BRIDGE Book Grade 6th Science+Math

Glossary of command terms used in exams
Command
Do … But do not …
term
Define … give a formal statement of the meaning of … add any explanations
the term
List … give a simple list of points … add comments or write long
sentences
State … give a short, concise answer (which you may … add any explanation unless the
be able to take directly from the question) question says ‘State and explain …’
Explain … give a short, concise answer and include an
explanation based on scientific ideas
Describe … give the main points of a topic, and include a … add any explanation unless the
diagram if this helps question says ‘Describe and explain …’
Outline … give the main points as briefly as you can, … go beyond the essential points
perhaps as a list
Predict … give an answer deduced from information in … think you should already know
the question the answer
Deduce … give an answer deduced from information
in the question, together with a supporting
statement
Suggest … give an answer based on what you have … give all the possible answers, if you
learned (there may be more than one correct can think of more than one
answer) or one you have deduced from
information in the question
Find … calculate, measure or otherwise determine … forget to base your answer on
the answer information in the question
Estimate … give an answer that is a reasonable … expect to carry out a precise
approximation to the correct value, by making calculation because you probably will
sensible approximations not have all the information necessary
Sketch … draw a freehand graph or diagram that shows … omit important features such as
the important features whether the graph has an intercept or
slopes in a particular direction
Grade-VI I.I.T.Foundation, N.T.S.E.& Science Olympiad -Bridge Course
Physics -VI (Page no. 2 to 27)

Chapter Name Topics
1. Motion and Measurement of Distances Transportation and Distances
Measuring Length and its Accuracy
Rest and Motion
2. Light, Shadows and Reflections Types of Media
Shadows and Pin Hole Camera
Mirrors and Reflection
Chemistry- VI (Page no. 28 to 37)
1. Fibre to Fabric Fibres
2. Sorting Materials into groups Properties of Materials
Biology- VI (Page no. 38 to 49)
1. Food: Where does it Come from? Sources of Food
2. Components of Food Test For Starch, Proteins and Fats
Nutrients and Balanced Diet
Deficiency Diseases
Grade-VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Mathematics Olympiad -Bridge Course
Mathematics -VI (Page no. 50 to 68)

Chapter Name Topics
Comparing Numbers
Estimation of the Numbers
1. Knowing Our Numbers
Roman Numerals
Importance of Brackets
Whole Numbers
2. Whole Numbers
Properties of Whole Numbers
Page no 1 of 68
VI I.I.T.Foundation, N.T.S.E.& Science Olympiad Physics Chapter Notes
Physics Chapters as per NCERT Text Book Topics
1. Motion and Measurement of Distances Transportation and Distances
Rest and Motion
2. Light, Shadows and Reflections Types of Media
Page 1
Page no 2 of 68
1. Transportation and Distances
Before the invention of the wheel, the only

