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org/fge Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume 3, 2014
Vulnerability Assessment of Buried Pipelines:
A Case Study
Rajaram Chenna*1, Srikanth Terala2, Ajay Pratap Singh3, Kapil Mohan3, Bal Krishna Rastogi3, Pradeep
Kumar Ramancharla4
Ph.D Scholar, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT‐H),
*1
Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
2Research Scientist, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology
(IIIT‐H), Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
3Scientist, Institute of Seismological Research (ISR), Raisan, Gandhinagar, India.
Professor of Civil Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information
4
Technology (IIIT‐H), Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
*1 rajaram.chenna@research.iiit.ac.in; 2terala3012@gmail.com; 3dgisrgad@gmail.com; 4ramancharla@iiit.ac.in
Received 20 February 2014; Accepted 11 March 2014; Published July 2014
© 2014 Science and Engineering Publishing Company
Abstract to considerable seismic risk. Pipelines running
The pipeline systems are commonly used to transport water, through high seismic zones should be designed in
sewage, oil, natural gas and other materials world over. such a way that they remain functional even after
These pipelines run over long distances and in some being subjected to high intensity earthquake shaking.
instances they cross high seismic areas including fault Pipelines are generally buried below ground primarily
crossings. Many buried pipelines in India run through high for aesthetic, safety, economic and environmental
seismic areas and are exposed to considerable seismic risk. reasons.
These pipelines should be designed in such a way that they
remain functional even when they are subjected to high India is currently making huge investments in
intensity earthquake shaking. This paper illustrates the pipelines. Considering high seismicity of India, it is
performance of one of the high pressure gas pipeline in the important to ensure seismic safety of buried pipelines.
state of Gujarat, under the fault movement. Analysis shows Gujarat is one of the high earthquake prone states in
that the burial depth of pipeline should be minimized in the India. And in last few years, many state owned and
fault zones in order to reduce soil restrain on the pipeline private organizations had build up their pipeline
during fault movement. networks across the state. Owing to these facts the
Keywords performance of buried and above ground pipeline
Pipelines; Fault Movement; Eathquake Hazard
structures subjected to faulting and soil liquefaction
effect and other seismic hazards have become an
Introduction important subject to study. This paper illustrates the
performance of one of the high pressure gas pipeline
Pipelines have been acknowledged as the most reliable, in the state of Gujarat, under the fault movement.
economic and efficient means for the transportation of Based on the result from the study, some
water and other commercial fluids such as oil and gas. recommendations are made to minimize the effect of
These systems are commonly used to transport water, earthquake on the existing pipeline.
sewage, oil, natural gas and other materials. They are
often referred to as “lifelines” since they carry Past Pipeline Performances
materials essential to the support of life and
maintenance of property. The earthquake safety of A pipeline transmission system is susceptible to a
buried pipelines has attracted a great deal of attention wide variety of seismic hazards. The major seismic
in recent years. Many buried pipelines in India run hazards which significantly affect a pipeline system
through high seismic areas and therefore are exposed are: i) ground failure, ii) ground motion and iii) other
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Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume3, 2014 www.seipub.org/fge
miscellaneous effects. While ground failure including lateral spread and landslides. Eighty breaks occurred
faulting, liquefaction and earthquake induced upon the underground welded steel transmission
landslides, tsunamis, and other factors of supporting pipeline located in the upper San Fernando Valley, the
and surrounding structures are usually placed under most serious in an old oxyacetylene‐welded pipeline.
miscellaneous hazards. Ruptures or severe distortions Although located in an uplift zone, the failure was
of the pipeline are most often associated with relative caused by compressive forces wrinkling the pipes (Ref.
motion arising from fault movements, landslides, Figure 1).
liquefaction, loss of support, or differential motion at
abrupt interfaces between rock and soil. Notably the
most catastrophic damages are the ones resulting from
faulting or ground rupture. Owing to these facts that
the performance of buried and above ground pipeline
structures subjected to faulting and other seismic
hazards have become an important subject of study.
