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Chapter 15
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D
D
Chapter 15
Kd Kp
Gd , Gp (15-22)
τd s 1 τ ps 1
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Gd
Example 15.3 Gf (15-21)
Gt GvG p
Now consider
Kd K p e θs
Gd , Gp (15-24)
τd s 1 τ ps 1
Chapter 15
From (15-21),
Kd τ p s 1 θs
Gf e (15-25)
KK K
t v p τd s 1
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Example 15.4
Finally, if
Kd Kp
Gd , Gp (15-26)
d s 1 p1 s 1 p 2 s 1
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Ratio Control
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Typical applications of ratio control include:
1. Setting the relative amounts of components in blending
operations
2. Maintaining a stoichiometric ratio of reactants to a reactor
3. Keeping a specified reflux ratio for a distillation column
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• The main advantage of Method I is that the actual ratio R is
calculated.
• A key disadvantage is that a divider element must be included
in the loop, and this element makes the process gain vary in a
nonlinear fashion. From Eq. 15-1, the process gain
Chapter 15
R 1
Kp (15-2)
u d d
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Chapter 15
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Example 15.1
A ratio control scheme is to be used to maintain a stoichoimetric
ratio of H2 and N2 as the feed to an ammonia synthesis reactor.
Individual flow controllers will be used for both the H2 and N2
streams. Using the information given below, do the following:
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1 30 L / min 2
K R
3 15 L / min 3
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Enhanced Single-Loop Control Strategies
1. Cascade control
2. Inferential control
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Example: Cascade Control
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Cascade Control
• Distinguishing features:
1. Two FB controllers but only a single control
valve (or other final control element).
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Y1 G P1Gd 2
(16 5)
D2 1 G c 2 G v G p 2Gm 2 G c1 G c 2 G v G p 2G p1 Gm1
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Inferential Control
• Possible solutions:
1. Control a related variable (e.g., temperature instead
Chapter
of composition).
2. Inferential control: Control is based on an estimate
of the controlled variable.
• The estimate is based on available
measurements.
– Examples: empirical relation, Kalman filter
• Modern term: soft sensor
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Inferential Control
• Uses easily measure process variables (T, P,
F) to infer more difficult to measure quantities
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Selective Control Systems & Overrides
where:
NC = number of controlled variables
NM = number of manipulated variables
For such cases, it is not possible to eliminate effect
of every disturbance from every controlled
variable.
• Solution: Use a selective control system or an override.
Selective control is also referred as “Auctioneering”. 35
• Low selector:
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• High selector:
• Median selector:
• The output, Z, is the median of an odd number of inputs
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Example: High Selector Control System
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• multiple measurements
• one controller
• one final control element
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