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8700854
University
Microfilms
International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
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3$oi)
Vo I■^
V-lOuuua. '2h
G
CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDS
VOLUME I
A Thesis
of
Purdue University
by
Adolfo Alarcon~-Guzman
of
Doctor of Philosophy
August 1986
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PURDUE UNIVERSITY
O Graduate School
Entitled
Cyclic Stress-Strain and Liquefaction Characteristics of Sands
Complies with University regulations and meets the standards o f the Graduate School for
originality and quality
h
c __________________ _ chair
J ffa., —
i ___________ IQ A f
O is
This thesis s c is not to be regarded as confidential
Major professor
Grad. School
Form No. 9
Revised 9-85
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ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
years.
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who assisted with the drafting of the figures. The author
they provided.
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iv
o
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
A B S T R A C T ................................................ xxi
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V
Page
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vi
f Page
APPENDICES
V I T A .................................................... 590
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vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Appendix
Table
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viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
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ix
f Figure Page
c •
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X
c Figure
145
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xi
Figure Page
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xii
, Figure Page
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xiii
Figure Page
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xiv
Figure Page
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XV
Figure Page
Appendix
Figure
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xv i
Appendix
( Figure Page
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xv ii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
D * damping ratio
£ m Young's modulus
e * void ratio
G = shear modulus
platen
(K = K in overconsolidated deposits
O UL O
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MR » modular ratio
N « number of cycles
NC *• normally consolidated
OC = overconsolidated
q » steady-state strength
ss
RAM 3* random access memory
u *» pore pressure
softening behavior
VD = voltage divider
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XIX
L Ao
c
axial stress increment
axial strain
steady-state condition
c mob
* state parameter
confining pressure
radial stress
axial stress
we circumferential stress
a* effective stress
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- effective horizontal stress
steady-state condition
(O j -O j ) “ deviator stress
« shear stress
c t
t
s
* static shear stress
6 * angular rotation
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xx i
ABSTRACT
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the factors involved in the different phenomena which have
c been described with the term "liquefaction" such as
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such as stress ratio (and hence fabric), stress history,
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1
c
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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2
(13,14.131,132).
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3
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4
appropriately (93).
spite of the fact that the results from the test are
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5
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and cyclic undrained behaviors and Che effects of
of saturated sands.
(
This dissertation is concerned with the first of
these studies.
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7
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8
appreciable deformation.
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9
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10
stress paths which depend not only on the nature and mag
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11
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12
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13
loading conditions.
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14
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15
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16
undrained loading.
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17
conditions.
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18
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19
Chapter 7.
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20
CHAPTER 2
activity.
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21
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22
deal with the wide range of strain levels that a soil may
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23
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S h e a r i n g strain amplitude (%)
1 0 -4 1 0 -3 1 0 ~2 10 r1
a) S h e a r Strain R a n g e s
with
adaptation X
Ultrasonic
Pulse X X X
Cyclic
Triaxial X X X
Cyclic
Simple X X X
Shear
Cyclic
Torsional X X X
Shear
Shake
Table X X
b) Property Capabilities
Figure 2.1 Laboratory Techniques for Measuring Dynami
Soil Properties (After Ref. 192).
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25
(30,69,75,140,173,192).
c
This chapter examines some of these laboratory test
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26
presented in Chapter 4.
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27
(39,40,56,62).
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SOIL SPECIMEN
c)
ACTIVE END PLATEN
^-TORSIONAL SPRING
TORSIONAL DASHPOT
prohibited without perm ission.
LONGITUDINAL SPRING
S3
00
29
the length of the specimen. The top mass may also have
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30
upper end is free except for the relatively rigid end pla
(192).
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31
s pe ci me ns .
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32
reduced because the total area of the teeth was only 36%
c between the shear modulus values with the reduced end res
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33
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34
tests (8 8 ).
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35
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36
C damping values.
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37
The cyclic triaxial test has been used since the mid
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38
c.
- A ct
a) lsotropically consolidated
rV 1C
3c
/ consolidation
(0*a)min state
-AC ACT
b) Anisotropically consolidated
Figure 2.3 Stress Components in Cyclic Triaxial Tests
Spec ime ns.
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perm ission o „ P e copyrigm owner. Pu rth er reproduction p r o v e d w ith o u t perm ission.
39
then equals AoE /2. Since Aoc and Ao^, are usually equal in
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40
rigid platens used at the top and the bottom of the speci
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41
f al lur e.
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42
both the recorded pore pressure and the axial strains dur
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43
the reasons for the "pumping” mechanism are not clear yet.
sand has been found to develop in the middle plane and not
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44
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i significant increase in strength may be observed in tests
the Young's modulus, E, and the axial strain, e3> , are usu-
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46
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47
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48
to be uniformly distributed.
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1.2
0.8
X= 0.2
-------------X= 0.5
0.4
RATIO
STRESS
0.4
0 .8f-
1.2b
0.25 0.50 0.75
X/ 1
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50
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increasing eccentricity. Consequently, even though the
' W
specimen is subjected to a "simple shear" state of strain,
failure values.
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52
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53
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54
1+2 K
a = =-- 2. a ( 2 .2 )
m 3 v
Therefore, if
<2.3)
o 2o
m c
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55
It follows that
x . 1+2 K .
5— - (2.4)
2 »c
al. (128), when the values obtained from the two tests
*
were compared at the same mean confining stress, a .
m
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56
dies.
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57
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58
cussed •
sional shear test is that the circular shape and the cir
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59
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60
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61
K.J
a\ *■ r
Tze
Oz
Tzi
Tez
<Tr
a) A pplied B o u n d a r y b) S t r e s s e s on an
S tresses
C E le m e n t in the Wall
Q - a n g le b e tw e e n
T O i d ire c tio n
Pole
an d z a x is
Z0
OS
ez
c) M o h r's C ircle D ia g r a m
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62
Only the average values of these stresses, "or and "5q, are
wall.
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63
zone after the peak shear stress has been reached (52,66).
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64
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65
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66
/
of Che development of radial shear stresses due to end
L.
restraint effects (see discussion In Appendix B ) .
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67
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68
V. /
ov
Pole
J vh
cr
wo
50"
Ko-1.0
OF ROTATION, Gt (degress)
0.90
40"
0.75
0.5
20 "
ANGLE
10- -
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69
Figure 2.6.
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70
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r
v ,
AU
—i Pole
ESP
ESP —
cr.P cr.p
Pole
Oitf. In mean
effective stress
Clockwise rotation
T,q T,q
Extension
prohibited without perm ission.
cr.p cr.P
Pole ESP
ESP
i-- 1
AU Pole
Note that pc =' pE
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73
extension.
loadings.
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74
able.
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C HAP TER 3
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76
liquefaction.
has been shown that relative density and the initial state
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\ ^7
06o&rodo
oo£bo o®
°ooxooxo
prohibited without perm ission.
Effective
stress
Total
stress
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79
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80
also change.
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81
o
e
o 30r
CO
€ at ACT- 3 9 kPa
© 20
Q.
—' F
w o 10
c O
co
I— 0I
CO
m c 10 Sacram ento River sand
o
< CO 0- * 0.87, 0 . - 3 8 %
t: 20- O g -1 0 0 kPa
CD
OS' - ± 3 9 kPa t at act- - 3 9 kPa
X
—1T“
LU
CO
o
N u m b e r of cycles
co
CL
+150
c -X
© +100
Initial effective
confining pressure
&U . at a© = 0
3 aU at
CO a c t = + 3 9 kPa
CO
©
a ll at
w +50 a0*= - 3 9 kPai
a>
co
5
©
o
Q.
©
O)
C
CO 10 20
.C
O N u m b e r of cycles
a) L o o s e s a n d
Figure 3.2 Typical Results of Cyclic Triaxial Tests
on Isotropically Consolidated Specimens
(After R e f . 148).
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82
Jl5
CO
2 g10
€ at
w
c ao*» +70 kPa
CO
w
to I I- - - - - - - - -
. Sacramento River s a n d .
to § 5
"x CO e -“ 0.7 1, Dr - 78% e at
< =10 . < ^ - 1 0 0 kPa ______ act- - 7 0 kPa
Q> *& --± 7 0 k P a ,
"><15
UJ
10 20 40 100
N u m b e r of cycles
CO
a. -150
.X
Initial effective
at act- o
C <3
©
3
+100
confining pressure _
I ✓
a u
CO
CO
CD AO. at A G V +7Q k
— ^ — at AO"- - 7 0 k
a>
co
5
C
iD
_
O
Q.
a> 10 20 100
O)
c N u m b e r of cycles
co
O b) D e n s e s a n d
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83
the deviator stress was 39 kPa, whereas for the dense sand
Ao was 70 kPa.
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84
limited magnitude.
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85
cm + 0.6 a)Loose
O ttawa sand
E ASTM C - 1 09 Dr = 3 3 .8 %
■g +0.4
Kc-1
o>
7 c y / ^ c = 0 .0 9 5
■“ + 0.2
cm"
0.0 Flow def.
g"-0.2
-0 .4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
(0 ^+0 ^)/2,k g f / c m 2
. cj +0.6
E
2 +0.4
o>
( ■*„ +0.2
0.0
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86
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87
(29,53,101,145).
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88
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89
Small strain
c y
S tatically stable
collapses hole
large hole
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90
(74,102,148).
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91
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92
condition develops.
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93
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0 20 40 60 80 100
R E L A T I V E D E N S I T Y (%)
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95
tion.
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stresses are too high or as a result of a sudden reversal
lo ad ing .
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97
c buildup. However,
deformation develops;
this rate increases again once flow
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98
I Initial t e n d e n c y to contract
II M o r e stable fabric d u e to prior cycles
ill F l o w deformation a n d contraction u p o n u n lo a d i n g
j. |--- +--------------- II T ---- HI---- 1
1.0
0.8--
Denser
0.6-
RATIO,
PRESSURE
0 .4 -
Looser
0.2 -
PORE
C Y C L E RATIO, N / N L
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99
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r
0.06
Monterey No. O Sand
Cyclic Triaxial Tests
0.05 ^ ' - 2 0 0 0 psf
n - 10 cycles
0.04
o O D r- 45%
H- □ D r - 60%
< A D r - 80%
0C 0.03
Ui
DC
Z>
</) 0.02
<n Threshold shear strain
Hi
oc
prohibited without perm ission.
Ql
ui
0.01
DC
o
£L
ooo
»-3
C Y C L I C S H E A R S T RA I N , / (%)
100
c consolidation stress ratio, K£ *
In tests on overconsolidated
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102
shear stress, below which the pore pressure does not build
(24) .
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103
cussed below.
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
1.2
Number of Dr - 77%
cycles- 5
1.0
7O 10,
P 0.8
O 20
h-
<
30
cc 0.6
<o
CO
UJ
cc
H 0.4
CO Fuji river sand
o Torsional test
prohibited without perm ission.
CTe- 98 kPa
O
>- 0.2
o
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S H E A R S T RAIN, / (%)
density (77%) the curves for Fuji river sand would tend to
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106
5%
0.3
10%
5%
Dr- 90%
25
>*
o 20 %
0.2f
Dr- 82%
X
c CO
Ui
0.1
LU
CC
100
NUMBER OF CYCLES
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107
clearly evident.