means of transportation was walking.
Evolution of Transport
Before the invention of the wheel, the only means of transportation was walking. For
transporting goods, people used animals like donkeys, horses, mules, elephants, oxen, sled
dogs, and even bison. Boats were also used as a means of transportation on water. The earliest
boats were simple logs of wood with a hollow cavity.
The oldest wheel was discovered in Mesopotamia, and is believed to be over 5,500 years old.
Fixed wheels for carts were invented around 3500 BC, according to some historians. After the
invention of the wheel, man started using animals to pull vehicles that moved on wheels, and
thus, bullock carts and chariots came into existence. Till the 19th century, most forms of
transport used only animals
The bicycle was invented in the late 18th century bicycles. The first bicycles did not have brakes,
though. It was up to the rider to the control the speed of the bicycle! Later on, motors were
fitted to bicycles, and thus, mopeds came into existence. Further research and development led
to the invention of the motors car.
The steam engine and the rail road were invented in the 19th century. Apart from these,
motorized boats and ships were used as a means of water transport. Roads, rail road and water
remained the major means of transport for a very long time. The Wright brothers invented the
VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Science Olympiad Physics Chapter Notes Page 2
Page no 3 of 68
airplane and gave the world another means of transport - airways. In his effort to explore his
universe, man even stepped into space and invented the spaceship to travel in space.
There are various means of transport, such as road, rail, water and airways. The mode of
transport can be chosen, usually depending upon the distance to be travelled, but sometimes
also upon how fast you want to get to your destination.
Measuring Length and Distance
Various means of measurement, such as the palms, fingers, arm length and feet, were used to
measure length and distance before standardized systems were introduced. Standards needed
to be set to ensure consistency and to standardize measurements. Several systems were
devised, but almost the entire world now follows the metric system.
The base measurement for the pyramids is the cubit, which was formulated by the Egyptians. A
cubit was measured on the arm, from the point where the elbow bends, to the tip of the middle
finger. One cubit is equal to 18 inches. However, the inch was invented by the Romans.
In order to avoid confusion in measurements, the French created in 1970 the metric system,
which is a standard for measurement. A further development to ensure uniformity
measurement of lengths and distances, and other quantities, was a standard of measurement
called the International System of Units or SI.
The SI unit of length is the metre, and is denoted by the small letter 'm'. This is the basic unit of
length.
1 metre =100 centimetres
1 centimetre=10 millimetres
10 millimetres=1 centimetre
Large distances are measured in kilometres, and 1 km=1000 m.
The length and type of an object determines the kind of measuring tool one can use.
Page no 4 of 68
Transportation and Distances
Walking was the first the means of transportation
Motion and Measurement of Distances
Walking was the first the means of transportation. Boats were used to transport goods on
water. Early boats were simple logs of wood with a hollow cavity. The invention of the wheel
revolutionized transport. Wheel design was improved over thousands of years.
Till the beginning of the 19th century, people depended on animals for transportation of
goods. Animals were used to pull vehicles that moved on wheels. Popular vehicles, like the
bicycle, were invented in the late 18th century. The first bicycles made did not have any brakes.
It was up to the rider to control the speed or stop the bicycle with his feet.
An exciting development was the fitting of motors on to bicycles. The steam engine and the
railroad, too, were invented in the 19th century. The invention of the steam engine introduced
a new source of power for transportation. Rail tracks were made for steam engine-driven
carriages and wagons to transport goods.
The Wright brothers invented the airplane, and that is when the era of flying began. Electric
trains, monorails, supersonic aeroplanes and spacecraft are some of the contributions of the
20th century. One of the most exciting developments in travel is the flying train. It's referred to
as the flying train because it doesn't touch the rails as it moves. Huge magnets keep the train
suspended in air.
Page no 5 of 68
Before the metrics for measurement were developed, people used several different means to
calculate distance and length. For instance, a carpenter would measure the length of wood
using his palms, fingers or arm. Similarly, a cloth merchant would measure the length of cloth
against an outstretched arm. To standardize measurements and ensure consistency, standards
needed to be set.
Foot length or palm length were commonly used as non-standard units of measurement.
Historians say that the Egyptians formulated the cubit. The cubit was the base measurement
for the pyramids. The point from where your elbow bends to the tip of the middle finger of
your outstretched hand is the cubit.
However, scientists all over the world felt the need for uniformity in the standards for the
measurement of lengths and distances. Today, they all use a standard of measurement called
the International System of Units or SI units. The SI unit for length is the metre, and is denoted
by the small letter 'm.' For measuring large distances, as per SI standards, we use the kilometre,
denoted by two small letters 'km.' One kilometre is equal to 1000 metre.
Page no 6 of 68
A ruler is used to measure the length of an object.

