corridor to Montenegro and never came
close to the Adriatic Sea. Karađorđe had described acquiring access to the sea as one of his key
aims.[61] The rebels experienced further setbacks in Niš, where 3,000
were surrounded at Čegar Hill in May–June 1809. Knowing that he and his men would
be impaled if captured, rebel commander Stevan Sinđelić fired at his entrenchment's gun
powder magazine, setting off a massive explosion that killed him and everyone else in the
vicinity. On the site of the battle, the Ottoman commander Hurshid Pasha built a stone tower with
the skulls of Sinđelić and his fighters embedded in its walls as a warning to others who wished to
rebel.[61][62]
The fall of Čegar allowed the Ottomans to establish a land corridor extending along the Morava
River valley from Niš to the Danube. The advance was brought to a halt after the Russians
crossed the Danube in September 1809 and attacked the Ottomans in northern Bulgaria, offering
the rebels temporary respite. The rebels soon recaptured all the land that they had lost, but were
exhausted by the fighting.[63]Henceforth, they were continuously on the defensive.[64] The rebel
leaders quarrelled among themselves, blaming each other for the recent defeats. Karađorđe
blamed the Russians for not intervening earlier on the rebels' behalf.[61] He subsequently wrote
Napoleon seeking military assistance, and in 1810, dispatched an emissary to France.[65] Nothing
came of these requests as the French did not believe that they had the military capacity to
dislodge the Ottomans from the Balkans.[66] As his battlefield setbacks mounted, Karađorđe's
behaviour became more volatile. In late 1809, he shot and wounded one of his commanders,
Petar Jokić, for making a poor military decision in the vicinity of Ćuprija.[12][57]
 A map of Revolutionary Serbia in 1809 (left) and 1813 (right)