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108
o 1.0
/Torsional Shear Test
0.9 (a) • Toyoura Sand
CO A ir-P lu viated
L? £ 0.8 -I- & c “ 9 8 kPa
fe ta tic Undrained Test ( D r - 84 % )
Dr-9 0 %
a w 0.6 x 85 % P
Cyclic
CO L ° 0.4
0.3
o o
o < 0.2, ___
S ta tic Undrained Test D r - 4 0 % / ■
7.5
S I N G L E A M P L I T U D E S H E A R STRAIN, (FOR C Y C L I C TEST)
c S H E A R S T R A I N , Y(%) ( F O R S T A T I C T E S T )
Strain Range At
>. D r - 88% Observed Initial Number of
Liquefaction cy c le s - 10 i
O
H—
<
cc
CO
CO
UJ
tr
i— Fuji river sand
CO
Torsional test
o 47% ^ - 9 8 kPa
—I
o
> I
o
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S I N G L E A M P L I T U D E S H E A R S T R A I N , Y (%)
Figure 3.10 Cyclic Stress Ratio - Shear Strain Relation
ship for Different Relative Densities at a
Constant Number of Cycles (After Refs. 74,
173) .
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
109
o 1
CYCLIC TORSIONAL
0 .7 ' SHEAR TEST
TOYOURA SAND
i
(a)
“ I--------------
0.6 Min r u w v
* c - 9 8 k Pa
b° 0 .5 - NC- 20
/ /
DA SHEAR S T R A IN -1 5 %
- J.4
7 .5 %
< 0 .3 -
0C
CO
CO v 1
UJ 0.2 \3 %
tr 1
h
CO 0.1 ! Dr critical -
(b)
0.0 I i i :/ ,
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
R E LA TIV E D E N S IT Y , Dr (% )
1.4 Number of
c y c le s - 20 (b)
r
v 1.2
>.
O
I- SA SHEAR S T R A IN - 6% 5 % 3%
<
cc 0.8
CO
CO
UJ F u ji-riv e r sand
0.6 - Torsional test 1 -
CO
0 c - 9 8 kPa
o
_1 0 .4
o
>
o
0.2 -
Dr critical
0 50 100
R E LA TIV E D E N S IT Y , Dr (% )
Figure 3.11 Cyclic Stress Ratio - Relative Density
Relationship for Different Shear Strain
Levels at a Constant Number of Cycles
(After Refs. 74,173).
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
The cyclic undrained strength increases at an increasing
amplitudes (30,184).
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111
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
112
40
o Monterey No 0 Sand
O q - 5 5 kPa
Nc-1.0
p <10 -
20 40 60 100
0.6
15% 5%
0.5
TO
0.4
I—
c 0.3
I—
Monterey No o sand
O 0.2
C7 ‘c - 55 kPa
Nc= 1 0
Initial Liquefaction
0.1
0 20 40 60 80 1 00
RELATIVE DENSITY- %
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
113
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
114
w 2
c UJ 30-
< O
uj oc Estimated range (1 384)
X W __
co o. 20-
CD I Proposed Based on test data by
36 by Seed (1979)
I 1» Tokimatsu and Yoshimt
oc (1984)
. F*
03 OL
— High damage potential-jintermediate!—No significant d a m ag e-
0.6
Liquefaction with
~ 20% * 1 0 % =3%
No Liquefaction
(N.,) 6 0
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115
determined.
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"failure," that is a predetermined level of strain, will
shear strains.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
, 3.2.3 Volume Decrease Potential and
C Liquefaction Resistance
pares with its loosest and densest states, but it does not
VD " e - *«!« ( 3 -U
ence between the in situ void ratio, e, and the void ratio
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
118
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
119
o 100
natural
80 11
sieved
cc :soil No.
Ui
2 60 - in figure
u_ below
»-
uj 40 -
O
cc
UJ
o. 20 -
-- 1---r~ ~\
1-- 1---1 r "i r
0.6 Number of cycles
o Glass beads (D
: 20, D r - 4 0 - 7 6 % • Fuji river sand <2>
( 0.5
c r ^ - lO O kPa
a Toyoura sand
a Niigata sand
®
0
<=>Chiba sand (g)
0.4 ■ Shirasu (g)
v Shiriuchi sand (2)
0.3
b
CM
S ’ ° '2
0.1
Cyclic Triaxial Tests
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120
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121
the first place with the fact that the higher the confin
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
c
Tailings sand
0.4
Dr“ 70%
o
0.3
CM
>*
C q =2.0 kg/cm 1
0.2
prohibited without perm ission.
16.0 kg/cm2
0.1
± .L
0 10 20 50 100
N U M B E R O F CYCLES, N
12 2
Figure 3.15 E f f e c t o f C o n f i n i n g P r e s s u r e on C y c l i c S t r e s s R a t i o Ve r s us
Number o f C y c l e s R e l a t i o n s h i p ( D a t a from R e f . 1 8 6 ) .
123
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
124
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
125
o
1.0
3ontractiv« ■
0.9
Critical vo d ratio iinc
0.8
Con so idation stsie
Q>
RATIO,
0.7
VOID
0.6
0.5
Dilative
0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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126
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
127
o a>
©
42 Fine content (%)
"O
40-
UJ
o 38-
U_ Z
o g
UJ CO 36r ■ ■.
m 05
0 UJ
z cc 34
< CD
Q Z
32 ■
| <
< UJ
£
Q x
co
301-
28
-0.15 -0.10 -0 .0 5 0 0.05
STATE P A R A M E T E R ^
a) P E A K A N G L E O F S H E A R I N G R E S I S T A N C E
c ■cl.«
)
0.8r
Fine content (%)
5 0.6
tif
•o
UJ
)-
< 0 .4 r
tr
z
Q
h- 0.2
<
—i
o
- 0.10 -0.05
STATE P A R A M E T E R
b) D I LA T I O N R A T E A T P E A K S T R E S S R A T I O
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
128
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
129
teristics of sands.
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130
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131
o 8
^ c - 4 . 0 kg/cm '
CM
Eo 6
0
20
c r
AXIAL STRAIN, £ , %
AXIAL STRAIN, £ , %
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
c
0.8
- 45
0.65 55
47%.
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134
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135
tion .
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Q.
C
o
CD
Q.
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
10
0.8
15
25
(D 0.75 F Line: Undrained steady-state line from stress Q
o controlled axial compression triaxial tests ..
I-
30 >-'
< S Line
cc CO
z
o +35 J
o i
> Undrained path UJ
Consolidation state 40 >
^ Z L
- —- _ £ Drained path
45 Ul
cc
F Line + 50
0.65 55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
E F F E C T I V E M I N O R PRINCIPAL S T R E S S , (kg/cm2 )
Figure 3.20 Steady-State Di ag r a m s for Ba n d i n g Sand (Data from Ref. 14). u>
137
example,
and geologic aging.
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138
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139
that the faster the strain rate the greater the generated
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140
the soil mass overlying the collapsed zone can move under
strain rate.
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141
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
142
on peak strength.
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
c
V O I D RATIO, 6
0.8 0.76 0.72 0,70 0.68
%
o
D) Banding sand
*
^ Load controlled triaxial test
b
I Strain softening response: , CT c“ 10 Kg/cm 2
Limited strain
softening response: • a mr
co 5 '
CO
UJ
a:
H 4-.
CO 4
DC
O
£ 3 '
prohibited without perm ission.
fij
O 4.0
UJ
CL
20 40 50
R E L A T I V E DENS I T Y , Dr (%)
143
Figure 3.2 1 Peak Undr ai ne d Shear S t r e n g t h as a F u n c t i o n o f R e l a t i v e
Density ( D a t a from R e f . 1 4 ) .
144
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction C
s
0.7.
Bandlng sand
NBA
w N
w N V
UJ N
cc
F a N n °
w 0.6 -
n n *
cc n
o QD
<c
a
a
*
< 0.5 -
LU
CL ° c (Kg/cm2 ) Symbol
O o •
UJ 0.3 N
N N»
prohibited without perm ission.
□ 1.0 A A A 'N
<
5 4.0 □ ■
CC 0.4--
o 10.0 v ▼
2
-I- + + t- -I-
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
145
S t a t e Pa r a me t e r (Data frim Ref . 1 4 ) .
146
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
C
3.0
5 Banding sand
vu
W 2zs5 -
V)
111
DC
I—
CO
g 2.0- 0 -»c = 10 Kg/cm'
K“
<
>
UJ
D 1.5-
*
<
UJ
Q.
1 .0 -
z
prohibited without perm ission.
< 1.0
cc
h-
w 0.5 -
_l
<
X 0.3
<
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
STATE PARAMETER, = e c - 0 F at crfc
Figure 3.23 A x i a l S t r a i n a t Peak D e v i a t o r S t r e s s as a F u n c t i o n of S t a t e
14 7
P a r a me t e r ( D a t a from R e f . 1 4 ) .
148
expression
---------------- (3.3)
c°i— °3 > p « c » c—V
*
where a is the consolidation effective confining pressure
c
and Up is the pore pressure at the peak point of the
c stress-strain curve.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r
V O I D RATIO, e
0.8 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66
CO
a>
a>
>_
O) 26- Banding sand
Q)
■a
8 24
LU
CC
f—
CO
22 -
a;
O 4.0
t- 10.0
<
> 20 -
at
Q
*
< 18 -
prohibited without perm ission.
LU
Q_
149
S t r e s s as a F u n c t i o n o f R e l a t i v e D e n s i t y ( D a t a from R e f . 14)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
28
w
0)
0)
& 26
2
w
(/> 9
UJ A
*4
DC
F-
(O
DC 22
O
<
>
UJ 20
□
*
< Banding sand
81 18
Q
UJ ic
16
CTc '(Kg/cm 2) Symbol
prohibited without perm ission.
N 0.3 o •
to 1.0 A A
2 14 4.0 □ ■
10.0 V V
(
...
-I I- H -- -1- -t~- - I—
0.01 0.02 0 .0 3 0.04 0.05
0 .05 oto6
0 .06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
150
151
(sin* -1)
"p ' „ < °1 -V p * °c (3-4>
2 s l o *»ob.
follows that
u_ sin* . -1 a
* mob* + ---- £ _ (3.5)
( al - ff3 )p 2sin *
mob.
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152
men.
2sin<|>
( °l~°3)F ' . a3F < 3 ’6)
1— sinq>p
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
< 9-
H0- Initial porosity
MOBILIZED
8 -
n« 0 .4 1 5 to 0 .4 5 5
7"
In drained shear
6 -
<jb'-30*
15
P O R E P R E S S U R E P A R A M E T E R A f A T P E A K (O ^ -O s )
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
154
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
r'.
C
VOID RATIO, e
0,8 0^78 0,76 0^74 0.72 0^74 0.68 0.66
40 — J - - -t
W Undrained Tests
Q)
<1)
i.
Banding sand
D) 38 O-c (Kg/cm 2 ) Symbol
©
TJ 0.3 o •
Z 1.0 A A
o
t- 4.0 a m
Q
Z 10.0 V V
o
0 34
Ul
t-
2
w 32
1 (0.5 ) (0.3) *
V
o * *
(1) *
i * (1)
< (0.3) 0 • * *
UJ 30
F- (0.3) * 14)
CO *
prohibited without perm ission.