It is also used to measure the length of a straight
line.
A ruler is used to measure the length of an object. It is also used to measure the length of a
straight line. A non-stretchable string or thread is used to measure the length of a curved line.
Procedure to Measure the Length of an Object (or) a Straight Line
 First place the ruler along the edge of the object that is to be measured, with the zero
mark of the ruler placed at one end of the object.
 On the ruler, note the reading at the other end of the object.
 This gives the measure of the length of the object.
 The same procedure can be followed to measure the length of a straight line.
Procedure to Measure the Length of a Straight Line Using a Damaged Ruler
 Place the broken or damaged ruler along the edge of the object that has to be
measured in such that any visible mark coincides with one end of the object.
 Now note the reading on the ruler at the other end of the object.
 The difference between the two readings is the length of the object.
Accuracy
Whatever method you use, always look at the ruler with the eyes directly in the line with the
reading and not in an oblique way to obtain the readings accurately.
Page no 7 of 68
Procedure to Measure the Length of a Curved Line
 Take a non-stretchable string or a thread and tie a knot at one of its ends.
 Place the knotted end of the thread at one end of the curved line.
 Holding the thread steadily with your fingers, and stretch it along the curved line until
you reach the other end.
 Now make a mark on the thread where it reaches the other end.
 Finally, place the thread along a metre scale and measure the length between the knot
and the marked point.
 This gives the length of the curved line.
 Length is one of the fundamental quantities. To measure the length of any object, place
a ruler along the edge of that object with the zero mark of the ruler placed at one end of
the object. Then, note the reading on the ruler at the other end of the object. This gives
the measure of the object's length. When noting the reading on a ruler, you should look
at it with the eyes directly above the reading, and not in an oblique way. Otherwise, you
will not be able to note the reading accurately. If the zero mark of the ruler does not
coincide with the first end of the object, then the difference between the readings at
the two ends gives the length of the object.
 The circumference of a cap forms a curved line. To measure the length of a curved line,
tie a knot on one end of a piece of thread. This becomes the starting point for
measurement. Now, place this knotted end at the starting point of the curved line that
Page no 8 of 68
you want to measure. Then stretch the thread along the curved line, keeping it in place
with your fingers and thumb. Keep stretching the thread along the curved line until you
reach the end of the line. Use a pen to make a mark on the thread at the point where it
reaches the other end of the curved line. Now, place this thread along a metre scale and
measure the length between the knot and the marked point. This gives you the length
of the curved line, which is the edge or the circumference of the cap.
Page no 9 of 68
Rest and Motion
When a body remains in one position for a long

time, it is said to be at rest.
Rest
When a body remains in one position for a long time, it is said to be at rest. For example, the
chairs of the dining table are at rest unless and until they are moved, and the flower vase, table,
and the blackboard in the class room are all at the position of rest.
Motion
The act, process or state of the change in place or position of a body with respect to time and
relative to the observer is said to be motion.
For example the blades of a rotating fan, the hands of a working wall clock, a moving car, a
spinning top and satellites are all in motion.
Rest and motion are relative terms
A body seems to be at rest with respect to one object, but may appear to be in motion with
respect to some other object.
For example, a person on a railway platform is at rest with respect to another person on the
same platform, but is in motion with reference to a person looking at him from a train crossing
that platform. Similarly, a passenger sitting in the train will appear at rest to another passenger
on the same train.
Page no 10 of 68
Types of Motion
The various types of motion are
Rectilinear motion
Rectilinear motion is the motion of an object that moves in a straight line.

For example, a train moving on a track, a parade, coins tossed in the air are all in rectilinear
motion.
Circular motion
Circular motion is the motion of an object that moves at a fixed distance from a fixed point.
Here, all objects rotate in circular motion. So, circular motion is motion in which the body
traverses a circular path. The hands of a clock, a merry-go-round, the blades of a fan, the wheel
of a moving vehicle, satellites, a spinning top, are all good examples of circular motion.
Periodic motion
Periodic motion is motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time. Every body executing
circular motion can be said to be executing periodic motion. For example, the pendulum of a
wall clock moves at regular intervals, the bells in a church, a bouncing ball, a vibrating string
and a swinging cradle are all in periodic motion.
Sometimes an object can display combinations of different types of motion:
For example
 A moving car which moves straight on the road displays rectilinear motion but at the
same time the wheels of the car which are moving in circles display circular motion. So a
moving car displays both rectilinear and circular motion.
 In a sewing machine, the needle is in periodic motion whereas the wheels of the sewing
machine are in circular motion. So a sewing machine displays circular and periodic
motions.
Page no 11 of 68
 If a body does not change its position with respect to time, then it is said to be at rest. If
a body changes its position with respect to time, then it is said to be in motion. There
are different types of motion. Rest and motion are relative terms. If you consider a
passenger in a moving train, he is at rest with respect to his co-passengers, but is in
motion with respect to an observer on the ground.
 There are many examples of bodies that are relatively at rest. Trees, buildings and
mountains are some examples of bodies that are relatively at rest with respect to each
other. Some examples of bodies in motion are flying birds, moving trains, and the
rotating blades of a ceiling fan.
 There are different types of motion. They are rectilinear motion, circular motion and
periodic motion.
Rectilinear motion
 Rectilinear motion is the motion of a body in a straight line. Examples of bodies in