Indian Context
Currently, India has 7,000 km of pipelines. The oil and
gas pipeline infrastructure is being accorded top
priority by the nationʹs planners. The pipeline market
itself is estimated to be around US$ 9 billion over a
period of five‐six years. The National gas grid being
implemented by GAIL (India) Ltd, lay a 17,000 km
pipeline network. The proposed oil pipeline network,
on the other hand, is expected to build a pipeline
network spanning over more than 5,000 km. These FIGURE 1. BUCKLING OF STEEL PIPELINE DUE TO
projects will give an enormous boost to the pipeline COMPRESSIVE FORCES DURING 1971 SANFERNANDO
demand in the country. EARTHQUAKE
Notably, India has had more than five moderate b) 1992 Landers and Big Bear Earthquakes: Two
earthquakes (Richter Magnitudes ~6.0‐7.5) since 1988. earthquakes occurred in San Bernadino County,
A major part of the peninsular India has also been California, a magnitude 7.5 another of magnitude 6.6.
visited by strong earthquakes. From the past seismic These two events were followed by numerous
performance of pipelines in various other countries, it aftershocks. Horizontal fault rupture displacement
can be noted that the consequences of pipeline failure associated with this event was from 5 to 9.5 feet. Most
due to earthquakes could be an exaggerated one, pipeline damage was associated with the rupture zone
particularly so for India, both in terms of economic (Lund, 1994). Figure 2 shows damage of steel tank and
and social aspects. Thus implementing the seismic pipe conneting to it.
design considerations at the current phase of Indian
pipeline scenario is absolutely essential.
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www.seipub.org/fge Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume 3, 2014
c) 1994 Northridge Earthquake: This event caused deformation in a 100A‐size pipeline was V ‐ shaped,
about 1,400 pipeline breaks in the San Fernando Valley with the pipeline being bent at three points. The
area. Outside the zone of high liquefaction potential, deformation of a 200A‐size pipeline was Z‐shaped,
the dispersed pattern of breaks was attributed to old with the pipeline being bent at two points. There have
brittle pipes damaged by ground movement. In the On been virtually no cases of substantial deformation
Balboa Boulevard, a 0.5588m pipe suffered two breaks, comparable to this case in gas pipelines comprised of
one in tensile failure and the other in compressive welded steel pipes (Farshad Vazinram et al., 2006).
failure (Ref. Figure 3). These pipe failures were located
in a ground rupture zone perpendicular to the
pipeline. Leaking gas ignited at several locations.
Some broken water and gas lines were found to have
experienced 0.1524 to 0.3048 m of separation in
extension. The area experienced widespread ground
cracking and differential settlements. A 2.159 m
sewage pipe ruptured in the Jensen Filtration (Lund,
1996).
FIGURE 4. FAILURE OF PIPE DURING 1999 KOCAELI
EARTHQUAKE
FIGURE 3. TELESCOPED BELL AND SPIGOT JOINT 48‐INCH
WELD STEEL PIPE (L. LUND, TCLEE).
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Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume3, 2014 www.seipub.org/fge
Pipeline Information Yield stress of pipe material = σy = 413 MPa
a) Pipe geometry (diameter, thickness); Ramberg‐Osgood parameters n = 10 and r =12.
b) Type of joint; Figure 6 shows pipeline crossing ground movement
c) Stress‐strain relationship of pipe material; both in parallel and perpendicular directions.
d) Pipeline function and its post seismic
performance requirement; Pipe strain due to internal pressure is calculated as
e) External pipe coating specification; follows:
f) Operating pressure in the pipe; The longitudinal stress induced in the pipe due to
g) Operational and installation temperature; internal pressure will be
h) Pipeline alignment detail (plan, profile
PDμ 9300000 0.762 0.3
location of fittings, etc); and Sp = =
2t 2 0.0064
i) Reduced strain limit for existing pipelines.
