Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
BREACH OF OBLIGATIONS
1. Voluntary – debtor, in the performance of
the obligation, is guilty of:
a. default (mora)
b. fraud (dolo)
1
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
2
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
3) Accion pauliana - impugn all the acts w/c the b. if the fulfillment depends exclusively
debtor may have done to defraud them. upon the will of the creditor, both the
2nd & 3rd remedies are subsidiary to the first condition and obligation is valid.
3
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
a. by the thing’s nature or by time – established for the benefit of both creditor and
improvement shall inure to the benefit of debtor
the creditor EXCEPTION: When it appears from the tenor
b. at the debtor’s expense – debtor shall of the period or other circumstances that it is
have no other right than that granted to established in favor of one or the other
a usufructuary
When court may fix period:
RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS 1. if the obligation does not fix a period, but
Those which are created or established at the from its nature and circumstances it can be
same time, out of the same cause, and inferred that a period was intended by the
which result in mutual relationships of parties;
creditor & debtor between the parties 2. if the duration of the period depends upon
the will of the debtor; and
TACIT RESOLUTORY CONDITION 3. if the debtor binds himself when his means
If one of the parties fails to comply with what is permit him to do so.
incumbent upon him, there is a right on the part
of the other to rescind the obligation. When debtor loses right to make use of
period: (IFOVA)
RIGHT TO RESCIND 1. when after the obligation has been
GENERAL RULE: The right to rescind needs contracted, he becomes insolvent, unless he
judicial approval. gives guaranties or securities for the debt
EXCEPTIONS: (the insolvency need not be judicially
1. If there is an express stipulation of declared);
automatic rescission 2. when he does not furnish to the creditor the
2. When the debtor voluntarily returned the guaranties or securities he promised;
thing 3. when by his own act he has impaired said
Rescission will be ordered only where the guaranties or securities after their
breach is substantial as to defeat the object of establishment, and when through fortuitous
the parties in entering into the agreement event they disappear, unless he gives new
The remedy of rescission and fulfillment are ones equally satisfactory;
alternative, not cumulative 4. when debtor violates any undertaking, in
consideration of which the creditor agreed to
OBLIGATION WITH A PERIOD the period; or
those whose demandability or extinguishment 5. when debtor attempts to abscond.
is subject to the expiration of a term or period
FACULTATIVE ALTERNATIVE
TERM CONDITION Obligations Obligations
1. interval of time w/c 1. fact or event w/c is 1. comprehends se- 1. comprehends only
is future & certain future and uncertain veral objects or one object or
2.interval of time w/c 2.future and uncertain prestations which are prestation which is
must necessarily fact or event w/c may due but may be due, but it may be
come, although it may or may not happen complied with by the complied with by the
not be known when delivery or delivery of another
3.exerts an influence 3.exerts an influence performance of only object or performance
upon the time of upon the very one of them of another prestation in
demandability or existence of the substitution
extinguishment of an obligation itself 2. fortuitous loss 2. fortuitous loss of all
obligation extinguishes the obli- prestations will extin-
4. does not have any 4.has retroactive effect gation guish the obligation
retroactive effect 3. culpable loss 3. culpable loss of any
unless there is an obliges the debtor to object due will give rise
agreement to the deliver substitute pres- to liability to debtor
contrary tation without liability
5. when it is left 5.when it is left to debtor
exclusively to the will exclusively to the will 4. choice pertains only 4. choice may pertain
of the debtor, the of the debtor, the very to debtor to creditor or even
existence of the existence of the third person
obligation is not obligation is affected
affected In alternative obligations, choice takes effect
only upon communication of the choice to the
other party and from such time the obligation
GENERAL RULE: When a period is
ceases to be alternative.