rectilinear motion are sprinters in a race along a straight track, the march-past of
soldiers in a parade, and a bullet fired from a gun.
Circular motion
 When a body moves along a circular path, it is said to be in circular motion. Examples of
bodies in circular motion are the rotating blades of a fan, children playing on a merry-
go-round, and the hands of a clock.
Page no 12 of 68
Periodic motion
When the motion of a body repeats itself after a certain time period, it is called periodic
motion. The motion of a pendulum in a pendulum clock, and the motion of needle in a sewing
machine are some examples of periodic motion.
Page no 13 of 68
2. Light, Shadows and Reflections
Types of Media
Objects that emit light on their own are called

luminous objects
Luminous objects
Objects that emit light on their own are called luminous objects. The light emitted by luminous
objects enables us to see things around us. Examples of luminous objects are a tube light, the
sun, a lit candle, glowing bulb, a bonfire and a lit torch.
Non-luminous objects
Objects that do not emit light on their own are called non -luminous objects. The light emitted
by luminous objects falls on non-luminous objects, and then bounces back to our eye, which
enables us to see non-luminous objects. Examples of non-luminous objects are the moon, a
book, a pen, a wooden box, a cupboard and a chair.
Opaque objects
Objects through which we cannot see are called opaque objects. A medium that does not allow
light to pass through it is called an opaque medium. Examples of opaque medium are a pencil
box, a wooden screen, a book, a towel, a ceramic plate and chart paper.
Page no 14 of 68
Transparent objects
If we are able to see anything clearly through an object, then such an object is said to be a
transparent object. A medium that allows all the light incident on it to pass through it is called a
transparent medium. Examples of transparent objects are plain glass, a reading glass, a plastic
scale, windowpanes, a soap bubble and pure water.
Translucent media
Objects that allow only a part of the light incident on them to pass through it are called
translucent media. Examples of translucent media are a shower stall, smoked glass, sun glasses
and butter paper.
Light travels in a straight line, and its rays represent the path of light
Objects like the sun that give out or emit light of their own are called luminous objects. Objects
like the moon and planets that do not give out or emit light are called non-luminous objects.
You can see objects when light from luminous objects incidents on them and reflects towards
your eyes. The material that light passes through is called a medium.
There are three types of media. They are transparent, translucent and opaque. Material that
allows the entire light incident on it to pass through is called a transparent medium. Examples
of transparent medium are clear glass and clear water.
Material that allows a part of the incident light to pass through it is called a translucent
medium. Examples of translucent medium are butter paper, tissue papers and ground glass.
Material that does not allow light to pass through it is called an opaque medium. Most objects
in our surroundings, like buildings and trees, are opaque objects.
Page no 15 of 68
Page no 16 of 68
Shadows and Pin Hole Camera
Shadow
An opaque object blocking the path of light forms a shadow.A shadow is a dark region, and is
formed only when a light source, an opaque object and a screen are present. For example,
during a lunar eclipse, we see a part of the earth's shadow on the surface of the moon. This
happens when the earth, the sun and the moon are in a straight line, with the earth between
the sun and the moon. Here, the sun acts as the light source, the earth as the opaque object,
and the moon as the screen. Opaque objects form shadows because light is not able to bend
around them. Shadows are seen more clearly on light screens. Whatever the colour of the
object, its shadow is always black because it is not illuminated by light. The length and shape of
a shadow depends on the object by which it is formed. In the olden days, shadows caused by
objects placed in the sun were used to measure time. Such a device is called a sun dial. The
Jantar Mantar in Jaipur consists of a sundial or Samrat Yantra, which can be used to tell the
time, as its shadow moves visibly at one millimetre per second, or roughly six centimetres every
minute.
Pinhole Camera
The image formed by a pinhole camera is inverted and smaller in size when compared to the
original object. These cameras work on the principle that light travels in a straight line. Pinhole
cameras are cheap and simple to make. An eclipse can be viewed using a pinhole camera.
Page no 17 of 68
Making a Pinhole Camera
 Take two rectangular boxes that fit into one another without leaving any gap.
 Cut open one side of each box.
 Make a small hole in the larger box at the centre of the closed end opposite the side
that has been cut open.
 Cut a square of side five centimetres in the smaller box in the closed end opposite the
side that has been cut open. Cover this square with tracing paper.
 Finally, slide the smaller box into the larger box, ensuring that the pinhole and the
tracing paper are in line with one another, but at the opposite ends.
 Slide the smaller box to adjust the focus so that you can capture the image of any object
you want.
This is the basic structure of the pinhole camera. However, the developed form of a pinhole
camera uses photosensitive film instead of translucent paper to capture images. The film can be
developed later to obtain photo prints. Nowadays, of course, we use digital cameras that store
images in a computer chip. However, the basic principle of capturing the image remains the
same.
An area that is not or is only partially irradiated or illuminated because of the interception of
radiation by an opaque object between the area and the source of radiation is called a shadow.
Shadows take the form of the outline of the object that intercepts the light in its path. Thus, the
dark outline of the opaque object that you see is a shadow.
To form a shadow, we need a source of light, an opaque object in the path of light, and a screen
on which a shadow is formed.
Page no 18 of 68
The shape of the shadow of an object is dependent neither on the colour of the object nor on
the colour of the screen.
If the distance of the object from the source is decreased, then the size of the shadow
increases, provided the distance between the source and the screen is constant. Maintaining
the distance of the screen from the source, if the object is moved away from the source, then
the size of its shadow decreases.
If the distance between the object and the screen is constant, and if the light source is moved
towards the object, then the size of its shadow increases. On the other hand, if the distance
between the object and the screen is constant, and if the light source is moved away from the
object, then the size of its shadow decreases.
Another factor affecting the size of the shadow is the distance between the object and the
screen. If the distance between the object and the source of light is maintained constant, and if
the screen is moved away from the object, then the size of the object's shadow decreases. On
the other hand, if the screen moves towards the object, then the size of its shadow increases.
The size and shape of the shadow of an object depends on the orientation of the object with
respect to the beam of light. The shadow changes in size and shape when the object is placed in
a different way in the path of light.
Page no 19 of 68
Mirrors and Reflection
The likeness of an object carried and formed by