(4) (1 0 )
28 -
O
UJ ^ at peak devlator stress
N
□ in drained tests
5
m 26
o () Consolidation confining
2 o? pressure, K g / c m 2
■9- 24 — /V — i— -I
v 10 20 30 40 50
RELATIVE DENSITY, Dr (%)
Figure 3.27 Angl e of S h e a r i n g R e s i s t a n c e M o b i l i z e d a t S t e a d y - S t a t e
155
C o n d i t i o n as a F u n c t i o n o f R e l a t i v e D e n s i t y ( D a t a from R e f . 1 •)
156
m
0)
CM >
XJ
as
a>
0)
ttS
©
«-i
O
e
o
•H
XJ
O
c
5
U-t
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO •
0)
co c *3*
0)
n
c CO
z
UJ
XJ •
XJ U-i
-H 0)
kt p£
CQ
E
Q T5 O
CJ Ul
UJ C <XJ
>
a. I- CO CO
U XJ
cr -- o
CM
< -o CO
cr c Q
UJ
oc
O >>
XJ
X •H
o CO
O' i-i c
CO e 0)
O) l-l O
■o oo
CM
CD'
0)
3
o co CO CM 00
o
aI ‘X 3 Q N 1 SS3N311J.jaa
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
157
tial states in the region just above the F line will show
steady-state condition.
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
i.a
Banding Sand
0.8..
CD
M
X
UJ
Q 0.6..
z
CO
CO
UJ
z
UJ
-I
0.4-
H
h Symbol
s
m
prohibited without perm ission.
0. 2..
■ 4.0
10.0
■
+
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
STATE PARAMETER, t|/ = ec- eFat <r£
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
160
o S tate Diagram
S Line
cc o— — o--- o
9
o
> Transition region
Strain hardening region
F Line
c co
Stress Path Plot
S tead y-state
envelope
b
I CM
Locus of
II triggering
cr
states
(CSR line)
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161
c *
line as the mobilized $ decreases to a constant value.
ratio, CSR, line (186), that is, the line connecting the
Nerlerk and Leighton Buzzard sands, the CSR line was found
the CSR line branches away from the failure line at a much
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162
curve) and the stress path climbs along the failure line.
ties.
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163
State Diagram
S Line
Strain softening region
-e A
-o B
F Line
Transition region
a y + cri
P =
c
Stress Path Plot S tead y-state envelope
co
CM
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
the corresponding effective stress paths in the q-p'
con st an t.
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165
o
S Line State Diagram
o A Consolidation states
S teady-state
envelope
e\j
Locus of triggering
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undrained behavior of saturated sands. It is clear that,
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
<n 40
a>
2 38
O) /
a) 1.0 Symbol ( j j drained
~ 36 Angular sand a ■ 3 4 .5 °
0)
a 34 / Banding sand & □ 30.6"
a:
i- U
co 32
DC
o
h
CFc=4.0 K g /cnr
30
< ■ II ■
>
UJ
0 28
X.
<
Hi 26
01
I- 24 -
<
prohibited without perm ission.
Q
UJ 22 -
N
§ 20 4.0
18
-e-
16 Ay-
10 20 30 40 SO
R E L A T I V E DENS I T Y , Dr (%)
Figure 3.33 Angl e o f S h e a r i n g R e s i s t a n c e M o b i l i z e d at Peak D e v i a t o r
S t r e s s f o r Two D i f f e r e n t Sands ( D a t a from R e f . 1 4 ) .
168
i- Triaxial Tests 0 i
1
p 10-!
1 i
Line
--------------------------- 2 C ~
i
N
0.9 ^ 3p at Dr= 2 0 % S Line
Angular sand
DENSITY, Dr (%)
<£'*=35"
©
O
C l-
<
cc
o 0.8
RELATIVE
F Line S Line
< £ '- 3 0 .6 °
i i i i i ii11
____ i i i i i iii
0.01 0.1 1 _ 10
E F F E C T IV E M INO R PR IN C IP A L S T R E S S , ^ 3 , k g / s q cm
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
169
line) for two other types of sand with angular and rounded
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170
O 1.00
Triaxial Tests <f> -38.5 20
0.95 30
RELATIVE
> 0.75
S te a d y -s ta te strength
0.70 -
0 .65
E F F E C T I V E C O N F I N I N G S T R E S S , O '3' (kgf/cm2 )
a) A n g u l a r Tailings S a n d
c Triaxial Tests <P =31.5
D ENSITY, Dr (%)
0.751-
- 0.70
5 0.6 5r
O 0.601-
RELATIVE
7 ' v-a
S te a d y -s ta te strengtn
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urth er reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
171
between the initial void ratio and the minimum void ratio,
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172
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
173
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174
decrease potential.
discussed below.
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175
o State diagram
S Line
p' _ i-P3
c Steady-state envelope
Monotomc loading
CSR line
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176
liquefaction.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
177
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
178
and the state path reach the point p =0, the behavior of
continues the state path moves back and forth reaching the
*
point p =0 each time liquefaction develops. The
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
179
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
c
CYCLIC TORSIONAL
SHEAR TEST
TOYOURA SAND
AIR-PLUVIATED
'0 % = 9 8 kPa
Critical 7cy/<7c
prohibited without perm ission.
N U M B E R O F LOADING CYCLES, No
180
181
also noted that although for each curve the slopes below
o and above the critical stress ratio are different, they
stress ratio with the cyclic shear stress level which just
the stress ratio which causes the stress path to cross the
ure 3.37.
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182
behavior:
softening response,
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183
S Line
Strain softening region
®
o
t-
<
oc
o
5
>
Monotonic loading
CSR line
Steady-state condition
b”
CM
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
184
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
(1.4)
26 -
Banding sand ■(1.4) (5.0)
■(1.5)
(1.7)
24 -
Monotonic tests
22 -
20 -
4.0
18 ■-
Cyclic tests
prohibited without perm ission.
4.0 ■
10.0 ▼
— +
10 20 30 40 50
R E L A T I V E D E N S I T Y , Dr (%)
Figure 3.39 Angle of Shearing Resistance Mobilized at Initiation of
Strain Softening Response during Cyclic Loading (Data
f rom Ref. 14)•
186
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187
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188
C }
Castro were load-controlled tests whereas the other tests
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189
O
S Line
QC
O
5
> O A
Transition region
F Line
P' =
c b”
Monotonic loading
i eg
b~ Temporary Locus of
ii Steady-state Triggering
cr condition — . states (CSR line)
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urth er reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
190
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191
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192
and cyclic loading has thus far been discussed based only
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193
below.
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194
below.
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195
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
C
1.00 -
S a g a m i River S a n d 0.75
K0= 0.50
Relative density: 4 2 % 0.50
r/'c = 2 0 0 kPa <r3'- K 0 aiJ
1c 0.25 (b) Pore Pressure
Shear Strain ±0.42%
1 3 5 7 10 15 20 30
i_ -i-.J— i. i__ j_
20 30 1 3 5 7 10 15 20 30
N U MB E R OF CYCLES N U M B E R OF CYCLES
Figure 3.41 Typical Cyclic Torsional Shear Tests with no Lateral Strain
196
on ^-Consolidated Specimens (After Ref, 75).
197
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198
time, and the pore pressure increases much more slowly and
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r
0.75 K= 1.00
S a g a m i River S a n d
Relative density: 4 2 % 0.50
&i'c = 200 kPa " Ko % 0.25 K= 0.50
# 12.5
0.5
(a) Variation in Shear Stress
0.4 K= 0.50
prohibited without perm ission.
% r“ <
O 5.0
0.2
I-
oc 2.5
= 1.00 111
>
■ Kn= 0.50 ,
30 1 3 5 7 10 15 20 30
N U MB E R OF CYCLES
Figure 3.42 Cyclic Torsional Shear Tests under Different Boundary and
199
Stress Conditions (After Ref. 75).
200
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
O
© Anisotropic consolidation
<r'
o-(,« k0cr'
'Liquefaction Stress reversal
201
u n d e r D i f f e r e n t Boundary and S t r e s s C o n d i t i o n s (Schematic).
202
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203
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction P
0.6
Fuji river sand
Dr= 55%
Torsional test
0.5
<r' = 100 kPa
0.4
i
k°
h 0.3
<
cc
CO
CO 0.2
id
prohibited without perm ission.
DC
t—
CO
o 0.1
_J
o
>-
o
1 10 100
N U M B E R O F C Y C L E S T O INITIAL L I Q U E F A C T I O N
204
Tests ( Ad a p t e d from R e f . 8 1 ) .
Reproduced with permission P
a ir - p l u v ia t e d
o Nc= 1 0
1 5 % DA SHEAR STRAIN
bE ^ m c = 9 8 kPa
>»
o
NO LATERAL STRAIN
< Kq-C O N S O LID A TIO N
cc
CO
CO
UJ
DC
h-
CO
O ISOTROPICALLY
_J CONSOLIDATED
o
prohibited without perm ission.
>-
o
40 50 60 70 80
RELATIVE DENSITY, Dr (%)
205
206
VJ
Ishihara and Takatsu (81) performed plane strain
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
207
G >
Initial Liquefaction
Nc- 2 0 Fuji river sand
0.5 Dr - 5 5 %
Torsional tests
6 ^ - 1 0 0 kPa
co
CO
LU
cc
I- 0.2
co
o
0.1 Kg- 0.5
o
>-
o
Overconsolidation ratio, O C R
C 3
Fuji river sand
Initial Liquefaction
NU-20
o D r - 55%
0 V - 100 kPa
Ik 2
S i OCR
0
Overconsoiidation ratio, OCR
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
208
cussed below.
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209
ing,
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210
(
T
+■ T cy
T - T cy
Pole//45'
C
Consolidation state
b) Triaxial Test S p e c i m e n s
+T
Consolidation state
c) Torsional Test S p e c i m e n s
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
211
state of stress.
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212
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213
3.47c.
c
v
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214
shear stress
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215
('
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission C
sin » tan Q *
Locus of triggering states
of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
(CSR lino)
Steady-state strength
'ss
Consolidation
Phase transformation state of stress
line--------------------- v
static \ ” rs
prohibited without perm ission.
er
216
Strength (Schematic^.
217
c K -1 1-sin
, 4.
_,, > „ ,„
Ur = 3c " “ 2“ "sinjT > ( 3 *7)
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218
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r \ n
S teady-state strength
SS
Consolidation-
state ot stress static \“‘s
prohibited without perm ission.
219
Specimen with (t + t ) Larger than Steady-State
Strength (Schematic^.
220
(14,110).
perties :
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Q.
C
o
CD
Q.
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
Steady-state condition
prohibited without perm ission.
Consolidation - static \ -
state of stress
O ’’ cn
221
Specimen with Static Shear Stress Larger than Steady-State
Strength (Schematic).
222
li n e ) ,
equilibrium, and
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223
Sand A - 1 3 % silt
05 Sand B - 32 % silt
Sand C - 6 3 % silt
05
05
100 -
u. Kc - 2
0.01 0.1 1
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
where $ is Che mobilized friction angle at the triggering
m
envelope or CSR line. From E q . 3.7» it is seen that
unlikely that under a very high stress ratio (Kc > 2.0) a
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225
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
226
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227
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction rs c
(CSR line) \
q
•Pole
VH - T
prohibited without perm ission.
Stress reversal
228
Figure 3.52 In S i t u E f f e c t i v e S t r e s s Pat h w i t h S t r e s s Reversal during
C y c l i c Loa d i n g (Schematic).
229
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
230
O
0.6 -
(a) Tailings Sand
^ 3 C- 2.0 k g f/c m *
0.5
ec « 0.801 ± 0 . 0 0 2
Drc - 6 9 .5 ± 0.5%»
0.4
0.3
Liquefaction
0.2
N -1 0
0.1
ec- 0.800 ± 0 .0 0 6
Drc - 7 0 .0 ± 1 . 6 %
N -1 0
1.5 2.0
K,
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
231
CHAPTER 4
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232
end restraints.
its base.