= 166.09 x 106 N/m2 = 166.09MPa
Site Information
Using Ramberg‐Osgood’s stress‐strain relationship the
a) Burial depth of the pipeline; longitudinal strain in the pipe will be
b) Basic soil properties (unit weight, cohesion,
Sp
r
internal friction angle and in situ density). n Sp
εp = 1+ (1)
c) Properties of backfill soil in the trench; E 1+ r σ y
d) Depth of water table; and
166.1 106 10 166.1 106
12
= 1+
Seismic Hazard Information 2 1011 1+12 413 106
a) Expected amount of seismic ground motion at = 0.0008305 = 0.08305% (tensile)
the site;
b) Expected amount and pattern of permanent Pipe Strain Due to Temperature Change:
ground deformation and its spatial extent; The longitudinal stress induced in the pipe due to
c) Length of pipeline exposed to permanent change in temperature will be
ground deformation;
d) Active fault locations; expected magnitude of ST = Eα (T2 – T1) (2)
fault displacement, and orientation of pipeline = 2 x 1011 x 12 x 10‐6 (65‐30)
with respect to direction of fault movement. = 84 MPa
St
r
Design Case Study: n St
εt = 1+ (3)
E 1+ r σ y
The continuous buried pipeline is designed to carry
6
109 84 106
12
natural gas at a pressure of 9.3 MPa. The pipe is of API 84 10
= 1+
X‐60 grade with 30‐in (0.762m) diameter (D) and 2 1011 1+12 413 106
0.0064 m wall thickness (t). The installation temperature
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www.seipub.org/fge Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume 3, 2014
= 0.00042 = 0.042% (tensile) Where D = diameter of pipe = 0.762m
The total strain in the continuous pipeline due to C = Coefficient of cohesion = 30kpa
internal pressure and temperature is
α = Adhesion Factor
= 0.08305 + 0.042 = 0.608‐0.123 x 0.3 – 0.27/(0.33+1) + 0.695 /(0.33 +1)
= 0.125%. = 0.99645
Ignoring the strain in pipe due to installation H = soil cover above the centre of the pipeline = 1.5m
imperfection or initial bending, the above calculated
Interface angle of friction between soil and pipe δ1 = fΦ
strain can be considered as the operational strain in
pipe (i.e., εoper = 0.125%). Here f = friction factor = 0.7 for smooth steel pipe
Case I: Permanent Ground Displacement (PGD) δ1 = fΦ = 0.7 x 32o = 22.4o
Case‐1: Where
tu = maximum axial soil force per unit length of pipe εa = 0.0015095
for soil condition. The design strain in pipe is taken as the least value
The maximum axial soil resistance (tu) per unit length between the two cases = εseismic = 0.0015095
of pipe can be calculated as The operational strain in the pipeline = εoper = 0.00125
1+ K 0 1 The total tensile strain in the pipeline = 0.0015095 +
tu = πDcα + πDH γ tanδ (5)
2 0.00125 = 0.0027595
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Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume3, 2014 www.seipub.org/fge
b = 0.065
c = ‐ 11.063
d = 7.119
Nch =6.752+ (0.065 x 1.96) + (‐11.063/(1.96+1)2) +
(7.119/(1.96+1)3)
= 5.896
Nqh = Horizontal bearing capacity factor for sandy soil
Nqh = a + bx +cx2 + dx3 + ex4
Where
FIGURE 6. PIPELINE CROSSING GROUND MOVEMENT A)
PARALLEL AND B) TRANSVERSE x = H/D = 1.5/0.762 = 1.968503937
a = 5.465
Total compression strain = 0.0015095 – 0.00125 =
b = 1.548
0.0002595
c = ‐ 0.1118
The limiting strain in tension for permanent ground d = 5.625 x 10‐3
deformation is = 0.03 e = ‐1.2227 x 10‐4
The total strain in pipe due to longitudinal strain is Hence,
less than the allowable strain.
Nqh = 5.465 + (1.548 x 1.96) + (‐0.1118 x 1.962) + (5.625 x
Transverse Crossing: 10‐3 x 1.963) + (‐1.2227 x 10‐4 x 1.964)
= 8.120
The expected amount of transverse permanent ground Hence
deformation (δt) = 2m
Pu =5.896 x 30000 x 0.762+ (8.120 x 18000 x 1.5 x 0.762)
The design transverse ground displacement = δt design = = 301869N/m
δt x Ip = 2 x 1.5 = 3m. = 301.869kN/m
The maximum bending strain in the pipe is calculated
301869 502
as the least value of the following two εb =
3 π 2 1011 0.0064 0.7622
t
πDδdesign = 0.1077
A. εb = (8)
W2 Hence, the maximum strain induced in the pipeline
= ±π x 0.762 x 3 / 502 due to transverse PGD is taken as
= ± 0.00287267
Εseismic = ± 0.00287267 (tensile/compressive)
PuW 2
B. εb = (9) The operational strain in the pipeline = εoper = 0.0013
3πEtD 2
Total longitudinal strain in the pipe in tension
Where 0.00287267+0.0013 = 0.004172
Pu = maximum resistance of soil in transverse direction. Total longitudinal strain in the pipe in compression =
The maximum transverse soil resistance per unit 0.00287267‐0.0013 = 0.0016
length of pipe is The allowable strain in tension for permanent ground
Pu = Nch cD+ N qh γHD (10) deformation is = 3% = 0.03
The allowable strain in compression for steel pipe is
Where
Εcr‐c = 0.175t/R = 0.175 x 0.0064/0.381
Nch = Horizontal bearing capacity factor for clay
= 0.00293
c d
N ch = a +bx + + 9 (11) The total strain in pipe due to transverse PGD is less
x +1 2
x +13 than the allowable strain for both tension and
compression.