light in a mirror is called an image.
Image
The likeness of an object carried and formed by light in a mirror is called an image. For
example, your image is a reflection of your face in the mirror. An image can be seen in the
mirror because the light reflected from an object falls on the mirror and it is reflected. So, light
incident on any smooth shiny surface like a mirror bounces back into the same medium. This
bouncing of light by any smooth surface is called reflection of light. Mirrors change the
direction of light incident on them. The image in a plane mirror is the same size and colour as
that of the object. Moreover, the distance between the image and the mirror, is the same as
the distance between the mirror and the object.
Shadow
When an opaque object blocks the path of light, a shadow is formed. A shadow is a black dark
outline. Its length changes with a change in the position of the source of light. Shadows can be
seen only on a surface or a screen.
Two-Way Mirror
A glass that acts as a mirror on one side and plain glass on the other is called a two-way mirror.
A two-way mirror is used when you want to observe people without letting them know that
they are being watched, for example, by police or in psychological institutions.
Page no 20 of 68
Pinhole Camera
Images formed by a pinhole camera are entirely different from the images that are formed by a
mirror. The image formed by a pinhole camera is inverted and smaller in size when compared
to the object. The image is also not clear. Moreover, the distance between the object and the
pinhole is not the same as the distance between the pinhole and the image.
A periscope is an instrument used for observing objects from a hidden position. This instrument
is mostly used in submarines, and works on the concept of reflection in plane mirrors. Using
mirrors, it enables people in a submarine to view objects on the surface of the water.
Reflection is the phenomenon in which light incident on an object bounces back into the same
medium through which it was propagating while incident on the object, following some laws.
The path along which light propagates is called a light ray. When a light ray is incident on an
object, it is called the incident ray. The ray that bounces back by the object into the same
medium called the reflected ray.
A smooth plane surface that reflects the entire light incident on it is called a plane mirror. Light
incident on an object is reflected by that object. That reflected light incidents on the mirror, and
is reflected again. It is because of this reflection that we see images. An image is the likeness of
an object carried and formed by light in a mirror. In other words, your image is a reflection of
your face in the mirror. In ancient times, people mostly used pools of still water, or water
collected in a vessel as mirrors. The first man-made mirrors were in the form of a polished
stone made by using obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass.
Page no 21 of 68
The similarity between a shadow and an image is that neither can exist without light. However,
there are some differences between shadows and images. Shadows are black, whereas images
are colourful. Shadows of objects placed in the sun change in length with the position of the
sun through the day. Your shadow will be at its longest at dawn or early morning, and at dusk
or early evening, whereas it will be at its shortest at noon. An image in a plane mirror doesn't
change in size at all; it is always the same size as that of the object. An image in a mirror can be
seen without a screen, whereas it is mandatory to have a screen to form a shadow.
Page no 22 of 68
Physics Practice Problems
Motion And Measurement Of Distances
I Mention the type of motion taking place in :
1. The horse pulling a cart