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233
Air piston
Stepper
motor system
Hardin
oscillator
A ir piston
c Pressure
control panel
control
Vacuum
regulator
a) Gene r a l view
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234
c Air Piston
LVDT
Signal
Cond.
LVDT
Stepper motor
system
Rotating
shaft
Hardin
oscillator
Proximity
i transducers
Platform
c ham b e r
c L o ad cell
Torque
Differential
pressure
> transducer m transducer
Analog control
i 1
MACSYM 350
Stepper motor control Signal conditioning
Data acquisition
system
b) S c h e m a t i c
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235
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
236
a burette.
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central mass and the specimen cap attachment to a hollow
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238
axes (40,57).
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
e
Power am plifier
C h arg e
am plifier
F req u en cy
m eter -------
O scilloscop e
prohibited without perm ission.
239
Figure 4.2 Electronic S y s t e m for R e so na nt Co lum n Tests.
240
ure 4.3.
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241
O
Audio Bangs
Oscillator Oscilloscope
Digital
Freq.Meter Vert. Horiz.
In. In.
Power
Amplifier
Switch Box
Digital
Multimeter
To Drive Coils
Charge To Accelerometer
Amplifier
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
24 2
ured.
between the cams and the transducer face. As the top pla
c
ten rotates relative to the bottom, the distance changes,
men.
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24 3
steps degrees
Rotation rate -------- », (4.1)
sec step gear ratio
and will not change very much, the values of PPS also are
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244
obtained as
(4)(0 )
_ . , , sec N max Gear Ratio
Period (cy c l e ) - (VD) x steps ..de gr ee ,( 2)
sec step
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urth er reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
24 5
2.88 _
1
1 .44 2048 2
0.72 1024 4
0.36 512 8
0.18 256 16
0.09 128 32
28.8 2048 1
14.4 1024 2
7.2 512 4
3.6 256 8
1 .8 128 16
0.9 64 32
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24 6
Appendix B.
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perm ission.
248
O
Specimen Solid Hollow Hollow
0.71 mm
D 10
0.81 mm
°9 0
Uniformity coefficient cu = 1.1
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w ith o u t perm ission.
24 9
C etc. They also provide analog and digital input and out
The other major elements of the MACSYM 350 system are the
the MACSYM 200 with the MACSYM 150 work station, the sys
The control board has all the power and features of a sin
r
V
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250
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251
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252
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253
ter near the top, near the middle, and near the bottom of
ing the distance between the edges of the top and bottom
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254
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255
shear modulus, G .
max
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256
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257
tests .
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258
co n s t a n t .
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259
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260
evaluated.
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261
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
262
as:
deformation characteristics
are far from the strain rate levels which have been
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
after initial liquefaction in order to evaluate the
o effects of prior strain history, and hence of changes in
c.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
3 5 on
Me, i . r e
c
CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN AND LIQUEFACTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDS
VOLUME II
A Thesis
of
Purdue University
by
(
Adolfo Alarcon— Guzman
of
Doctor of Philosophy
August 1986
<r
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264
CHAPTER 5
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
r
a) Drained Tests
265
39
40 II 0.509 106.9 100.2 102.4 1 .0 - G versus y
60 S 0.626 - - 100.6 1 .0 5.12 Gmax versus K
266
e 0 0 0 0 0
a. a* 0 a*
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0 0
CJ 0V 0 cr> e
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a « a 0 0 44 0 0 0 0
a* • ex. a* * a* Om • 0 O* • • a* • a* a. • «i i 0
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0 >s
c. 44
03 I3
03 S
a
o•
< CO < fl D < 6 3 < 0 3 < 0 3 < 6 3 < CO < B W
V N N ® 0v0vO"<Nn*J-<-^Nrt<<in*eNB«O“ —
• ( ■ - t ^ N < 9 4 « < 9 < 4 4 < 7 < ^ < i n i n i n i n u ,,i i n i n i A i A ( n i n i r )
t- z
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
r
Solid cylinder s p e c im e n
BO
(D=71mm)
20
10-1 1 10
s h e a r ; STRAIN, y ,%J
267
Strain Relationship.
268
apparatus.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
269
void ratio.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
140
Ottaw a 2 0 - 3 0 sand
120 ^
H ollow cylinder specimens
Dr,%
0.513 90
0.549
CD
0.598 55
w 60-
_i
D Resonant column tests • * 0.635 40
Q
0
prohibited without perm ission.
2 10 1 10
SHEAR STRAIN, y i% )
270
Figure 5.2 E f f e c t o f R e l a t i v e D e n s i t y on Shear Modulus - Shear S t r a i n
Relationship.
271
Empirical Equations:
c
(A) Hardin (1978) G - 700 [F(e)] cr *m round grains
y <io-4
e < 0.8
Iwasaki et al (1978) G - 9 0 0 [F(e>] cr’m 1'2 clean sands
X * 10 ~6
0.61 < e < 0,86
F(e) * (2.17 - e)2 / (1+e)
G, in K g / c m 2
s
Q.
1 180'
x
a
E
® 160-
co*
3
=5
a 140-
o
cr
< 120
in -
x
co
Eq.®
=> 100 -
s
x
< o Data from Fig. 5.1
80- Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
e m a x = 0-732
e min 1 = 0,4891
u 1 ------------------------------- — -
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
272
deformation characteristics.
(
5.1.3 Effects of Mean Confining Stress
*
The influence of mean confining stress, a , on the
strain levels (from Fig. 5.4) are plotted versus the mean
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r ' n
160
140
Ottawa 20-30 sand
Hollow cylinder specimens
120 e ° 0.635
Dr - 40%
Test
100
202
103
80
68.3
28.6
60
prohibited without perm ission.
40
Resonant column tests ■ a • *
Torsional shear tests o a on
r4 10-1 1
SHEAR STRAIN, /(%)
273
Figure 5.4 E f f e c t o f Co n f i n e me n t on Shear Modulus - Shear S t r a i n
Relationship.
274
L
-3-
o
CM m
Fig
o
CM
from
©
CO
(Data
©
CO
Stress
co
a.
JC
E
b
Confining
co
o CO
UJ
QC
h-
CO
C C5
Mean
o
Versus
co O
<
UJ
Modulus
<0
^
CM © Shear
o
CM
5.5
N.
Figure
o O O o O o
CD CM O ® co rr CM
( V d i w d ‘s m n a o w u v s h s
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
275
c tion of o .
m
These results confirm previous test results
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276
CM co CD
Reduction
CO so CO
CM CD CM
CM
Modulus
the
of
Shape
a?
of Confinement
<
UJ
I
CO
co
o Effect
Curve
5.6
Figure
o CO CO ■M- CM
o d d
XBUJ0/9 ‘o u va sm naow h v h h s
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
277
tory and the number of prior stress cycles also affect the
(5.1)
G 1+yJyr
max
(
where yr was defined as the reference shear strain and
equals
Yr = (5 .2 )
max
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
278
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission
x
CO Hollow cylinder specimens
E 1.0
0 0*R. Dr = 40%
0 I'A.
0.8
< \Q G 1
cc
to Gmax 1+ X/Xr
D V4
_J 7
D 0.6 \
Q
0
2
CC
<
cr’m xr
Ui 0.4 Symbol A \
1 (kPa) (%) \
to □ V
prohibited without perm ission.
ON
□ 202 0.0470
A 103 0.0335 \
0.2 o 68.3 0.0273
V 28.6 0.0173
Remark: Xr = 0.00331 m)1/2
279
280
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r
180
160
Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
« Hollow cylinder specimens
o.
5 140
Dr ■= 60%
O
co Test fr'm, |<pa
O 120
Predicted curve \
=> 207.5
□ (Assumed Y t - 0.03%)
0 100 if
68.0
5
cc
<
UJ 'max
1
CO
\A
prohibited without perm ission.
281
Figure 5.8 P r e d i c t i o n o f Modulus R e d u c t i o n Cur ve.
282
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
50 • Hollow cylinder specimens
Dr - 4 0 %
40 -
Symbol
(kPa)
30- 202 Range of results
O
F*
<
103
o: 68.3
| 20-
28.6
prohibited without perm ission.
CL
5
<
O
10 - Resonant column tests Torsional shear tests
10-' 1
S H E A R STRAIN, / <%)
Figure 5.9 E f f e c t of Conf i n e me n t on Damping R a t i o - Shear S t r a i n hO
00
Relationship. lo
284
D = D (1 - T-2-) (5.3)
max G
max
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
60
50
Ottawa 20-30 sand
Hollow cylinder specimens
Dr = 4 0 %
Q
O Symbol c r’m.kPa
E 202
£ 30
0 103
z Range of results
a 68.3
< 20 28.6
a
prohibited without perm ission.
D = D m a x (1- G m a x
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
S H E A R M O D U L U S RATIO, G / G m a x
285
Figure 5.10 Damping Ratio Versus Shear Modulus Ratio.
286
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
287
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
288
cedures are not used, the shear modulus values from the
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
289
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
290
_2
10 %. At this strain level, the corresponding shear
c modulus ratio, G/G , in Figure 5.6 is observed to range
max °
between 0.70 to 0.85. The reasons for this behavior are
sands.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
291
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction C'
Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
120 Hollow cylinder specimens
e = 0.623
'max’ 95,3 Dr = 45%
| 100
O Test
ry
prohibited without perm ission.
Resonant Column
o A Torsional Shear
20
20
20 40 60 80 100
c'r.kPa
r‘' 1(T3
SHEAR STRAIN %
292
Curve.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction /■“"N
Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
Solid cylinder specimen
Dr = 4 3 .6 %
= 100.6 kPa
120 -
a f
Q. \
1 100
o
CO
D Axial compression
^ 80 max
o <T'z /°"r
o
S
E 60 -
<
UJ
X
CO Secant / Torsional loading
40 '
prohibited without perm ission.
293
294
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
295
failure.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
296
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
297
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298
ratio.
were negligible.
from two replicate specimens with the same void ratio and
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction r
OT = 101.6 kPa
:> 80
_i
r>
Q
O
2
oc 60
< Test results after prestressing
UJ
X along ABA (OCR = 2.0)
to B /--J
200 • Resonant column
prohibited without perm ission.
40f «
£ 150 o Torsional Shear
50 100150 200
^ 'r.kP a
10 -« 101 1 10
SHEAR STRAIN. (%)
299
Strain Relationship.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
O ttaw a 2 0 -3 0 sand
Hollow cylinder specimens
NC Specimens
e = 0.623
G m ax=95.3
100 (awcTr =1&2 Dr = 45%
at same cr')
/ 101 kPa
50 kPa
= 67 kPa
n
0.
Gmax = 84
5
</> OC Specimen
r>
-i Test results a fte r prestressing
o
o along path CBC (OCR*4):
5
• Resonant column
oc
< ° Torsional Shear
UJ
prohibited without perm ission.
X
V)
SHEAR STRAIN, / ( % )
300
F ig u re 5.14 E f f e c t of A k i a l Co mp r e s s i o n P r e s t r e s s i n g on Shear Modulus -
Shear S t r a i n R e l a t i o n s h i p .
301
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
302
depends not only on the stress ratio but also on the mag
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
No lateral strain
unloading (estimated)
(0
« 110"
a.
x
at Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
E
0 1 0 0 -,at A' Solid cylinder specimen
CO e = 0.591
ID
_l
D Dr = 5 8 %
Q 90--
Path ABA© °"z = 103.9 kPa
O
2 Path ACA <7"r = 5 0 kPa
a: 1000 •
<
UJ 80 S. 800+
x
CO
prohibited without perm ission.