In 1810, Dobrnjac mutinied against Karađorđe and nearly succeeded in dislodging him. He was
joined in his revolt by Milenko Stojković.[67] In June 1810, Russian troops entered Serbia for a
second time, distributing weapons and supplies to Karađorđe and his followers. Field
marshal Mikhail Kutuzov took part in planning joint actions against both the Ottomans and the
mutineers.[64] By the following year, Dobrnjac and Stojković were defeated.[67] Karađorđe
attempted to placate the mutineers. In January 1811, he established the People's Governing
Council (Serbo-Croatian: Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet), a cabinet consisting of members who
supported Karađorđe as well as those who opposed him.[68] It consisted of twelve members, one
for each of the nahije (districts) of rebel Serbia.[58] Karađorđe appointed Stojković as the Minister
of Foreign Affairs, Nenadović as the Minister of the Interior, and Dobrnjac as the Minister of
Justice. Also inducted into Karađorđe's cabinet were Mladen Milovanović, as the Minister of
War; Dositej Obradović, as the Minister of Education; and Sima Marković, as the Minister of
Finance. Dobrnjac and Stojković refused to accept the posts that were offered to them, fearing
that their acceptance would legitimize Karađorđe and undermine their own position. Karađorđe
accused them of insubordination and exiled them to Wallachia, replacing them with
loyalists.[68] The Governing Council soon recognized Karađorđe as Serbia's hereditary leader and
pledged allegiance to his "lawful heirs".[58]
Defeat[edit]
In mid-1812, Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Bucharest, bringing the
Russo-Ottoman War to a close. For his efforts, Karađorđe received the Order of Saint Anna from
the Russians. The Governing Council scrambled to take an oath of loyalty to Russia in the hope
that this would garner them further protection, to no avail.[69] The Russian Emperor, Alexander,
was aware of Napoleon's plans to invade Russia and desperately sought to return as many
Russian soldiers as possible in order to repel the attack.[64][70] As part of the Treaty of Bucharest,
the Russians and Ottomans agreed that Serbian fortifications built after 1804 were to be
destroyed, while cities and forts from which the Ottomans had been expelled over the course of
the uprising were to be reoccupied and garrisoned by Ottoman troops. In exchange, the
Ottomans agreed to declare a general amnesty for former rebels, as well as to grant the Serbs of
the Pashalik of Belgrade some degree of autonomy. As part of the agreement, the Russians
agreed to withdraw their forces from Serbia, as well as from Wallachia and Moldavia. The
Russians encouraged Karađorđe and his followers to negotiate directly with the Porte regarding
the minutiae of the handover of cities and fortifications to the Ottomans. Trepidation filled the
rebel camp once it became clear that there was nothing to prevent the Ottomans from exacting
reprisals against the Pashalik's Serb population after the Russians withdrew. Karađorđe thus
refused to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest and fighting continued.[71]
Deprived of foreign assistance, the rebels were quickly routed by the Ottomans, whose units
were manned primarily by Albanians and Bosnian Muslims.[66][72] In early October, Karađorđe fled
to the Austrian Empire.[73] He was joined by around 100,000 other Serbs fleeing the Ottoman
advance, including 50,000 from Belgrade and its environs alone.[74] Belgrade fell later that
month.[66][75] The city's fall marked the end of the First Serbian Uprising.[71] The Ottomans singled
out men and boys over the age of 15 for execution, and sold women and children into slavery.
Torture was used extensively and executions were particularly brutal.[66] "Men were roasted alive,
hanged by their feet over smoking straw until they asphyxiated, castrated, crushed with stones,
and bastinadoed," one eyewitness wrote. "Their women and children were raped and sometimes
taken by force to harems. Outside Stambul Gate in Belgrade, there were always on view the
corpses of impaled Serbs being gnawed by packs of dogs."[76][77] Another account relays how
infants and toddlers were boiled alive.[78] In one day alone, 1,800 women and children were sold
into slavery at a Belgrade market.[79] Churches across the city were destroyed and mosques that
had been converted into churches following the city's capture in 1806 were returned to their
original use.[55] Others were deliberately torched by the Ottomans for the purpose of inflicting
suffering on the city's inhabitants. In one instance, several dozen Serb refugees seeking shelter
in a mosque were burned alive inside.[78]
In late October 1813, Hurshid Pasha declared a general amnesty for the rebels that had
survived, though Karađorđe and some senior Orthodox clerics were specifically
exempted.[66] Many rebel leaders agreed to lay down their arms, the most notable of these
being Miloš Obrenović, the rebel commander in Užice.[80] A large number of Serb refugees
subsequently returned to their homes, as did many of the Muslims that had been displaced in the
fighting.[30]

Exile, return to Serbia and death[edit]