2. Earth moving around the sun in its orbit
3. A child playing with a top
4. A coin moving over a carom board
5. A ball fixed to string
6. Motion of a branch of a tree when it shaken heavily.
II State True (T) or False (F) against the following statements :
a. Handspan cannot be used to measure length all over the world.

b. Ten millimeter is equal to 1 metre.
c. Motion and rest are different terms
d. To measure the diameter of tree, you can use measuring tap or thread.
e. Kilometre is the SI unit of length.
f. Length of curved line cannot be measured by metre scale directly.
III Fill in the blanks :
1. 1000 times the length of a metre is called ___________.

2. The 1/1000 part of a metre is called __________.
3. The motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is
called ________________ motion.
4. The motion described by a violin string is _____________ motion.
Page no 23 of 68
Light, Shadows and Reflections
1. Mist is a
a. Translucent medium
b. Transparent medium
c. Opaque medium
d. Homogenous medium
2. Wool is a
a. Transparent medium
b. Opaque medium
c. Translucent medium
d. Optical medium
3. Stars are
a. Non luminous bodies
b. Luminous bodies
c. Artificial sources of light
d. Opaque bodies
4. Moons and planets

a. Radiate light energy
b. Reflect light energy
c. Absorb light energy
d. Split light energy
5. Vacuum is a
a. Opaque medium
b. Transparent medium
c. Translucent medium
d. Heterogenous medium
6. Rectilinear propagation of light means

a. Light travels in straight lines
b. Light travels in curved path
c. Light travels in zig-zag path
d. Light travels in circular path
7. A non luminous body can be made luminous by

a. Cooling it
b. Melting it
c. Heating it
d. Evaporating it
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8. The speed of light is
a. 300,000 km/s.
b. 300,000 m/s
c. 30,000 km/s
d. 30, 000 m/s
9. The light from the sun reaches the earth in

a. 8.33 minutes
b. 8.33 seconds
c. 18. 33 minutes
d. 88.33 seconds
10. A body which emits light by itself is

a. Luminous body
b. Non luminous body
c. Opaque body
d. Shadow
11. The star very bright during early evening

a. Jupiter
b. Mercury
c. Venus
d. Saturn
12. The size of a shadow of an opaque object close to the screen and away from the
source of light
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains the same
d. First decreases and increases.
13. This takes place from smooth polished surface when a beam of light falls on it
a. Reflection
b. Absorption
c. Refraction
d. Radiation
14. The image formed in pinhole camera is

a. Inverted
b. Erect
c. None of these
d. Both a and b
15. An optical medium having uniform composition throughout is

a. Homogenous medium
b. Heterogeneous medium
Page no 25 of 68
c. Both a and b
d. None of these
16. A dark patch formed by an opaque body placed in the path of light is called
a. Image
b. Object
c. Shadow
d. Screen
17. Reflection does not takes place from a

a. Polished metal plate
b. Mirror
c. Undisturbed water
d. Book
18. The shadow is the dark outline of

a. An Object
b. A Source of light
c. A Screen
d. An Image
19. Shadows are formed only when the

a. Opaque body is in the path of the light
b. Transparent body is in the path of light
c. Translucent body is in the path of light
d. No object in the path of light
20. This screen is a must to receive the shadow

a. Transparent screen
b. Opaque screen
c. Translucent screen
d. No screen
21. Luminous objects are objects

a. Which get their light from other objects
b. Which emit their own light
c. Which do not emit any light
d. Which absorb light
22. The smooth polished surface from which reflection takes place is
a. Mirror
b. Glass
c. Wood
d. Plastic
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23. A red hot iron wire starts emitting light, at this time the temperature of the
iron is
a. Between 600c to 800c
b. Between 60c to 80c
c. Between 300c to 400c
d. Between 150c to 250c
24. Shadows are

