CHAPTER Ill-HEAT GAINS wv in. Suppose only part of the heat coming in through the walls is removed. Then the balance will still raise the temperature of the building. Let's look at the water in Figure 3-A. In the center of the tank is a vertical partition separating the tank into two reservoirs. Water is continually flow- ing into reservoir 1 through the pipe A. Note the float valve on the outlet of this pipe. It maintains the water level in reservoir I at a point 96 in. above the bottom. A horizontal slot in the partition al- lows water to flow from reservoir I into 2. This slot is 76 in. above the bottom. Once reservoir 2 is filled to the level of the slot, the water level will be main- tained in it at exactly 75 in. providing B allows ‘only as much water to drain from the tank as the slot passes into the tank. Suppose valve B is opened too wide. Then more water will fow from reservoir 2 than flows through the slot. As a result, the water level will fall below 75 in. Now suppose valve B permits less water to drain out than is flowing in through the slot. The water level will then rise above 75 in. In the same way, the temperature in a room will fall if more heat is removed than is being added. Also, if less heat is removed, the room temperature will rise. So we can keep a given room temperature if we remove Just as much heat as enters the room from all sources. ‘Suppose an air conditioning system is started in a warm room. Then it must be able to remove more heat faster than comes in from all sources. Other- wise it will not cool the room and its contents down to the desired temperature. As an example restaurants and theaters are often precooled. They are cooled down to the desired temperature before crowds of people start coming in, Prior to the entry of the crowd, the cooling plant has plenty of excess capacity. That is, it can cool the conditioned room and its contents down to the desired low tempera- ture. After the crowd is in, the entire capacity of the plant is devoted to maintaining the necessary temperature. It does this by removing the heat as fast as it is released to the room. Flow of Heat Walls transfer heat to the air in a room because they are warmer than the room air. A wall continu- ally losing heat to a room would eventually cool down to the room air temperature. This doesn’t really happen. Why? Because the heat that the wall loses to the room air is being continually replen- ished from another source. This source of heat is the hot outdoor air. There is a steady flow of heat to the ‘outer face of the wall. This is just equal to the heat the room air gets from the inner face of the wall. Heat flow through a wall separating two spaces at different temperatures depends on three factors: 1. The area of the wall. 2.The difference in temperature of the ‘two spaces. 8. The heat-conducting properties of the wall. ‘The larger the area of a wall, the more heat it will conduct. A wall 200 sq ft in area will conduct twice as much heat as one of 100 sq ft. In regard to the second factor, suppose the differ- ence in the temperatures of the two spaces is 50 degrees. A certain amount of sensible heat will flow through the wall. If the temperature difference in- creases to 100 degrees, the flow of heat will be doubled. The principles just discussed are valid not only for walls, but also for windows, roofs, and all other building surfaces. These principles are summarized a follows: The flow of heat through any surface is d rectly proportional to its area. Also, itis di rectly proportional to the difference in the temperatures of the spaces separated by that surface. Example 3-1: If the outdoor temperature is 105 F and the room temperature is 75 F, and the heat flow through the walls of @ room is 230 Btuh, how much heat will flow through the walls of the room when the out- door temperature falls to 95 F? Assume the room temperature remains at 75 F. Solution: Initial temp diff = 105 - 75 30 degrees 95 ~ 75 = 20 degrees Heat flow at 95 F = 230 x 20 Final temp diff = 153.3 Btuh ‘The third factor involves the wall material and thickness. We will use the terms conductivity and conductance in discussing the heat flow through building materials. Conductivity It is common knowledge that the ability of various materials to conduct heat differs considerably. The best conductors of heat are metals. The poorer con- ductors (wood, asbestos, gases, cork, and felt) are called insulators. The ability of a substance to trans- mit heat by conduction is a physical property of the18 particular material. Itiscalled thermal conductivity. (This is generally shortened to “conductivity.”) ‘The common symbol is "k.” a FIGURES-B ‘CONDUCTIVITY DEFINED. heat in Blu flowing through one yeneous material in one hour when the orea is ome square foot nd when the diference ‘Sutwoen the faces Ts one degree.) Conductivity is the amount of heat in Btu flowing through a piece of homogeneous material one inch thick in one hour when the area is one square foot and when the difference in temperature between the faces is one degree. See Figure 3-B. The heat trans- fer by conduction