Karađorđe's death as depicted in an 1863 painting

Upon crossing the Danube, Karađorđe and his followers were arrested by the Austrian
authorities. They were initially detained at the Petrovaradin Fortress in Novi Sad and later
transferred to a prison in Graz. The Ottomans demanded that Karađorđe and the other rebel
leaders be extradited to face punishment. The Austrians refused and instead turned them over to
the Russians.[81] Karađorđe spent a year in Austrian custody before being allowed to go to
Russia.[22] Like many of the other rebel leaders, he settled in Bessarabia.[81] He attempted to
adjust to civilian life, commissioning a portrait of himself by the painter Vladimir Borovikovsky.[82]In
April 1815, Obrenović orchestrated another anti-Ottoman rebellion in Serbia, which came to be
known as the Second Serbian Uprising. Unlike Karađorđe's revolt, the Second Serbian Uprising
ended relatively quickly and resulted in a rebel victory. In November 1815, the Ottomans
accepted Obrenović's demands for wide-ranging autonomy. The terms that they agreed to were
identical to those rejected by Karađorđe in 1807.[80]
The Russians prohibited Karađorđe from returning to the Balkans to take part in the Second
Serbian Uprising. Karađorđe objected and traveled to Saint Petersburgto plead his case, but was
arrested and detained.[22] Upon his release, he joined the Filiki Eteria, a Greek nationalist secret
society that intended to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. The Filiki
Eteria promised Karađorđe a position of military leadership in the planned uprising and offered to
smuggle him into the Pashalik of Belgrade. Karađorđe secretly entered the Pashalik on 24
July [O.S. 12 July] 1817, crossing the Danube together with his servant, Naum Krnar. He then
contacted his kum, Vujica Vulićević, who offered him an abode in the oak forest of Radovanje
Grove, near Velika Plana. Unbeknownst to Karađorđe, Vulićević was on Obrenović's payroll.
After escorting Karađorđe and his servant to a tent in the forest, Vulićević informed Obrenović of
Karađorđe's whereabouts through a courier. Shortly thereafter, he received a letter from
Obrenović telling him that Karađorde was to be killed.[81] Vulićević enlisted one of his close
confidantes, Danilo Novaković, to take Karađorđe's life. The following morning, just before
sunrise, Novaković snuck into Karađorđe's tent and axed him to death while he slept. He then
went to the riverside and shot Krnar with a rifle as he was gathering water. Karađorđe's lifeless
body was beheaded.[83] His severed head was taken to Belgrade and presented to Marashli Ali
Pasha,[83] who had been appointed the governor of the Pashalik two years prior.[80] Ali Pasha had
the head flayed, stuffed and sent to the Sultan himself.[83]
Obrenović feared that Karađorđe's return would prompt the Ottomans to renege on the
agreement reached by the Porte and Obrenović's followers in November 1815.[84] By extension,
Karađorđe's murder precluded the Serbs of the Pashalik from taking part in the Balkan-wide
rebellion that the Filiki Eteria had been planning.[85] In Constantinople, Karađorđe's head was
impaled on a stake and left on public display for a week. His body was buried on Serbian soil, but
his skull ended up in the hands of a Constantinople museum. It was stolen some years later and
buried in Greece.[86]

Legacy[edit]

Karađorđe's sarcophagus in the Church of Saint George, Topola

Karađorđe's descendants adopted the surname Karađorđević in his honour.[87] His murder
resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenović, with
the Serbian throne changing hands several times.[85][88] The feud came to an abrupt end in June
1903, when rebellious Royal Serbian Army officers killed the Obrenović king, Alexander, and his
wife, Queen Draga, thereby rendering the Obrenović line extinct. Karađorđe's grandson, Peter
Karađorđević, then ascended the throne.[89][90] In order to tie himself to his grandfather's legacy,
Peter commissioned a bronze crown cast from a piece of Karađorđe's first cannon.[91] In addition,
the Order of Karađorđe's Star was introduced as Serbia's highest state decoration.[92][93] The first
feature-length film to emerge from Serbia and the Balkans, whose plot revolves around
Karađorđe and his actions before, during and after the First Serbian Uprising, was released in
1911.[94] Work soon began on the construction of the Church of Saint George, a Karađorđević
dynasty mausoleum at Oplenac, near Topola.[86] In November 1918, Peter ascended the throne
of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was later
renamed Yugoslavia.[95] Karađorđe's head was repatriated from Greece in 1923 and reunited with
the rest of his body. His remains were buried in a white marble sarcophagus within the church in
1930.[86] The Karađorđević dynasty ruled Yugoslavia until 1941, when its members were forced
into exile by Germany's invasion and occupation of the country.[96] The monarchy was abolished
by Josip Broz Tito's communist government in 1945.[97]
Misha Glenny, a journalist specializing in the Balkans, believes that the First Serbian Uprising
"marked the beginning of modern history on the Balkan peninsula."[98] The uprising kindled the
flame of ethno-religious nationalism among the Christians of Southeastern Europe and inspired
the subsequent Greek War of Independence.[99] Karađorđe's struggle against the Ottomans also
had an important influence on the Bosnian Muslim revolutionary Husein Gradaščević, who
instigated the Great Bosnian Uprising.[100] Karađorđe is viewed in a negative light by some
modern Bosniaks. In 2011, the chief Mufti of the Islamic Community of Serbia, Muamer Zukorlić,
filed a petition to rename a street in Sjenica named after Karađorđe. Zukorlić alleged that
Karađorđe and his followers had indiscriminately targeted the town's residents in 1809, a notion
disputed by Serbian historians.[101] The historian Ivo Banac surmises that "there would be no
Bosnian Muslims today" had Karađorđe extended his uprising west of the Drina.[102]