600- 2 /c
Path ABA
ID
2 70"
X
<
5
<>
200 400 6008001000
cr'r, kPa
6 8 9 10 11
OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO
303
F igu re 5.15 Effect of Axial Compression Prestressing on Maximum Shear
Modulus of Medium Dense Sand Specimen.
304
elsewhere (109).
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
305
Speci men
(A
to
Dense
Medium
o
to
^3*
of
o
Modulus
to
CO CO
CL
Shear
E
CO
b
( CO
co
on
UJ
ac
t-
Confinement
CO
O
CNJ
O
O
CO
UJ
of
Ef f ect
CNJ
CD cc
5.16
to
Figure
o o
to to to
CM
1
.
smnaow u v 3h s
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
306
larger than the vertical stress for OCR values higher than
sion
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
307
G
max
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
308
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
of principal stress, and hence in Che direction of
MPa) also agrees with the value for the NC sand. Follow
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
Test stages:
120
Low strain RC *
Large strain RC ■
NC specimen (Prestraining)
100
RC after B •
TS after C
a 80
2
(9
W RC3 Resonant column
D TS= Torsional shear
60
D
O
O
2
OC
40
prohibited without perm ission.
iu
X Ottawa 20-30 sand
(0 Hollow cylinder specimens
e=0.623
Dr=45%
20 °"z =100.2 kPa
cr'r =50 kPa
-4 -3 -2
SHEAR STRAIN, /( % )
was not the case when the two loading paths differed (Fig.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
:eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
120
Test stages:
Gmax = 102
NC Specimen (A) Low strain RC A
(D) RC a fte r c
(E) TS a fte r D
«
Q.
2 60
O
Increase in shear
<0
modulus due to
_J
3 prior strain history
D 40 -
prohibited without perm ission.
O O ttaw a 2 0 -3 0 sand
5 Hollow cylinder specimens
DC
< e = 0.623
UJ
Dr = 45 %
w 20
CT’z = 100.4 kPa
<7"r = 50.1 kPa
-4 -1
10 10 10 " 2 10
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
314
stage.
(32-36 MPa) than the values (55-60 MPa) obtained after the
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
315
_2
moduli at Y * 2.2 x 10 % are very different, it is impor-
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
120
Resonant column tests Torsional shear tests
80
«
I 60
Increase in shear
modulus due to
_i prior strain history
D
prohibited without perm ission.
O 40 O ttaw a 2 0 -3 0 sand
o
5 Hollow cylinder specimens oV
oc
< e « 0.623
UJ
m 20 Dr = 45%
c 'z = 100.4 KPa
’Virgin" specimens sO
cr'r = 50.1 KPa
(2nd cycle)
10 " 4 10 _1 1 4
316
Figure 5.19 E f f e c t o f S t r a i n H i s t o r y on Shear Modulus - Shear S t r a i n
Relationship.
317
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
318
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
60 Prestrained spec i m e n
r
000
5 0 --0 0 '
0 0©
O <,0 o o O o ° ® ° 0 ° ° 0 o G G
cd
Q.
2 40 00 00 O
O .0 ®
•»
CO S p e c i m e n with n o
ZD
_J 30 -- o prior strain history
D
Q
O Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
5
Hollow cylinder spec i m e n
cc 20
prohibited without perm ission.
<
UJ e = 0.633
X Dr = 4 0 . 7 %
CO
10 a 'z = 104.3kPa
-
a) Sh ea r strain, y = ±2.21 x 10 “2
°"'r = 50.0kPa
G = 94.1MPa
max
4- + + + + + +
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
N U M B E R OF CYCLES
319
Figu re 5.20 Effect of N um b e r of Cycles at C on sta nt Shear Strain Amplitude
on Shear M od ulu s,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
60
50 -f
Cyclic prestraining
73
CL Prestrained s p e c i m e n (Resonant c o l u m n m o d e )
§
0 40 - / /.
q Q O q Q 0 0 O0
co" 3O00000000
D O O 0 0 0 0 00 0® ® 0000O°
30 - 0 0 °°
S p e c i m e n with n o Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
prior strain history Hollow cylinder s p e c i m e n s
DC
<
HI 20 •*
X e = 0.62
prohibited without perm ission.
CO Dr = 4 6 %
°"z = 105.6kPa
10 -
°"r = 50.9kPa
b) S h ea r strain, Y = ±4.4 x 10 "2 %
G m a x = 9 5 -8 M P a
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
N U M B E R OF CYCLES, N
320
Figure 5 . 2 0 , continued.
321
c in
in
c
in
o
Oi co
CO
HI
in
CM o
>
o
li.
o
cc
111
in CD
eo "o S
Ql 3
Z
continued
CM CM <0 CO CM
CO Tf' 0 ©
in
5.20,
Figure
o o o o
co in CO CM
(Bdv\i)0 ‘s m n a o w dvaHS
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urth er reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
322
specimen.
different factors:
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
323
increases, and
stress repetitions.
strain history.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
3 24
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
325
c
D r- 63%
Crz -CTr -1 0 0 kPa O tta w a 2 0 - 3 0 sand
T z e - 2 6.8 kPa Solid cylinder specimen
STRAIN, /< % >
4—
2 .. Load
cycle
2 --
4 --
H alf
cycle
TIM E. SEC .
C onfining p ressu re
PRESSURE, kPa
PORE
50-L
H alf
cycle
Load
.. cycle
• Points o f z e ro shear s tre s s
20 40 60 80 100 120
TIM E, SEC.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
326
20
SHEAR STRAIN.X(%)
40 ,
P h a s e tra n s fo rm a tio n lin e
(
o 10*0
1 3 kPa
J
>. (2 -3 7 ° (^>-490)
-4 0
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
327
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
328
and the stress path moves back towards the right (point D
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
329
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
330
develop.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
331
Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
Solid cylinder specimen o"z - o"r - 104.3 kPa
e - 0.61 Dr - 50 .% r cy - 22.6 kPa
Load cycle
z
<
cc
I-
co
cc 20 30 40 ,50 60 70 80
<
til
I -2
CO
-4 Half cycle
-6 ■
TIME, sec.
-8 ■
Confining pressure
100 ■
( 90
80 ■ Half
CO
CL cycle
. 70 •
w
cc
3 60 ■
CO
CO
£ 50 ■
B 4.:
o
a
30 ■
20
Load cycle
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TIME, sec.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
332
30
25
20
STRESS, kPa
-10 -9
SHEAR
4th cycle -5
-10
3rd cycle
-20
-2 5
SHEAR -3 0 STRAIN, %
40 ■
30 ■
20 ■
SHEAR STRESS, kPa
IU ‘
-1 0 •
t kPa
-20 ■
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
333
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
334
loose s a n e s • -
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
335
5t
L 4
O tta w a 2 0 - 3 0 san d
S olid c y lin d e r specim en
=<r-r » 100.8 kPa
= 18.2 kPa
3 e - 0.614 G m ax ■ 116.6 MPa
Dr - 4 8 %
2
* 1 L o a d c y c le
X 1/ 2 3
5 TIM E SEC.
110 T
C o n fin in g p re s s u re
100
( 90 -
80 -
€ axial
I«L 7 0 ..
6 0 -■
UJ
cc
^ 5 0 ■■
CO
CO
g 40
Q. H a lf c y c le
UJ 30 ■ L o a d cycle
CC
o
0. 20-- I 2
1
10 -
20 40 60
TIM E, SEC.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
336
25 t
7th c y c le
20 .
T (kPa)
STRESS,
-5
SHEAR
8th c yc le
-1 0
S H EA R STRA IN , X %
40
STRESS, q(KPa
30-
Phase transform ation
line „
20 --
10 - L o ad cycle
SHEAR
..C 20 30 40 50 BD 9 0,
-1 0 •
M A X IM U M
-20
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
337
this Chapter.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
338
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
e = 0.614
Dr = 4 8 %
G m a x = 116.6MPa
t eye = 18.2kPa
40-
o Measured values
• Estimated from results of
30- staged tests on dry specimen
<
Q.
5
Sw*
(D
20-
CO
D
_l
D
Q
prohibited without perm ission.
O
5 10-- Sample collapse
CC
(7=0.176%)
<
UJ
L o ad cycle
X
CO
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
20 30 40 50 60 80 90 100 110
E F FE C T I V E C O N F I N I N G S T R E S S , p' (kPa)
no longer appropriate.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
341
10
V -
Ottawa 20-30 sand o-'z ,o " r - 100.3 kPa
Said cyfnder specimen Tcy ■ 16.5 kPa
e - 0.625
Dr - 44 %
60 120 180 240 300 3 60
ye 0
S -2
<
« —4
CO
oc -6 10 th cycle
<
£ -8
co
-10
-1 2
-1 4
-1 6
TIME, sec.
-18
-20
Confining pressure
100
'S te a d y - state'
deformation
( 90 ■
80
m
CL
JC 70
a.
3 60
CO
CD
UJ
tr 50
CL
UJ 40 Load cycle
CC
o
CL
30
Collapse
20
TIME, sec.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
342
20
STRESS, kPa
-6 -4 -2
S tead y-state
SHEAR
deformation -4
-8
-16
SHEAR STRAIN, %
■ -20
40
30 ■
20 ■
STRESS, kPa
10 •
20 30 40 50 60 83 90
SHEAR
(fr'mob = 15.5"
.* S tea d y -s ta te "
-20
deformation
vff'= 30.7"(<£’ =36.41
-30
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
343
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
344
the pore pressure decreases and the stress path moves back
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
345
L
The previous tests results provide a clear picture of
Figures 5.22 (3rd cycle) and 5.23 (7th and 8th cycles).
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
346
liquefaction.
the specimen does not mobilize any strength over the range
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
40
V Ottawa 20-30 sand e - 0.597
Hollow cylinder specimen Dr - 55.6 %
30
o”z =o-’r « 101 kPa
Xcy - = 0.67 %
20
a
a.
JC
co
CO
Ui
cc
cc I240 306 36
< 60 1210
UI
X
» -1 0
-20
Load cycle
-40
Confining pressure
c CO
CL
JC
100
uj 80
or
D
CO
CO Load cycle
Ui
8
&F 60
UJ
cc
o
40
TIME, sec.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
348
40
30
20
Q.
-20
-30
SHEAR STRAIN. %
-40
50
c 40
30
o
a.
20
3 0 / 40 \' 50
cc t=11
ui -1 0 kPa
-20
-30
-40
EFFECTIVE CONFINING STRESS.kPa
-50
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
349
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
350
3.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
351
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
352
path moves down and towards the left whereas the principal
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
353
ical about the normal stress axis since the mean confining
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
354
tic deformations.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
355
V...
120 -
O ttaw a 2 0 - 3 0 sand
S o lid c y lin d e r sp ecim en ,
as
X
2 100 -
5
CO
X
_J
X
a
o
2
EC
<
LLJ
X
03
40-
E © 4 0 .8 22.C
( b 0.15-
3 © 4 2 .3 5 3 .4
©
O
K © 4 3 .6 9 9 .8
<
X 0 .10 --
LU
X
X
03
03
UJ
X 0 .0 5 -
X
UJ
X
X
o
10 10-3 10-2 10 _1
SH EA R S T R A IN , (% )
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
356
level.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
357
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
a mean confining scress of about 101 kPa. One specimen (A
above 10 ^%.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
359
140'
O tta w a 2 0 - 3 0 san d
S o lid c y lin d e r sp ecim en s 0 .6 2 6 0 .6 2 4
SHEAR MODULUS, G (MPa)
120 " Or (% ) 4 3 .6 4 4 .6
°" z (k P a ) 1 0 2 .5 102.2
o ^ r(k P a ) 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .4
100 "
80"
6 0 --
40"
PORE PRESSURE RATIO, “ /^r
R e s o n a n t co lu m n te s ts
Stress controlled torsional
S h e a r te s ts (5 c y c le s )
0.3- 19.3
T c y = 17.8kP a
0.2 - 16.2
14.6 17.4
1 1 .7 \
10l\
14.3
10.2
5.7
S H E A R STRAIN, (%)
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
specimens even Chough specimen A has been subjected to a
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
361
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
362
60
10.6
M O D U L U S , G (MPa)
14.6
5 5 --
5 0 --
14.3
45 " 17.4
SHEAR
•?