a. Always smaller than the opaque body
b. Always bigger than the opaque body
c. Remains the same size as opaque body
d. Can be smaller or bigger than the opaque body.
25. An example for the rectilinear propagation of light is

a. Formation of clouds
b. Formation of day and night
c. Formation of rainbow
d. Formation of rain
Answer Key For Light, Shadows and Reflections
1)a 2)b 3)b 4)b 5)b 6)a 7)c 8)a 9)a 10)a 11)c 12)b 13)a 14)a 15)a 16)c 17)d
18)a 19)a 20)b 21)b 22)a 23)a 24)d 25)b
Page no 27 of 68
VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Science Olympiad Chemistry Chapter Notes
Chemistry Chapters as per NCERT Text Book Topics
1. Fibre to Fabric Fibres
2. Sorting Materials into groups Properties of Materials
VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Science Olympiad Chemistry Chapter Notes Page 1
Page no 28 of 68
1. Fibre to Fabric
Fibres
Fabrics are made up of strands called yarns,

which are made from even thinner strands
known as fibres.
Fabrics are made up of strands called yarns, which are made from even thinner
strands,
called fibres.
Cotton, silk, wool and jute are called natural fibres as they are obtained from
natural sources. We get cotton and jute from plants. We get silk from the cocoons
of silk worms.
Synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester and acrylic were invented about a hundred
years ago. These are man-made and are not obtained from any plant or animal
sources.
Cotton fibre is obtained from cotton plants that grow in black soil in a warm climate.
In India, cotton is grown in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.
The cotton plant bears fruits about the size of a lemon, called cotton bolls. These
bolls are full of seeds and cotton fibre. They burst open when they are ripe.
 The cotton fibres are collected by hand from the ripe cotton bolls. This process is
called picking.
 Next, the cotton fibres are separated from the seeds by combing them. This is
known as ginning.
 Earlier, ginning was done by hand, but nowadays, a machine is used.
Page no 29 of 68
Jute fibre comes from jute plants, which are mainly grown in places that have high
temperatures and plenty of rainfall. Jute is cultivated during the rainy season. In
India, jute is cultivated in West Bengal, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Assam, Chhattisgarh and Tripura.
 The jute plant is generally harvested when it is in the flowering stage.