Karađorđe's statue in front of the Church of Saint Sava

Karađorđe's exploits were popularized across Europe by the linguist and folklorist Vuk Karadžić,
who recorded and published the ballads of the blind gusle player and epic poet Filip Višnjić,
many of which pertained to the First Serbian Uprising.[103] Karađorđe is referenced in a number of
works of 19th-century fiction. While he was still alive, the Hungarian dramatist István
Balog [hu] wrote a stage play about him, titled Black George, which premiered in August
1812.[104] Several years later, the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin penned a ballad about
Karađorđe titled The Song of George the Black.[105] The Irish poet George Croly also wrote a
ballad about him. Karađorđe is mentioned in Honoré de Balzac's 1842 novel A Start in Life, as
the grandfather of one of the book's main characters.[106] The Montenegrin prince-bishop and
poet Petar II Petrović-Njegoš dedicated his 1847 epic poem The Mountain Wreath to "the ashes
of the Father of Serbia", a reference to Karađorđe.[107][108] The surname Karamazov, used in the
Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov, is believed to have
partially been inspired by Karađorđe, whose exploits popularized the use of the prefix "kara" to
mean "black" within Russia.[109]
Karađorđe's likeness was featured on the obverse of five-million dinar banknotes issued by the
National Bank of Yugoslavia in 1993 and 1994.[110] The anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising's
commencement, 15 February, is celebrated annually in Serbia through a public holiday known
as Statehood Day, first introduced in July 2001.[111] A statue of Karađorđe stands in front of
Belgrade's Church of Saint Sava, within the eponymous Karađorđe's Park.[112]

Family tree[edit]
Karađor
đe
b. 1768
– d.
1817
reigned
1804–
1813
 Alexander
Karađorđ
Alexis ević
b. 1801 b. 1806 –
– d. d. 1885
1830 reigned
1842–
1858

Peter I
George
b. 1844 – Arsen
b. 1827
d. 1921 b. 1859 –
– d.
reigned d. 1938
1884
1903–1921

Paul
Bojid Geor Alexander Karađorđe
Alexis ar ge I vić
b. 1859 b. b. b. 1888 – b. 1893 –
– d. 1862 1887 d. 1934 d. 1976
1920 – d. – d. reigned ruled
1908 1972 1921–1934 1934–1941
(as Prince
Regent)

Nichol
Tomisl as
Peter II
av Andrew b.
b. 1923 – Alexander
b. b. 1929 1928 –
d. 1970 b. 1924 –
1928 – – d. d.
reigned d. 2016
d. 1990 1954
1934–1945
2000

Nichol Sergi
as us
b. Michae b.
Karl
1958 l 1963
Vladimir
Alexander Georg b. Duša
Karađorđe e Dimitri 1958 n
b. 1964
vić b. b. 1958 b.
Dimitri
b. 1945 1984 1977
Mihailo
Michae
b. 1965
l
b.
1985
 Philip Alexand
Peter
b. er
b. 1980
1982 b. 1982

Stefan
b.
2018

Footnotes[edit]
1. ^ The year of his birth is uncertain, though most historians believe it to have been 1768.[2]
2. ^ According to the historian Michael Broers, the story is likely apocryphal.[13] The historian Michael
Boro Petrovich disagrees, saying "it is no legend" that the event occurred.[12] According to the
author and diplomat Duncan Wilson, rumours that Karađorđe had killed his own father had spread
throughout Šumadija by 1804.[14]
3. ^ Boluk-bashi was equivalent to the rank of captain.[19]
4. ^ The Serbs referred to all Muslims in the Pashalik as "Turks", though most of them were Bosnian
Muslims, Albanians, or Muslims from other parts of the Ottoman Empire.[32]
5. ^ Among the old heraldic symbols was the double-headed white eagle used by the Nemanjić
dynasty.[41]