4 0 -- —a -Q-
17.8
30
1 2 3 4 5
N U MB E R OF CYCLES
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
363
i -0 .0 4
fc -0 .0 8 5th cycle
- 0.20
iimii
-0.24
TIME. sec.
-0 .2 8 ’
100
c a
90 •
80
Confining pressure
Q.
70 •
UJ
cc
3 60
CO
CO
UJ
cc 50 ■
Q.
UJ 40 •
CL
30 ■
120th cycle
50th cycle
20 ■
5th cycle
TIME, sec.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
e.& <
CO
.30»
tig
o\\oe proP''
(fodo
rep’
f u ^ et
COPV^
0U^ e
;\ss\o°
e rff"!
dM M^ '
duce
ptepf0 '
365
after the first few cycles, the peak to peak cyclic shear
_o
strain remained on the order of 0 .02% (10 % single ampli
5.30b) .
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
366
known.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
367
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
368
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
369
controlled automatically.
.
— ing test with rotation occurring in the clockwise
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
370
Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
20 e - 0.627 a"z « o*'r«ioo.3 kPa
Dr - 4 3 .3 % Clockwise rotation
Confining pressure
100
90 ■
80
as
a. 'S teady state'
70 ■
UJ deformation
cc 60 ■
=5
CO
CO
UJ 50 ■
cc
a.
UJ 40 •
cc
O
a. 30
20
Collapse ( / = 0.42 %)
TIME, sec.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
371
STRESS, kPa
SHEAR 20
’Steady state'
deformation
y - 0.44 %
20 24
SHEAR STRAIN, %
50
40 ■
30 a ‘= 30 « £ ’ = 35*)
'Steady state'
STRESS, kPa
deformation
20 •
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-1 0
-20
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
372
the stress path climbs back along the failure line (Fig.
5. 3Id) .
lates that small shear strains may be enough for the meta
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
373
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
374
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
375
c Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
20 ■ e - 0.629 c ’z =o"'r * 100.2 kPa
Dr - 42.5 % Clockwise rotation
ffl
a
.sc Starting point of
CO undrained shear
CO
Ui
CE
K
CO
CE
<
ui
X
CO
TIME, sec.
Confining pressure
100
r
80
'Steady state*
tu deformation
cc
=3 60
CO
CO
UJ
cc
CL
£ 40
O
a.
TIME, sec.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
376
20
Starting point of
undrained shear
STRESS, kPa
SHEAR
Steady state*
deformation
20 24
SHEAR STRAIN, %
50
40 •
30 •
* S te ad y-S tate *
STRESS, kPa
deformation
20 ■
SHEAR
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-10
-20
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urth er reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
377
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
378
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
379
same Dr. After the collapse the two stress paths are
lapse) .
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
°"z - <rr = 100.I kPa
z
<
cc
I—
w 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
oc
<
Ui Collapse
I
CO -2
prohibited without perm ission.
85th cycle
-4
-6
TIME, sec.
Figure 5.33 Cyclic Torsional Shear Test with Shear Stress Amplitude
380
Larger than Steady-State Strength.
381
continued
5.33,
Figure
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
382
continued
5. 3 3 ,
Figure
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383
stress.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission
30
of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 too
<f)’mob - 18.4'
Collapse surface
-10
prohibited without perm ission.
,? /(0 .2 9 )
(0.29) (0.29)
~ — ft-.
-20
<f>'mob - 13
-3 0
384
under C y c l i c Loadi ng.
(.0
"O
3
Q.
C
o
CD
Q.
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
(0
CL
J*
18-
Ui
Q
D
H
_i
Q. 16 -
5
<
<0
Ui
Ui
a:
t~
Ui 14 -
tr
<
Ui ?
I
Ui Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
prohibited without perm ission.
□ 12 + Dr 4 3 -4 6 %
O 0"z =cr'r = lOOkPa o Collapse
>-
o
End of test
NUMBER OF CYCLES
Figure 5.35 Number o f C y c l e s t o I n i t i a t i o n o f S t r a i n S o f t e n i n g B e h a v i o r .
386
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
387
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
338
the vertical.
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389
parison.
of principal stress.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
A few specimens were subjected to cyclic loading in
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
391
20 Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
e - 0.62 Dr - 46 % o"z « o " r 100.2 kPa
12 •
eo
O
J.£
CO
CO
LU
cc
-8
-1 2
-1 6
-20
5r
4 •
2
<
CC
i- 60 120 180 240 360
CO
cc
<
HI
X
CO
-2 ■
-3
-4
-5
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
392
C onfining pressure
C 100
Collapse on
reversal —
80
«
Q.
UJ
CC
3 60
CO
CO
UJ
cc
Q.
UJ Collapse on
cc 40
O loading —
a.
c 30
d)
a 20
CL
JC
CO
CO 10
UJ
cc
V-
co
cc 10 2 40 50 60 70 80 100
<
UJ
X
CO
-1 0 •
Forced
reversal
-2 0 -
-30
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
393
cal state,
r
c. an additional increase in pore pressure as the struc
of loading, and
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
394
se ct io n.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
395
o Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
e - 0 .62 3 Dr - 4 5 % o -’z - ° " r - 100 kPa
z
< -2
cc
t-
CO
cc -4
<
UI
X
CO
-6
-8
-10 ■
TIME. sec.
-12
Confining pressure
100
c 80
Collapse on
reversal —
Liquefaction
Second collapse
on loading
cc
Z) 60
CO
CO
UJ
CE
First collapse
0. on loading —
UJ
CE 40
o
CL
20
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urth er reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
396
20
STRESS, kPa
-1 2 -11
SHEAR
-4
-8
-12
-16
SHEAR STRAIN, %
-20
40
30 ■
20
STRESS, kPa
-1 0
Forced
-20 reversal Forced
reversal
-30
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission
397
shear strains after the collapse are not too large and the
f ea t u r e s.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
398
region.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
399
dary surface.
l iq ue fac ti on.
d e p e nd en t.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
400
O
In the author's view, cyclic stress/strain history
reconsolidation, and
place.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
A 01
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
45 Solid cylinder specimens
Dr « 4 4 - 4 6 %
i~cy = 13.0 kPa
40 - Peak
(0 1 o
OL 0 ,i>-o-0 -o-o^-ooO"Oo-o-o-o-o-A oo-0-- 0 0 o “ °‘£>"0'0'00-Cl-0--0 0-(j0-0-00.0-0-<i N = 165
5 Q-O'o'o
35 15.2
0 I.
CO
/ » s 4<T \
D 0 a'
_l / A'
ZD 30 1 'L
Q I * * 16.5
0
5 0/n/Q d'od /
DC
25
/ n/
< " \ N = 80
prohibited without perm ission.
111 K o
1 □ \ A ►
CO \
□ (Imminent collapse)
Collapse
20
t
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
NUMBER OF CYCLES, N
402
Und r a l n e d C y c l i c L o a d i n g .
403
softening behavior.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
404
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
405
28
e 24 •
20 ■
Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
e - 0.625 Dr - 4 4 %
o-'z - o - r -1 0 0 .2 kPa
£
z
<
cc
oc
<
HI 60 4 20 480 540 600 660 720
z
CO
-4
-8
TIME, sec.
-12
Confining pressure
100
c 80 Liquefaction
60 •
Collapse on reversal
o- 40
2C .
Ill
Sj 20 Collapse on
C/3 loading
C/3 -
Ui 0
GC
0.
ui -2 0
cr
o
“■ - 4 0
-6 0
-8 0
TIME, sec.
-100
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
406
•120
o
100
80
60
40
20
-12 -8 -4
20 24 28
-7.2
"20 S H E A R STRAIN, %
120r
c 100 •
80 ■
cs
CL.
CO 60
CO
LL1
CE ' = 30.5 (<£' = 36*)
a. 40
<
m
x
CO
20
-20 Forced
reversal
EFFECTIVE CONFINING STRESS.kPa
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
407
field (140).
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
408
in the first place to the fact that after the collapse the
ing the state path will move towards the right probably
tunately, the S and F lines for Ottawa 20-30 sand are not
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
409
cussed next.
after reconsolidation.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
410
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
411
Ottawa 2 0 -3 0 sand
e - 0.605 a-z «o"r«ioo.1 kPa
Dr - 52.2 % First loading in Fig. 5.37
After reconsolidation
Z -4
<
c
Hc
-
CO
oe -8 •
<
LU
X
CO
-1 2 •
-1 6 -
TIME, sec.
-20
Confining pressure
100
Initial liquefaction
80
CB
a
til
•3 60
CO
CO
UJ
cc
a.
LU 40
a:
o
a.
20
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
412
20
STRESS, kPa
-18
SHEAR
-4
-8
-1 2
-16
S H E A R STRAIN, %
-20
30-
20 ■
STRESS, kPa
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SHEAR
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
413
cantly higher than the pore pressure and shear strain that
less brittle.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
414
increases again and the stress path moves towards the ori
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
415
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
416
o Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
e - 0^622 Dr - 45.2 % ° " z - o " r - 100.4 kPa
z
<
DC -2
H
CO
DC
<
Ui -4
z
CO
-6
-8
TIME, sec.
Confining pressure —^
100
Collapse on
c reversal Liquefaction
80 ■
a
a.
UJ
tr
=> 60
CO Collapse on
CO
UJ loading —
a.
a.
Ui 40
cc
o
CL
20
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
417
20
STRESS, kPa
-9 -8 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
SHEAR
-4
-8
-12
-16
SHEAR STRAIN, %
-20
40 r
30 ■
20 ■
STRESS, kPa
10 •
20 30 40 50 60 90 100
SHEAR
Forced
-20 reversal 11th cycle
-30
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
418
c 8
6
e - 0.604
Dr - 52.7 %
o~z - 0 " r - 100.2 kPa
First loading in Fig. 5.41
4
After reconsolidation
2
* 0
60 120 80 240 300 360 420 480
-2
<
GC
h -4
CO
GC
< -6
U]
X -8
CO
-10
-1 2
-1 4
-1 6 TIME, sec.
-1 8
Confining pressure
100
Liquefaction
80 •
UJ
GC
X 60
CO
CO
UJ
GC
CL
UJ
ac 40
o
CL
20
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
419
20
After reconsolidation
STRESS, kPa
—4
SHEAR
-8
-12
-16
SHEAR STRAIN, %
-20
40
30
20
STRESS, kPa
SHEAR
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-1 0
-30
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
420
5 .42.
r
During reconsolidation the relative density of the
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
421
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
422
10 r
Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
e - 0.62 Dr - 45.9 %
o - z - c r r - 100.2 kPa
SHEAR STRAIN,
-2
-4
-6
-8 TIME, sec.
-10
Confining pressure
100
First Second
80 ■ liquefaction iquefaction
PORE PRESSURE, kPa
60
Collapse on
40
loading
20
TIME, sec.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
423
/ 20
—4
-8
-1 2
SHEAR STRAIN, %
-20
40
c 30
20 •
as
Q.
