CHAPTER 2 24 ‘We need to solve for the voltage dropped across the load, which is labeled V, in Figure 2.2. This can be found from Ohm's Law if the current is known by subtracting the voltage dropped across R, from the source, Vs, We Vy= IR Let the current through the loop formed by V,, Ry and R in Figure 2.2 be described by / and assume a clockwise direction. This current is found from Ohm's Law as the voltage divided by the total resistance, R+R, ‘Substituting in the equation for V, given above, provides the required result, 22 We can find the circuit output voltage amplitude by using the impedance. Thus the output is simply a divider loaded voltage: VB, Z,+Z, 80, 2, = [2n(200 Hz(0.22 uF)]" = -3617j Q and Zs = 2000 + 600} . Thus the output voltage is, (520° (0~3617/) ~~" (2000 + 6007-3617) 80 the amplitude is |V,,,| = 5.04 V Va = 2-28) 23 The divider output voltage is found from; VR, _ (10)(500) R+R, +500 (a) For Ry = 520 Q, Vo = 4.90 V and for Ry = 2500 2, Vo (b) Sensor dissipation is given by Ps = Vs/Rs, where Vs for R, = 520 Q, Ps = 50.0 mW and for R, = 2500 Q, Ps 67V. 10 - Vo therefore, 7.8 mW 24 The solution to Example 2.2 can be expressed using Equation (2.2) as, SR ?* {0000+ R, ‘A plot of this function for R2 varying between 4 k@ and 12 kA shows the result Resistance ohm) 13Clearly this is nonlinear and the voltage increases with increasing resistance. For Problem 2.3 a plot of the divider voltage give above is, Voltage (Voks) lg 278916 —«Na SIR —1SI0.~—170R 1906-2108 23022500 Resistance (Ohms) In this case the plot is again nonlinear but the voltage decreases with increasing resistance. 25 We put the right side of Equation 2.6) over a common denominator by muliping both terms by the ratio ofthe resistance sums, VR Ry + Ry VR Ry + Ry _ VLR (Rp + Ry) ~ RAR + Ry) RHR RAR BARR (RARIR +R) Now the expression in the brackets ofthe numerator is multiplied out and the product R3R4 cancels ut, leaving the desired result, ayer BR RR (Ry + RyRy + Ry) 26 The Thevenin resistance between a and b in the bridge of Figure 2.5 is found by replacing the source by its internal resistance, which is assumed to be zero. Then the circuit can be redrawn as, I a OLE BY Ty b> wt yw si A In this case you can see that we have the parallel combination of R, and Ry in series with the parallel combination of Re and Ry. Thus by the parallel rule for two resistors we have, RRs, RRs {+R R+R °b Ry Ry 27 From the null condition of Equation (2.8) we solve for Ry = RoRe/Rs, 80 R= (448 0)(1414 29227 Q) = 2791 2 28 (a) The value of R to null the bridge is found by solving Equation (2.8) for this resistor, Rs = RyRYRe = (100 2)(50 2)/(100 2) = 50.0 14(0) The detector resolution needed to resolve a resistance change of 0.1 (is found from Equation (2.6) of 2.7) when Rj has changed to 50.1 0 (or 49.92), OV}SOQ) —_(10VV(50.10) 508 +1002) (50.18+1002) 1.49.9 2 were used the result would be AV = +4.45 mV, where the difference is due to the nonlinearity =-444mV 29 A diagram will help you understand this problem. The circuit is If you use the null equation to find R,, it will give the resistance from a to b in the schematic, which includes the two 100 m lead resistances. Thus these must be subtracted to find the actual sensor resistance. Rs = (3445 0)(1560 2)/(3400 Q) = 1580.6. 0 but the lead resistance is, Reas = 2(100 m)(0.3048 mit}(0.45 Mt) = 295.3 So the actual sensor resistance is, Ry = 1580.6 0 - 295.3. 0 = 1285.3. 2.10 (2) The bridge null equation is the same for voltage or current detection. Thus, from Equation (2.8) we find, Ry = RyRyIRy = (250 2)(340 2)/(500 2) = 170 0 (0) If Re = 190 9 the bridge is not nulled (because null occurs for 170 22). To find the resulting offnull current we use Equation (2.11) along with Equations (2.9) and (2.10), Gs) 900) ae 250450 7190440 Y= 5| Sh Jeon v {28S 9 Ts the curentis 1g =207 asaya 86-15 an (2) The value of Risto nul the bridge with no current is just the null equation for the current balance bridge, Equation (2.8) except that R is now Ry + Re. Thus, Ry = Ri(Re + ReyRe = (1 K2)(590 2 + 10 A)(1 kA) = 600 2 (b) If the current is 0.25 mA we must use Equation (2.15) at null to find the value of Ry, R 59041 o=19 4 _ a 100025 )(10, ia metal : ae 600.62 Solving this equation for Rs gives, Ry 15