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b Johnson 2014, p. 158.
2. ^ Stojančević 1982, p. 23; Mackenzie 1996a, p. 211; Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 29.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Mackenzie 1996b, p. 137.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b Petrovich 1976, p. 30.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Berend 2003, p. 123.
6. ^ Anscombe 2014, p. 163.
7. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 63.
8. ^ Stojančević 1982, p. 23; Banac 1984, p. 45; Roberts 2007, p. 118; Morrison 2008, p. 21.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Stojančević 1982, p. 23.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 29.
11. ^ Roberts 2007, p. 486.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Petrovich 1976, p. 49.
13. ^ Broers 2010, pp. 177–178.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b Wilson 1970, p. 38.
15. ^ Judah 2000, p. 50.
16. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 76.
17. ^ Palmer 1970, p. 32.
18. ^ Skrivanić 1982, p. 311.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b Skrivanić 1982, p. 310.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b c Singleton 1985, p. 77.
21. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Singleton 1985, p. 78.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Rehm 1992, p. 392.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, pp. 27–28.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b Fotić 2009, p. 308.
25. ^ Jump up to:a b Pavlowitch 2002, p. 29.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 30.
27. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 26.
28. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 31.
29. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 28.
30. ^ Jump up to:a b Judah 2000, p. 87.
31. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 29; Berend 2003, p. 123.
32. ^ Jump up to:a b Judah 2000, p. 51.
33. ^ Glenny 2012, p. 11.
34. ^ Jump up to:a b Singleton 1985, p. 79.
35. ^ Judah 2000, p. 52; Pavlowitch 2002, p. 28; Sperber 2017, p. 168.
36. ^ Castellan 1992, p. 238.
37. ^ Judah 2000, pp. 51–52.
38. ^ Jump up to:a b Broers 2010, p. 179.
39. ^ Lampe 2000, p. 49.
40. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 31.
41. ^ Banac 1988, p. 142.
42. ^ Judah 2000, p. 61.
43. ^ Esdaile 2007, p. 251.
44. ^ Broers 2010, p. 178.
45. ^ Reinhartz 2006, p. 87.
46. ^ Jump up to:a b Malcolm 1998, p. 179.
47. ^ Jump up to:a b Castellan 1992, p. 239.
48. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 40.
49. ^ Vucinich 1982, p. 97.
50. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 32.
51. ^ Vucinich 1982, p. 180.
52. ^ Jump up to:a b Lebl 2007, p. 70.
53. ^ Vovchenko 2016, p. 299.
54. ^ Ristović 2016, p. 26.
55. ^ Jump up to:a b Hall 1995, p. 67.
56. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 83.
57. ^ Jump up to:a b Stojančević 1982, p. 39.
58. ^ Jump up to:a b c Singleton 1985, p. 80.
59. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 51.
60. ^ Lampe 2000, p. 48.
61. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Vucinich 1982, p. 141.
62. ^ Judah 2000, pp. 279–280.
63. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 68.
64. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 34.
65. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 81.
66. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Singleton 1985, p. 82.
67. ^ Jump up to:a b Petrovich 1976, p. 47.
68. ^ Jump up to:a b Petrovich 1976, pp. 73–74.
69. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 76.
70. ^ Judah 2000, p. 53.
71. ^ Jump up to:a b Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 35.
72. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 30.
73. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 80.
74. ^ Ninić 1989, p. 93.
75. ^ Castellan 1992, p. 242.
76. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 84.
77. ^ Glenny 2012, p. 19.
78. ^ Jump up to:a b Vovchenko 2016, pp. 301–302.
79. ^ Petrovich 1976, p. 81; Castellan 1992, p. 243; Judah 2000, p. 53.
80. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 36.
81. ^ Jump up to:a b c Petrovich 1976, p. 110.
82. ^ Segesten 2011, p. 142; p. 158, note 5.
83. ^ Jump up to:a b c Petrovich 1976, p. 111.
84. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 86.
85. ^ Jump up to:a b Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 37.
86. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jovanović 1989, pp. 70–72.
87. ^ Norris 2008, p. 30.
 88. ^ Judah 2000, pp. 53, 56.
89. ^ Singleton 1985, p. 98.
90. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 73.
91. ^ Banac 1984, p. 143.
92. ^ Banac 1984, p. 150.
93. ^ Todić 2014, p. 450.
94. ^ Norris 2008, p. 111.
95. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 111.
96. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, pp. 137–139.
97. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, pp. 157–158.
98. ^ Glenny 2012, p. 2.
99. ^ Jelavich & Jelavich 2000, p. 68.
100. ^ Turhan 2014, p. 206.
101. ^ Barlovac 11 May 2011.
102. ^ Banac 1996, p. 132.
103. ^ Wilson 1970, pp. 110–111.
104. ^ Gyõre 2007, pp. 77–78.
105. ^ Shaw 1993, p. 163.
106. ^ Goldsworthy 1998, p. 24.
107. ^ Djilas 1966, p. 332.
108. ^ Wachtel 1998, p. 45.
109. ^ Martinsen 2003, p. 57.
110. ^ Živančević-Sekeruš 2014, p. 46.
111. ^ Šarić 2012, pp. 38–39.
112. ^ Norris 2008, p. 195.