designated for the performance or fulfillment of
an obligation, it is presumed to have been
4
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
The debtor cannot choose those prestations although each for his own share, is also
or undertakings which are impossible, unlawful necessary for the enforcement of the obligation
or w/c could not have been the object of the
obligation INDIVISIBILITY SOLIDARITY
1. refers to the 1. refers to the legal tie
EFFECT OF LOSS OF OBJECT OF prestation which or vinculum juris &
OBLIGATION: constitutes the object consequently to the
A. If right of choice belongs to debtor: of the obligation subjects or parties of
1) If through a fortuitous event – debtor the obligation
cannot be held liable for damages 2. plurality of subjects 2. plurality of subjects
2) If 1 or more but not all of the things are is not required is indispensable
lost or one or some but not all of the 3. in case of breach, 3. when there is liability
prestations cannot be performed due to obligation is converted on the part of the
the fault of the debtor, creditor cannot into 1 of indemnity for debtors because of the
hold the debtor liable for damages damages because of breach, the solidarity
because the debtor can still comply with breach, indivisibility of among the debtors
his obligation the obligation is remains
B. If right of choice belongs to the creditor: terminated
1) If 1 of the things is lost through a
fortuitous event, the debtor shall perform KINDS OF SOLIDARITY
the obligation by delivering that which 1. Active solidarity
the creditor should choose from among solidarity of creditors
the remainder, or that which remains if each creditor is empowered to exercise against
only 1 subsists the debtor not only the rights which correspond
2) If the loss of 1 of the things occurs to him, but also all the rights which correspond
through the fault of the debtor, the to the other creditors, with the consequent
creditor may claim any of those obligation to render an accounting of his acts to
subsisting, or the price of that which, such creditors
through the fault of the former, has 2. Passive solidarity
disappeared with a right to damages solidarity of debtors
3) If all the things are lost through the fault
liability of each debtor for the payment of the
of the debtor, the choice by the creditor
shall fall upon the price of any 1 of them, entire obligation, with the consequent right to
also with indemnity for damages demand reimbursement from the others for their
corresponding shares once payment has been
Note: These rules shall be applied to obligations made.
to do or not to do.
Effect of Novation upon Solidary Obligation
JOINT AND SOLIDARY OBLIGATIONS 1. If the novation is prejudicial, the solidary
GENERAL RULE: Obligation is presumed joint creditor who effected the novation shall
reimburse the others for damages incurred by
if there is concurrence of two or more debtors
them
and/or creditors.
2. If it is beneficial and the creditor who
EXCEPTIONS:
effected the novation is able to secure
1. when expressly stated to be solidary performance of the obligation, such creditor shall
2. when the law requires solidarity be liable to the others for the share which
3. when the nature of the obligation requires corresponds to them, not only in the obligation,
solidarity but also in the benefits
3. If the novation is effected by substituting
JOINT DIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS another person in place of the debtor, the
each creditor can demand for the payment of solidary creditor who effected the novation is
his proportionate share of the credit, liable for the acts of the new debtor in case the
while each debtor can be held liable is deficiency in performance or in case damages
only for the payment of his are incurred by the other solidary creditors as a
proportionate share of the debt result of the substitution.
4. If the novation is effected by subrogating a
JOINT INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS third person in the rights of the solidary creditor
1) If there are 2 or more debtors, the fulfillment responsible for the novation, the relation
of or compliance with the obligation requires the between the other creditors not substituted and
concurrence of all the debtors, although each for the debtor or debtors is maintained.
his own share. Consequently, the obligation can
be enforced only by proceeding against all of the Effect of Compensation and Confusion upon
debtors Solidary Obligation
2) If there are 2 or more creditors, the
concurrence or collective act of all the creditors,
5
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
6
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
7
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
3. thing delivered is 3. universality of pro- a. when by law, obligor is liable even for
considered as equi- perty of debtor is what fortuitous event;
valent of performance is ceded b. when by stipulation, obligor is liable
4. payment extin- 4. merely releases even for fortuitous event;
guishes obligation to debtor for net proceeds c. when the nature of the obligation
the extent of the value of things ceded or requires the assumption of risk;
of the thing delivered assigned, unless there d. when the loss of the thing is due partly
as agreed upon, is contrary intention to the fault of the debtor;
proved or implied from e. when the loss of the thing occurs after
the conduct of the the debtor incurred in delay;
creditor f. when the debtor promised to deliver the
same thing to two or more persons who
d) Tender of Payment and Consignation do not have the same interest; and
g. when the debt of a certain and
Tender of Payment determinate thing proceeds from a
manifestation of he debtor to the creditor of his criminal offense.
decision to comply immediately with his
obligation 2. In Generic Obligations to Give
GENERAL RULE: Obligation is not
Consignation extinguished because the genus of a thing
deposit of the object of the obligation in a cannot perish.
competent court in accordance with the rules EXCEPTION: In case of generic obligations
prescribed by law after refusal or inability of the whose object is a particular class or group with
creditor to accept the tender of payment. specific or determinate qualities (Limited Generic
Special Requisites: Obligations)
1. The debt sought to be paid must be due
2. There must be a valid and unconditional 3. In Obligations to Do
tender of payment or any of the causes GENERAL RULE: Obligation extinguished
stated by law for effective consignation when prestation becomes legally or physically
without previous tender of payment exists impossible.
3. The consignation of the thing due must first
be announced to the persons interested in CONDONATION OR REMISSION OF THE
the fulfillment of the obligation DEBT
4. Consignation shall be made by depositing an act of pure liberality by virtue of which the
the things due at the disposal of judicial obligee, without receiving any price or
authority equivalent, renounces the enforcement of the
5. The consignation having been made, the obligation, as a result of which it is extinguished
interested parties shall also be notified in its entirety or in that part or aspect of the
thereof same to which the remission refers.