■X
CO
CO
Ui
IT 40 100
I- 50 60 70 80 90
co 0
cc
<
UJ
^ -10
Forced
-20 reversal
-30
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
4 24
u Ottawa 2 0 - 3 0 sand
e - 0.598 <r-z - c r ’r = io 0.2 kPa
Dr - 55.2 % First loading in Fig. 5.43
After reconsolidation
5 2
<
cc ■i
6 0‘ .60 120 240 300 420 480
cc
ui -2 •
x
CO
-4 •
-6
-8 •
TIME. sec.
-10
Confining pressure
100
c to
80 •
Liquefaction
a£.
J
UJ
CC
3 60 •
CO
CO
UJ
cc
a.
UJ
cc 40 •
o
a.
20 •
F ig u r e 5 .4 4 C y c lic T o r s io n a l S h e a r T e s ts on R e c o n s o li
d a t e d S p e c im e n w i t h R e s i d u a l S h ear S tr a in
(+0.5%).
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
425
O 20
-4
-8
-12
-16
SHEAR STRAIN, %
-20
40
c
30 •
20 ■
co
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1D0
til
-1 0
co
-30
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
426
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
427
G cycle the opposite was the case. Hence, the prior strain
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
428
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
especially of the last loading stage, as compared to the
counter-clockwise direction.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
430
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
431
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
that the highly anisotropic stress-strain characteristics
undrained loading.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
433
ing conclusions:
tion of loading.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
434
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
435
3Z may be suf
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction n
v,...
q
Failure line
Line of p h a s e
transformation q
Range of Large
preshearing
436
Strength (After. Ref. 24).
437
CHAPTER 6
reduction in strength.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
438
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
439
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
State b o u n d a r y surface
P h a s e transformation line ( C S R line)
Failure line
Liquefaction Collapse
X
prohibited without perm ission.
440
441
by geometry.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
442
o
As described In Chapter 4, a new apparatus was
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
443
each cycle.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
444
follows:
modulus
As the shear strain increases,
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
445
(59,60)
G = 1 + Y/Y (6.1)
max r
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
446
—2 "
10 %. However, all the curves at different a approach a
m
limiting value at large strains. The increase in damping
elsewhere (59,60).
m o d u l u s.
^ *
6. As the stress ratio during consolidation, <r2 /°r >
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
447
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
7. At the same a , isotropic prestressing with an
m
OCR of 2.0 had a negligible effect on the shear modulus-
8.
Cyclic prestraining at low shear strain amplitude
_o
(1.3 x 10 %) in the resonant column mode (several hundred
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
449
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
4 50
increases, and
stress repetitions.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
451
tionable.
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452
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
453
normal stress axis since the mean confining stress and the
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
454
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
455
monotonic strength.
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
456
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
457
"steady-state" condition,
stresses.
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458
ing.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
459
elsewhere (77).
6.4 Commentary
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
460
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
461
loadings.
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462
o
CHAPTER 7
stress path.
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463
time and the rate of straining, which for each test was
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464
ity.
B-parameters.
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465
is about 2 x 10
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466
summarized as follows:
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467
deformation (63,150).
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468
recommended.
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469
like.
( to:
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470
(
v
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c BIBLIOGRAPHY
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471
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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472
(
\
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473
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474
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475
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476
c 51.
639-659.
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477
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478
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479
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480
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481
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482
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483
120. Miura, S., Toki, S., and Tanizawa, F., "Cone Penetra
tion Characteristics and its Correlation to Static
and Cyclic Deformation-Strength Behavior of Anisotro
pic Sand," Soils and Foundations, JSSMFE, Vol. 24,
No. 2 June, 1984, pp. 58-74.
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484
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485
r
V
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147. Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M . , and Arango, I., "Evalua
tion of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Perfor
mance Data," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
ASCE, Vol. 109, No. 3, March 1983, pp. 458-482.
with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
487
c 161.
No. GT10, October 1975,pp. 1061-1083.
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488
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489
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490
r\
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491
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c APPENDICES
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492
Appendix A
some model for the soil material, so that the response may
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493
cussed herein.
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X ■H AXH
e>T
T+ --- AX
) £>x
AX
c a)
Twisted zone
T acting for At
Wave front
ax = Vs At
b)
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495
2
-T + (T +-|^Ax) = pi Ax — | (A.la)
3t2
or
_
ai =
T a2e
pi —
,. .
(A.lb)
C T = GI | | (A.2)
gives
32 6 G a2 6
(A.3a)
at2 p ax2
or
a2 e 2 a2 e . .
5- = V 5- (A.3b)
atz s 3x
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496
A.lb) This torque will twist a small zone of the rod, and
A 6 - (T/GI) V At (A.4a)
s
c
or
TV
A6 ’s TT /,
it * — * VP ( A -41>>
V g At gives
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497
o or
P
(A.6a)
vs = \|g77 (A.6b)
tion.
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A 98
(Schem atic).
Vi
System
Column
c
Resonant
A .2
Figure
Cl -3 O □ CO
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499
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500
tionary parts.
ing becomes
•N 2Q
J. (L,t) + K. S(L,t) + T(L,t) = T sin(wt) (A.9)
C 31
2
JA^ - | (L ,t) + K A 0( L ,t) + GI-|| (L ,t ) = TQ sin(wt) (A.10)
31
where G and I are the snear modulus of the soil and the
tively .
f
K
V
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501
2
2— j (L ,t) = -BjW2 sin ^ [AjSin(wt) + A 2 cos(wt)] (A.11)
dt S
30 w tjT,
Y ? (L,t) = Bj — cos — [AjSinCwt) + A2 cos(wt)] (A.13)
s s
c
[JA w 2 - _
Ka ] sin —wL = GI— w cos —WL
r T . . _ - r /■ 14)
A 1 / \
(A.
s s s
2 2
By replacing KA by wA JA , G by Vg p, and I by J/pL, Eq.
A . 14 becomes
J y
A ,, , A N 2, wL . wL . /»ic\
J— [ 1 - (— ) ] Y ~ tan “ = (A.15)
s s
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502
o and
( A . 16)
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503
per second.
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o amplifier becomes proportional to acceleration.
2
Displacement = Acceleration/(2vf) (A.20)
by
r 4015-81.
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505
put (Volts ).
r rms
is given by
Y(r) = j- r (A.24)
expressed as
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506
O „
av “
JA T(r)da
JdA
2 6 , ro ~ rl .
3 1 ^2 _ 1 (A.2a)
o ~ i
r 3 - r3
rav - I i 4 7 4 l <A '2 6 >
o i
c
^avJ I I l°?Y ~ IP2 ] CA *27)
OD - OD
sion for the average shear strain at the top of the speci-
ui 0 XX y
respectively.
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507
nances are damped out. The tendency for the higher reso
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508
/ .
\J SCREEN
Elliptical
V ERTIC AL INPUT
PATTERN
H O R I Z O N T A L INPUT
a) T h e tw o signals h a v e th e s a m e fr e q u e n c y
SCREEN-
c VERTIC AL INPUT
Butterfly
PATTERN
H O R IZO N TA L INPUT 12
b) T h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e v e r t i c a l i n p u t is
t w ic e th a t o f th e h o riz o n ta l input
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509
the two signals should be of the same amp li tud e. When the
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510
top rigid mass (Fig. A.2). This rigid mass and the oscil
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511
4e
— ~ ft-w’o n Kxr
~J
K J + Ka
W rod A (A.30)
rod J.
A
2
Replacing by w^ in E q . A.30, the polar mass moment
as
ja 2 V * r (A*31)
tfrod - fI ]
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512
Calibration rod
with Known
P, G, I, Krod
a) Drnevich’s Method
Ka Ka
J2
Calibration rod
with unknown
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513
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514
(176)
J2 - 4 f > 2 J 1
J. - s ------ (A.32)
12
(T1 )2 - 1
2
c Once w^ and
ten systems
are known for each one of the top pla
kA = (2irfa )2 JA (A.33)
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515
sional coils.
6 = ---- 9 (A.34)
i - (-^r
n
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516
* (R C F ) (R T O ) -
* (RCF)(RTO)_
C2 STT <A ‘3 7 >
within 10%.
be expressed as
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517
rms
Table A.I.
T - (TCF)(CR) (A.39)
ADC.
A
D (A.40)
A 2(K a /Ja >
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
Accelerometer
Lever Arm m 0.0349 0.0349 0.0349
peak amplitude for the first cycle after power is cut off,
and Afl+j is the peak to peak amplitude for the n+1 cycle
ADC a = 2 fA JA SA (A.42)
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520
system.
vibration (39).
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521
T (A.43)
respectively.
r (A.44)
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2
where p is the shear coefficient of viscosity (N - s/s ).
Hence,
2
x(r,x,t) = Gr-|| + pr -^"at (A.46)
Thus,
c T( x ,t ) = /A rxdA = GI i | + Pi-glgl
ure A.2,
D = I (l ^ ) (A.49)
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523
K . 6( L ,t ) + T(L,t) = T sin(wt)
A O
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5 24
(A.52)
Gl||(L,t) + pi
A
f
R (A.53)
•f 0
s
given by
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525
o
ka = o
o 0.20 V a iu e of
co
**— 0.40
CD 0.01
O
c 0.02
2 0.04
o
(0
ffi
cc
0.02
2 3 4
1T 0jL
V a i u e of F * = ----------—
2 Vs
a) Theoretical R e s p o n s e
100
Theoretical response for « 0.025 - 2D
29.13 psi
7.40 psi > Experimental response, (pressure)
c o
CO
«*-*
<r
10
J * / J = 0 .3 2 2
o ka =0
c
cc
c
o
CO
CD
CC
0.1
0.01
1 2 3 4 5
, IT C liL
V a lu e of F = — ------
2 Vs
b) M e a s u r e d R e s p o n s e of a S p e c i m e n
of D r y O t t a w a 2 0 - 3 0 s a n d
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526
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
527
c units in
sionless
the program are SI.
F= (wL/V ),
s
and the
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528
of the system.
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529
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530
0.5
F
0.2
0.1
D < 0.1
0.05 ADC - 0
0.03
10 . 20. 50. 100 . 20 0 . 500. 1000.
Tt
c a)
3.
2.
1.
0.5 ADC » 0
0.3
0.1 0.2 0.5 1. 2. 5. 10 .
b)
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531
lows
plified expression,
equation (3,40)
twice Tx .
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
2000.
1000.
500. ADC
200.
a d 100.
50.
G 20.
10.
5.
2.
1 .
0.1 0.2 0.5 1. 2. 5. 10. 20. 50. 100.200.500.1000.
Ty
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533
fixed (40).
(A.60)
from (40),
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534
and damping. Also for large damping, there are only two
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Appendix B
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536
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537
T ze
f
z
Oz
Tzi
Tez
O 'r
a) A pplied B o u n d a r y b) S t r e s s e s on an
S tresses E le m e n t in th e Wall
c
CE- a n g le b e tw e e n
CT\ d ire c tio n
T Pole
an d z a x is
ze
OS
9Z
c) M o h r 's C ircle D ia g ra m
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538
°e - ° r = r -sir (B-2)
Since inthe new resonant column/torsional shear apparatus
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539
dr
c
Note: a ® is in de p e n d en t of ■&
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540
o /
°z + °e .
° i ------- 2 .