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Further reading[edit]
 Baranin, Dušan (1957). Karađorđe. Nolit.
 Ćorović, Vladimir (1923). Karađorđe: život i delo.
 Desnica, Gojko (1977). Karađorđe: celokupna istorija vožda Srbije (1768-1817). Škola Vuk Stefanović
Karadzić.
 Dimitrijević, Kosta (1971). Vožd Karađorđe (in Serbian). Industrodidakta.
 Ljušić, Radoš (2003). Vožd Karađorđe: biografija (in Serbian). Завод за уџбенике и наставна
средства. ISBN 978-86-17-10705-3.
 Milićević, Milan Đ. (1904). Karađorđe u govoru i u tvoru. Čupićeva zadužbina. ( Public domain)
 Nenadović, Konstantin N. (1903). Život i dela velikog Đorđa Petrovića Kara-Đorđa Vrhovnog Vožda,
oslobodioca i Vladara Srbije i život njegovi Vojvoda i junaka: Kao gradivo za Srbsku Istoriju od godine
1804 do 1813 i na dalje. Sloboda. ( Public domain)
 Novaković, Stojan (1931). Karađorđe uskrs države srpske: političko-historijska studija o prvom
srpskom ustanku 1804-1813 : prema trećem beogradskom izdanju od 1914. Jugoslovenska štampa.
 Savić, Velibor B. (1988). Карађорђе, документи I. Горњи Милановац.
 Smiljanić, Radomir; Ličina, Vladimir (1993). Karađorđe, vožd serbski. Metalograf. ISBN 978-86-473-
0002-8.
 Stranjaković, Dragoslav (1938). Karađorđe. G. Kon.
 Vukićević, Milenko M. (1912). Karađorđe: Istorija ustanka od 1804–1807. Štampano u Državnoj
štampariji Kraljevine Srbije. ( Public domain)
 Vukićević, Milenko M. (1907). Karađorđe: 1752–1804. Štampano u Državnoj štampariji Kraljevine
Srbije. ( Public domain)
 Karađorđe
Karađorđević
Born: 16 November 1768 Died: 24 July 1817

Regnal titles
Grand Vožd of Succeeded by
Preceded by
Serbia Miloš
Title created
14 February 1804 Obrenović I
– 21 September as Prince of
1813 Serbia

Political offices
President of the
Preceded by Administering Succeeded by
Jakov Council Mladen
Nenadović 22 January 1811 – Milovanović
3 October 1813