Where
x = H/D = 1.5/0.762 = 1.968503937 Case II: Buoyancy Due to Liquefaction
a = 6.752 The net upward force per unit length of pipeline can
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be calculated as Case III: Fault Crossing
The extent of liquefaction Lb = 50m Here the pipeline crosses a normal slip fault with fault
displacement of 1.5m and a dip angle of 350. The
πD 2
Fb = γsat γcontent πDtγ pipe (12) pipeline crosses the fault line at an angle of 400. The
4
source to site distance can be considered as 20km.
Fb = π x 0.7622/4 (18000‐0)‐π x 0.762 x 0.0064 x 78560
The expected normal‐slip fault displacement = δfn =
= 7005.05N/m
1.5m
It is assumed that the weight of gas flowing through
Dip angle of the fault movement ψ = 350
pipe has negligible weight. The unit weight of steel
pipe (γpipe) is taken as 78560N/m3. The angle between pipeline and fault line β = 400
The bending stress in the pipeline due to uplift force Component of fault displacement in the axial direction
(Fb) can be calculated as of the pipeline
=
4
π 0.762 0.7492
4
= 1.5 cos 350 x cos 400 = 0.94126m
32 0.762 Importance factor for fault movement for pipe = Ip =
= 0.0028459m4 2.3
σbf = ± 7005.05 x 502/ (10 x 0.0028459) Applying importance factor,
= 615360117N/m2
The design fault displacement in axial direction
Maximum strain in pipe corresponding to the above becomes
bending stress calculated as
= δfax – design = δfax x Ip = 0.789811 x 2.3 = 1.816565707m
σ bf
r
n σ bf The design fault displacement in transverse direction
ε= 1+ (14)
E 1+ r σ y becomes
615360117 10 615360117
10 = δftr – design = δftr x Ip = 0.94126 x 2.3 = 2.164898707m
= 1 +
2 1011 1+12 413 106 The average pipe strain due to fault movement in axial
= 0.130705674 direction can be calculated as
The operational strain in the pipeline = εoper = δ fax design 1 δ ftr design 2
0.0012505 ε = 2 + (17)
2L a 2 2L a
The total longitudinal strain in the pipe in tension =
0.130705674+ 0.0012505 = 0.1319562 Where
The allowable strain in pipe in tension is = 3% =0.03 Ei ε y πDt
La = (18)
tu
The allowable strain in pipe in compression is
2 1011 0.002 π 0.762 0.0064
Εcr‐c = 0.175t/R = 0.175 x 0.0064/0.381 =
91144
= 0.0029396 = 67.238m
The maximum strain in the pipeline due to buoyancy
Or
effect is greater than the allowable strain for steel
pipes in tension and compression. La =the actual length of anchorage = 120m
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Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume3, 2014 www.seipub.org/fge
Hence, the anchored length to be considered is the tu λ 91144 1000
εa = =
lower the above two values. So La = 67.238m 4AE 4 0.0151922 2 1011
= 0.00750
Axial strain in the pipe
The calculated axial strain due to wave passage need
1.8165 1 2.164
2
ε = 2 + not be larger than the strain transmitted by soil friction.
2 67.238 2 2 67.238
The operational strain in the pipeline = εoper = 0.0013
= 0.02728
The total strain in pipe in tension = 0.00750 + 0.0013 =
The operational strain in the pipeline = εoper = 0.0013 0.00146
Total strain in pipe in tension = 0.0306 + 0.0013 = 0.0285
The allowable strain in pipe in tension is 3% = 0.03 The allowable strain in pipe in tension is 3% = 0.03
The total tensile strain in pipe due to fault crossing is The maximum strain in pipe due to wave propagation
less than the allowable strain. pipe is less than the allowable strain.
Maximum axial strain in the pipe due to wave velocity
can be calculated as
Vg 0.85
εa = = = 0.00021
αε C 2 2000
Maximum axial strain that can be transmitted by soil FIGURE 8. TOTAL STRAIN VS PIPE THICKNESS FOR PIPE
friction can be calculated as DIAMETER IS 18“
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Conclusions 572, 1994.
Suresh Ranjan Dash and Sudhir K Jain., “An overview of
In the design of a pipeline for crossing a fault line, the
following considerations generally will improve the seismic considerations of buried pipelines” Journal of
capability of the pipeline to withstand differential Structural Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 349–359, 2008.
movement. Suresh Ranjan Dash and Sudhir K Jain., “Guidelines for
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Frontier in Geotechnical Engineering (FGE) Volume3, 2014 www.seipub.org/fge
33