—
°z " °e>2 . _2
+ \ (-=“ 2--- > + T20 ( B .2a)
°z - °0 °2 " ° 6,2 . _2
a
\ ( 2--- > + T0z (B ,2b)
„
3 2
2 To
tan 2a = --- =-2- (B.3)
°z " 0
sional shear test. That is, the radial, axial and tor
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541
2T>fl 4T, fl
( i tan ( 2 0 -------------------------------------------(b .5)
V / . , Z, 2
O + 4 0 - ( o r— )
r z ' r 2 '
<°1 - °3> J °z * V , 2 . 2
2 \ ^ 2---- > + z9 <B -6 >
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
54 2
o a = angle b e t w e e n
a -.j direction a n d
z axis
zB
tan 2 a = 2 T ZS
-°e
2a
c a) Torsional loading
Isotropic consolidation
b) Torsional loading
Anisotropic consolidation
zB zB
c) C o n s t a n t a d) C o n s t a n t
deviator stress,
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
543
bilities .
(9)
b (B .7 )
between the two tests. From Eqs. B.2a and B.2b and
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544
expression
(B.8)
M < °Z 2 °r > 2 + Tz 9
a - a
z r
cos 2ct = — ■■ (B.9)
c
b - 1 - £?■?— 2-° (B .10)
2
Since cos 2a = 1 - sin a, the parameter b can be obtained
as
b = sin2 a (B.ll)
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545
are the same. When this is not the case, the parameter b
the two tests have the same a (and hence the same b).
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546
Strain Components
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547
o
1.
:jjj_
ir
a) Distorsion of a s p e c i m e n d u e to torsion
li
c
A = dime n s i o n
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
548
3u
(B.12)
O 3r
and
_u
■0 r
the cylinder.
c
ez + e 0 1 (B .14a)
2 \ < £z - V 2 + Yz0
(B.14b)
ez + £0 1
2 \
(e - ea) + r2z 0 (B .14c)
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
54 9
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550
such a case, the axial stress and not the cell pressure
fore
earea ' 0
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551
Stress/Strain Distributions
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
552
^ATzfl(r)dA 2 6 r ro “ ri ,
Tz0 JTdA 3 L 2 2 (B.18)
av ■'A r - r.
o i
3 - r3
rav = J 1 r2 _ r 2 5 (B . 19)
o ~ i
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
553
c ^
hence the average shear strain occurs at a radius equal to
(2/3)r
o
. In terms of the outer and inner diameters, OD
Tz 6 (r) = G | r ( B. 22 )
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554
x rn ro 1
(^} T - Jt° Tz6(r) [2irr]r dr » 2ir Jr° T20 (r)[rz ]dr (B.23)
follows that
T - G ^ I (B.24)
li
4 4
where I * “ r^)/2 is the area polar moment of inertia
x2 0 (r) = I r (B .25)
c
“ T rav <B '2 6 >
av
r3 - r3
Tz0 = Ifi? 7"2 2W 4 47 T (B .27)
av (ro - ri )(ro - r± )
becomes
32 [OD3 - ID3 ]
z6 3 ir
(B.28 )
av [OD2 - ID2 ][OD4 - ID4 ]
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555
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
556
hollow cylinders.
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction O
557
558
torque (65,66).
= 4 (! - - ° 0 (B .3la)
(Tz 0Jav 3 1 - n4”
and
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559
O (B.31b)
as failure is approached.
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
1.4-
(linear)
1.2
Uniform
1. 0 -
T max
ez 0.8
n'0z)av
0.6 Linear Uniform
I.
prohibited without perm ission.
0.4
w
io o
CM CM
0.2 — (r z0) min
(linear) o o
o -
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
n = ri/ro
5 60
Specimens.
561
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
562
C Tez
O ’r
c
o ’z d u e to M
<,
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563
r + r. 3t
A oe - ( ° 2 A ) (B.32)
force F per unit length at both of its ends (see Fig. 3.6)
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564
by end restraint
Poisson's ratio,
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565
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
566
(AIM05), which plugs into the MACSYM 200 I/O back plane
r
V
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
567
STANDARD ERROR OF ESTIMATE 0000104678
PTCF = 17736.2 kPa/Volt
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
a , can be obtained as
r*
ar = (PTCF)(PTO) (B.34)
u = o (B .35)
c
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570
Load Cell
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571
B.3b and B.3c. The difference between the load cell cali
C 4C . ( L C C F ) d C O )
z A
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572
/ v
c
43.3666
53.1736 .000501275 .00050088 3.95055E-7 .0365982
62.9904 .000559688 .000558661 1.02737E-6 .0951758
72.B072 .000616312 .000616441 -1.29279E—7 .0119765
82.624 .000673532 .000674222 -6.89994E-7 .0639214
92.440B .1000731349 .000732003 -6.53672E—7 .0605566
102.258 .000790954 .000789786 1.16829E-6 .108231
112.074 .000847578 .000847562 1.63564E-8 .00151526
121.891 .000905395 .000905344 5.1513BE-8 .00477227
131.71B .000962615 .000963184 -5.69213E-7 .0527322
141.554 .00102103 .00102108 -4.78467E-8 .00443255
151.4 .00107944 .00107903 4.09549E-7 .0379409
141.554 .00102162 .00102108 5.42146E-7 .0502248
131.71B .000963807 .000963184 6.22764E-7 .0576932
121.891 .000905395 .000905344 5.1513BE-8 .00477227
112.074 .000846982 .000847562 -5.79632E—7 .0536975
102.258 .000788569 .000789786 — 1.216715E—6 .112717
92.4408 .000731349 .000732003 -6.53672E-7 .0605566
82. 624 .000673532 .000674222 -6.89994E—7 .0639214
72.8072 .000616312 .000616441 — 1.29279E-7 .0119765
62.9904 .000559092 .000558661 4.31319E-7 .0399576
53. 1736 .000501275 .00050088 3.95055E-7 .0365982
43.3666 .000443459 .000443157 3.020IE—7 .0279784
33.5596 .000385642 .000385434 2. 08005E-7 .0192697
23.7526 .000327229 .000327711 -4.81989E—7 .0446517
13.9456 .000270605 .000269988 6.17001E-7 .0571594
4.13855 .000211596 .000212265 -6.68733E-7 .0619519
0 .000186563 .000187906 -1.342647E-6 .124384
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
573
O
Table B.3, continued.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
574
o
Table B.3, continued,
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
575
a * o + Ac (B.37)
z r z
c
Torque Transducer
the chamber with the sensing head within the chamber and
ing head is not in contact with the base plate and hence,
r
v
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
576
T = (TTCF)(TTO)/1000 (B.38)
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
577
c
Table B.4 Results of Torque Transducer Calibration.
BI-POLARITY DATA
PQS. & NE6. BRANCHES INDEPENDENT.
LEAST SQUARES FIT
r
v
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
578
a)
c 47.0396
42.0328
37. 0259
32. 024
27.0271
.0162989
.0145829
.0128454
.0110348
.00934124
.0162496
.01452
.0127904
.0110625
.00933636
.0000493247
.0000628987
.000055003
.0000322843
4.87547E—6
.302626
.385908
.337464
.198077
.0299129
22.0402 .00760078 .00761367 -.00001288718 .0790678
17. 0532 .00586271 .00589094 -. 0008282251 .173172
12. 0663 .0041008 .00416824 -.000067438 .413758
7.08434 .00236034 .00244725 -.0000B69068 .533207
2.10239 .000614524 .000726253 -.0001117352 .685538
0 -.000131726 0 -.000131726 .80819
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
579
BI-POLARITY DATA
LEAST SQUARES FIT
c
-37.0259 —•01308262 -.01301949 -.0000631306
-32.024. -.0113538 -.01127654 -.0000772616 .472698
-27.0271 -.00961006 -.00953533 -.0000747265 .457188
-22.0402 -.00789881 -.00779761 -.0001011998 .619156
-17.0532 -.00617385 -.00605985 -.0001139957 .697443
-12. 0663 -.00442446 -.00432213 -.0001023277 .626056
-7.08434 -.00269353 -.00258613 -.000107398 .657078
-2.10239 -.000956059 -.000850135 -.0001059243 .648061
0 -.000191927 -.0001175415 -. 0000743855 •455102
0 -.000151992 -.0001175415 -.0000344505 .210773
2.10239 .000568032 .800615052 -.0000470197 .287674
7.08434 .00231326 .00235105 -.0000377889 .231198
12.0663 .00406325 .80408705 -.0000237995 .145609
17.0532 .00580609 .00582477 -.0000186814 .114296
22.0402 .00755191 .00756253 -.00001061801 .0549626
27.0271 .00929773 .00930025 -2.51923E—6‘ .015413
32. 024 .0110507 .0110415 9. 2443IE—6 .0565581
37. 0259 .0127912 .0127844 6.794E-6 .0415667
42. 0328 .0145441 .0145291 .0000150036 .0917944
47.0396 .0162989 .0162738 .0000251476 .153857
42.0328 .0145829 .0145291 .000053B044 .329183
37.0259 .0128454 .0127844 .0000609942 .373172
32. 024 .0110948 .0110415 .0000533443 .326369
27.0271 .00934124 .00930025 .0000409903 .250785
22. 0402 .00760078 .00756253 .0000382522 .234033
17. 0532 .00586271 .00582477 .0000379388 .232116
12.0663 .0041008 .00408705 .0000137505 .0841277
7. 08434 .00236034 .00235105 9.29111E-6 .0568444
2. 10239 .000614524 .000615052 -5.2771IE—7 .00322861
0 -.000131726 -.0001175415 -.00001418449 .0867829
c TTCF = 2 6 6 9 .8 N -m /V o lt
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
580
/ 32 [0D3 - I D 3 ] (TTCF)(TTO)
( T
1000 (B.39)
3u
av [OD2 - D02 ][0D4 - ID4 ]
dix A.
Axial Strains
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction
Nonlinearity^ ^ ± 0.04 cw
(% of rated output) ± 0.03 ± 0.02 ccw
(2 )
Hysteresis ± 0.09 cw
(% of rated output) ± 0.03 ± 0.00 ccw
prohibited without perm ission.
4 = (LVDTCF)(LVDTO) (B.40)
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
583
( forthwards displacement
b a c k w a r d s displacement
120 --
E
E
i-
z
o 110 --
Q.
LLI
O
Z"
UJ
cc
UJ
LL
UJ
DC
2
O 90
DC
U_
UJ
O
z 80
<
I—
co
Q
70 — Linear range —
V O L T A G E O U T P U T (Volts)
m 1 = _ = 8 4 . 6 1 5 mm/volt
0.205Volt
m 2 =
8mm = 106. 6 6 7 mm/volt
0.075 volt
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
obtained as
e » i x 100 (B.41)
z L
Shear Strains
the top platen and hence measure the distance between the
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
585
and a metal plate held by "C" clamps, was used to read the
placing four brass tubes over the chamber rods. The upper
ton from falling into the chamber but the lower damp part
was loose and thus could allow rotation. The top platen
RTO
6 = RTCF (B.42)
c
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
586
2.876
RTO - RTO + 0.01637 (RTO) (B .44)
a
r
v
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
587
The
G = f*? I (B.45)
max min
r
V
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
588
t max
Xmin
Ymax
W/2
AW
AW
min
Figure B .8 D e f i n i t i o n of E q u i v a l e n t H y s t e r e t i c S h e ar
M o d u l u s and D amp ing Ratio.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
589
Hence,
w = G (y * + Y* >/2 (B.47)
mi n max
c
—!
_
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
o
VITA
c
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
590
VITA
railroad.
R eproduced w ith perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.
591
and Materials.
fv
R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. F urther reproduction prohibited w itho ut perm ission.