Effect: Requisites:
GENERAL RULE: Consignation shall produce 1. It must be gratuitous
effects of payment only if there is a valid tender 2. It must be accepted by the debtor
of payment. 3. The obligation must be demandable
EXCEPTIONS:
1. creditor is absent or unknown, or does not CONFUSION OR MERGER OF RIGHTS
appear at the place of payment merger of the characters of the creditor and the
2. creditor incapacitated to receive payment at debtor in one and the same person by virtue of
the time it is due which the obligation is extinguished.
3. when two or more persons claim the right to Requisites:
collect 1. that the characters of creditor & debtor must
4. when the title of the obligation has been lost be in the same person
5. when without just cause creditor refuses to 2. that it must take place in the person of either
give a receipt the principal creditor or the principal debtor
3. it must be complete & definite
It is the consignation which constitutes a form
of payment and must follow, supplement or COMPENSATION
complete the tender of payment in order to extinguishment in the concurrent amount of the
discharge the obligation obligation of those persons who are reciprocally
debtors and creditors of each other.
LOSS OF THE THING DUE Requisites:
1. In Determinate Obligations to Give 1. there must be 2 parties, who, in their own
GENERAL RULE: Obligation is extinguished. right, are principal creditors & principal
EXCEPTIONS: debtors of each other
8
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
9
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
10
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
4. Undue influence – when a person takes 1. When the law requires that a contract be
improper advantage of his power over the will of in some form in order that it may be
another, depriving the latter of a reasonable valid
freedom of choice 2. When the law requires that a contract
5. Fraud – when, through insidious words or be in some form in order that it may be
machinations of 1 of the contracting parties, the enforceable
other is induced to enter into a contract which, 3. For the convenience of the parties
without them, he would not have agreed to.
Parties may compel each other to comply with
OBJECT the form required once the contract has been
Requisites: perfected. (Art 1357)
1. It must be w/in the commerce of man
2. It must be licit or not contrary law, morals, RA 8792 (E- COMMERCE ACT) provides that
good customs, public order or public policy the formal requirements to make contracts
3. It must be possible effective as against third persons and to
4. It must be determinate as to its kind establish the existence of a contract are deemed
complied with provided that the electronic
CAUSE document is unaltered and can be authenticated
the immediate, direct and most proximate as to be usable for future reference.
reason which explains and justifies the creation
of obligation. REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Requisites Requisites:
1. Cause should be in existence at the time of 1. meeting of the minds to the contract
the celebration of the contract 2. true intention is not expressed in the
2. Cause should be licit or lawful instrument by reason of mistake, accident,
3. Cause should be true relative simulation, fraud, or inequitable conduct
Rules: 3. clear and convincing proof of mistake,
1. In onerous contracts, the cause is accident, relative simulation, fraud, or
understood to be, for each contracting party, inequitable conduct
the prestation of promise of a thing or
service by the other Instances when there can be no reformation:
2. In remuneratory contracts, the service or 1. Simple unconditional donations inter vivos;
benefit w/c is remunerated 2. Wills;
3. In contracts of pure beneficience, the mere 3. When the agreement is void;
liberality of the benefactor 4. When one of the parties has brought an
action to enforce the instrument no
CAUSE EFFECT subsequent reformation can be asked.
1. Absence of the contract confers no
cause right and produces no
legal effect
2. Failure of cause does not render the
contract void
3. Illegality of the contract is null and
cause void
4. Falsity of cause the contract is void,
unless the parties
show that there is
another cause which is
true and lawful
5. Lesion does not invalidate the
contract, unless (1)
there is fraud, mistake
or undue influence; or
(2) when the parties
intended a donation or
some other contract
FORM OF CONTRACTS
GENERAL RULE: Contracts shall be
obligatory, in whatever form they may have been
entered into, provided all the essential requisites
for their validity are present.
EXCEPTIONS:
11
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
12
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
7. failure of the vendee to take exclusive The statute of frauds applies only to
possession of all the property executory contracts, not to those that are
already partially or completely fulfilled.
VOIDABLE CONTRACTS
What contracts are voidable: Ratification of contracts in violation of the
1. those where one of the parties is incapable Statute of Frauds
of giving consent to a contract 1. Failure to object to the presentation of
2. those where the consent is vitiated by oral evidence to prove the same
mistake, violence, intimidation, undue 2. Acceptance of benefits under them
influence or fraud.