through a homogeneous material can be calculated by the following equation: a=A k(e-u) (1) where q= Heat flow rate, Btuh A= Area, og ft = Conductivity, Beu in. per hr per 9g ft per degree F. x Thickness, in. (te — 10) = Difference in temporatare betwoen the two surfaces "x" inches apart," F. In the system of units used here the “per” indi- cates the line of a fraction. This means everything before the “per” is on top of the line and everything after the "per” is under the line. For example, con- crete has a conductivity of 12. Written with appropriate units this is: k= 12_Btu in_ ir sq it F TRANE AIR CONDITIONING MANUAL ‘This is the simple way to write conductivity. But it takes up more space. That's the reason the units for conductivity are often written all on one line. For example, for concrete k = 12 Btu in. per hr sq fF. Example 3-2: ‘An old window sash 5 ft x 8 ft was not worth re- pairing so it was removed and 4 in. face briek was laid in the opening. On a particular winter day the outside surface of the brick was 18 F and the inside surface temperature was 68 F. What is the heat flow through the bricked up opening? Solution: From Table 3-3, under Masonry Materials, we find that face brick has a conductivity of 9.0 Btu in. per hr sq ft F. Using equation 3-1, a=Akie—t = (6 x 8) (9.0/4) (58 — 18) = 3,600 Btuh Conductance Conductivity is a property of a homogeneous ma- terial. There are many materials used in the con- struction of buildings that are not homogeneous. Materials such as glass blocks, hollow clay tile, and conerete blocks are nonhomogeneous. That is, each succeeding inch of thickness is not identical with the preceding inch. So it is necessary to indicate the heat flow rate through the entire tile or block. The term conductance is used for the heat flow through nonhomogeneous materials. Conductance is defined as the heat flow rate in Btu per hour through one square foot of a nonhomogeneous material of a cer- tain thickness for a one degree difference in temperature between the two surfaces of the ma- terial. See Figure 3-C. The symbol for conductance is"C” Care should be taken not to confuse conductivity and conductance. Conductivity is the heat flow through one inch of a homogeneous material; con- ductance is heat flow through the entire thickness of a nonhomogeneous material. Heat transfer by conduction through a nonhomo- geneous material can be calculated by the follow- ing equation: a=AC(e-t) (32)CHAPTER IIl—HEAT GAINS 19 where q= Heat flow, Bruh Ax Areasa C= Conductanes, Btu per hrsq ft F (ts — &) = Difference in temporature between the two sur- faces, F. FIGURE 3. ‘CONDUCTANCE DEFINED. (The amount of heat in Bluh flowing thr Romegenecvs material when the area i 0 foot foro one degree diference in temperoture Betwoen the two faces.) Example 9-3: ‘A house has 25/32 in. asphalt impregnated sheathing in the walls. On a summer day the out- side surface temperature of the sheathing is 90 F and the inside surface temperature is 84 F. What is the heat flow through 100 sq ft of sheathing? Solution: Under Building Boards in Table 3-3 0.49 is the conductance of 25/32 in. impregnated sheathing. Using equation 3-2, q=AC (= ty) 00 sq ft x 0.49 Btu x (90 — 84) F br oq 0 F = 294 Biuh Example 3- ‘The heat flow rate through a concrete cinder block wall is 6.96 Btuh per sq ft. The blocks are 8 x 8x 16 in. and are 8 oval core type. The surface temperature on the cool side of the wall is 95 F. What is the surface temperature on the other side of the wall?” Solution: From Table 3-3, the conductance of the block is, 0.58 Btu per hr sq ft F. Using equation 3-2, C (tet) (e-) =a AG (te — 95) F = 6.96 Btu x hr sq ft F req ft 0.68 Btu (2-95) F= 12 F ta= 12495 ta=107F Surface Conductance ‘The transfer of heat from air to a surface or from a surface to air is called surface conductance. Some people call it film conductance or film coefficient. Surface conductance is the amount of heat transfer in Btu per hour from a surface to air or from air toa surface per square foot for one degree difference in temperature. The symbol for surface conductance is “Q" The steady flow transfer of heat from a surface to air or from air to a surface can be calculated by the following equation: a=Af(b-b) (33) where = Heat flow, Bru A= Area, sa ft Surface conductance, Btu per hr oa fe F ference in temperature between the surface and {he surrounding ar, F ‘The surface conductance of building materials de- pends upon the color and smoothness of the surface. ‘The average value of popular materials used for walls is 1.46 to 1.68 for still air. For a wind velocity of 15 mph the average value is 6.00; a surface con- ductance of 4.00 is used if the wind velocity is 7 mph. Example 3-5: Suppose there is a 7% mph breeze on the outside of the wall in Example 3-4. Assume the air is still on the inside of the wall. What is the air tempera- ture on both sides of the wall? eu Solution: ‘The heat flowing through the block wall first passes through the air film on the outside of the wall. So the heat flow rate through the air film is 6.96 Btuh per sq ft. Now use equation 3-3: q=Afite-t)