VOID CONTRACTS
Causes of extinction of action to annul: What contracts are void:
1. Prescription 1. Those whose cause, object or purpose is
the action must be commenced within 4 contrary to law, morals good customs, public
years from: order or public policy;
a. the time the incapacity ends; 2. Those whose object is outside the
b. the time the violence, intimidation or commerce of men;
undue influence ends; or 3. Those which contemplate an impossible
c. the time the mistake or fraud is service;
discovered. 4. Those where the intention of the parties
2. Ratification relative to the principal object of the contract
Requisites: cannot be ascertained; and
a. there must be knowledge of the 5. Those expressly prohibited or declared void
reason which renders the contract by law.
voidable;
b. such reason must have ceased; and INEXISTENT CONTRACTS
c. the injured party must have executed What contracts are inexistent:
an act which expressly or impliedly 1. Those which are absolutely simulated or
conveys an intention to waive his right. fictitious; and
3. By loss of the thing which is the object of the 2. Those whose cause or object did not exist at
contract through fraud or fault of the person who the time of the transaction.
is entitled to annul the contract.
Principle of Pari Delicto
UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS GENERAL RULE: When the defect of a void
What contracts are unenforceable: contract consists in the illegality of
1. those entered into in the name of another by the cause or object of the contract
one without or acting in excess of authority; and both of the parties are at fault
2. those where both parties are incapable of or in pari delicto, the law refuses
giving consent; and them every remedy and leaves
3. those which do not comply with the Statute them where they are.
of Frauds. EXCEPTIONS:
1. Payment of usurious interest
Agreements within the scope of the Statute 2. Payment of money or delivery of property for
of Frauds (exclusive list): an illegal purpose, where the party who paid
1. Agreements not to be performed within one or delivered repudiates the contract before
year from the making thereof; the purpose has been accomplished, or
2. Special promise to answer for the debt, before any damage has been caused to a 3 rd
default or miscarriage of another; person.
3. Agreement in consideration of marriage 3. Payment or delivery made by an
other than a mutual promise to marry; incapacitated person
4. Agreement for the sale of goods, etc. at a 4. Agreement or contract which is not illegal
price not less than P500.00; per se & the prohibition is designed for the
5. Contracts of lease for a period longer than protection of the plaintiff
one year; 5. Payment of any amount in excess of the
6. Agreements for the sale of real property or maximum price of any article or commodity
interest therein; and fixed by law
7. Representation as to the credit of a third 6. Contract whereby a laborer undertakes to
person. work longer than the maximum # of hours
fixed by law
The contracts/agreements under the Statute 7. Contract whereby a laborer accepts a wage
of Frauds require that the same be evidenced by lower than the minimum wage fixed by law.
some note, memorandum or writing, subscribed
by the party charged or by his agent, otherwise, Rules when only one of the parties is at fault:
the said contracts shall be unenforceable A. Executed Contracts:
13
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor
MEMORY AID IN CIVIL LAW
SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW – 2002 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
Reproduction in any form of this copy is strictly prohibited!!!
NATURAL OBLIGATIONS
They are real obligations to which the law
denies an action, but which the debtor may
perform voluntarily
It is patrimonial, and presupposes a prestation
The binding tie of these obligations is in the
conscience of man, for under the law, they do
not have the necessary efficacy to give rise to an
action
Examples of natural obligations enumerated
under the Civil Code:
1. Performance after the civil obligation has
prescribed;
2. Reimbursement of a third person for a debt
that has prescribed;
3. Restitution by minor after annulment of
contract;
4. Delivery by minor of money or fungible thing
in fulfillment of obligation;
5. Performance after action to enforce civil
obligation has failed;
6. Payment by heir of debt exceeding value of
property inherited; and
7. Payment of legacy after will has been
declared void.
ESTOPPEL
A condition or state by virtue of which an
admission or representation is rendered
conclusive upon the person making it and
cannot be denied or disproved as against the
person relying thereon.
Kinds:
1. Estoppel in Pais (by conduct)
a. Estoppel by silence
b. Estoppel by acceptance of benefits
2. Technical Estoppel
a. Estoppel by deed
b. Estoppel by record
3. Estoppel by judgment
4. Laches
LACHES PRESCRIPTION
1. concerned with 1. concerned with
effect of delay fact of delay
2. question of 2. question or matter of
inequity of permitting time
the claim to be
enforced
3. not statutory 3. statutory
14
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID COMMITTEE: Chairperson: OLIVIA B. CORNEJO; EDP: JUDITH Y. RAMOS
Members: Malou Ababa, Jinky Mangantulao, Ana Liza Pural, Roderick Reyes, Ma. Janice Tejano, Anna Leah Y. Tiongson, Alwin Bryan Villaflor