 The stems of jute plants are soaked in water for a few days until they start
retting.
 Then the fibres are separated by hand from the retting stems.
 Once the fibres have been obtained, they are made into yarn by twisting the
strands together. This process of making yarn from fibre is called spinning.
Not just jute, even cotton, silk and other fibres are spun to convert them into yarn.
Machines are used for spinning yarn on a large scale. Fabrics like khadi are made by
spinning yarn on hand-operated devices like charkhas and taklis. The process of
arranging two sets of yarns to produce a fabric is called weaving. Even coconut
fibre can be woven into a fabric called coir. Coir is too rough to be made into
garments. It is mostly used to make doormats, carpets and other flooring
material.
In ancient Egypt, flax and cotton plants were cultivated near the River Nile and were
used for making fabric. At the beginning of civilisation, people used bark, leaves and
animal fur to cover themselves. As people settled down and started farming, they
learned to weave vines and animal fleece to make fabrics.
In the next stage of civilisation, flax and cotton were woven into garments. In those
times, people just draped the fabric to cover themselves. It was only after the
invention of the sewing needle that people started stitching their garments.
Even today, in older cultures like India, you see people wearing unstitched garments
like turbans, saris and dhotis.
Page no 30 of 68
2. Sorting Materials into groups
Properties of Materials
Objects are categorised on the basis of their shapes, the materials they are made up
of, and the properties of these materials.
 All objects around you have definite shapes. For example, eggs are oval and
ice-cream cones are conical in shape. Objects can be classified on the basis of
their shapes.
 Objects can be made from many different kinds of material, such as plastic,
wood,glass, metal, cotton, paper, leather, wool, rubber, and even soil.
Therefore, all objects can be grouped on the basis of the material that they are
made from.
 Sometimes, the same object can be made from different materials.
For instance, a pen could be made from metal or plastic, your shoes could be made
from leather or cloth, and even the tumbler that we drink from, could be made from
plastic, glass or metal. Bottles could be made from plastic or glass, and chairs could
either be wooden, metallic or plastic.
 Notebooks, greeting cards, newspapers and calendars are all made from paper.
Page no 31 of 68
Similarly, shoes, belts and bags that are made of leather form another group.
So, objects can be grouped according to the materials they are made of.
 Gold, copper, iron and aluminium look shiny, and are called lustrous materials.
Most metals have this property. Other materials like wood or plastic, are non-
lustrous.
Metals like iron may react with the moisture in the air, which makes them lose their
lustre and look dull this is known as rusting.
 Iron is a good example of a very hard material. Materials that are considered
hard are difficult to compress, while those that can be compressed or scratched
easily are called soft materials. Cotton and sponge are examples of soft
materials.
 Objects can be classified on the basis of properties of the materials that they are
made from.
 Solubility is another important property of a material. Substances that completely
dissolve in water are said to be soluble in water. Substances like sand and
sawdust do not dissolve in water even if you stir them very well. They are said to
be insoluble in water. Some gases can dissolve in water. For example, oxygen
dissolved in water is useful for plants and animals that live underwater.
 Lighter materials like paper, leaves and wood float on the surface of water,
while heavier objects, like those made from iron, sink in water.
 Materials like glass or plastic are called transparent as you can see through
them. Objects made from transparent materials allow you to easily see what they
contain.
Materials like wood, cardboard and metal are opaque, as you cannot see through
objects made from these materials.
Some materials like plastic can be transparent or opaque, depending on the use for
which the object is meant.
For example, try spotting the jar that contains cookies from among these containers!
 There are some materials that allow you to see through them, though not very
clearly. Such materials are called translucent. Butter paper and frosted glass are
examples of translucent material.
Page no 32 of 68
Thus, there are various properties on the basis of which you can group objects.
Grouping is useful for
(a) locating objects easily, such as on supermarket shelves.
(b) It also helps in studying the properties of objects that are in these groups.
Page no 33 of 68
Fibre To Fabric
I.FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. The thin strands of thread, that are made up of still thinner strands are
called_________________.
2. Cotton is grown in _____________ soil.
3. Jute plant is harvested at _________________ stage.
4. _______________ is obtained from the fleece of the sheep or goat.
5. To make fabrics, all the fibres are first converted into_________________.
6. _________________ and ________________ are the ways used to make different kinds of
fabrics.
7. Silk fibre is drawn from the ________________ of silkworm.
8. Weaving of fabric is done on _______________.
II.CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANWSER

1. Cotton plants are grown at places where climate is ( cold/warm ).
2. Jute crop is cultivated during ( summer/rainy ).
3. Polyester is a ( natural/synthetic ) fibre.
4. Flax is a ( plant/animal ) fibre.
III.DEFINE THE FOLLOWING

1. Ginning
2. Spinning
3. Weaving
IV.Distinguish between Natural fibres and Synthetic fibres.
Page no 34 of 68
Fibre To Fabric
I) Fill in the blanks :

1. ______________________protect us from heat and cold and other adverse climatic conditions.
2. _____________________is a method by which a single thread or yarn may be turned into cloth.
3. The fibre obtained from the outer covering of the coconut is called _____________________
4. Beating cotton or flax fibres to shreads, so as to form fluffy mass is called
______________________________.
5. Coconut has fibres on its ______________________________
6. Jute fibres has a highly _________________________surface.
7. __________________________is the yarn placed lengthwise in the loam.
8. ____________________________ is the cotton fibres from cotton seed is removed.
9. Thread made by spinning fibres is _____________________.
10. Materials made from ________________________absorb a large amount of sweat.
11. Jute is obtained from the stem of plant called ________________________
II) Write True or False :
1. The fibres of cotton and wool have many folds and uneven surfaces.
2. Flax and jute have fibres on its fruits.
3. Fibres are made from the yarns.
4. Raw jute fibres are red in colour.
5. Bobbin is the wooden or plastic reels on which yarn is wound.
6. Weft is the yarn which moves cross wise through warp.
7. Materials made from wool easily allow the body heat to flow out.
8. Polyster is a natural fibre.
III) Define :
1. Ginning
2. Spinning
3.Weaving
IV) Distinguish between
1)Natural fibres and Synthetic fibres.
Page no 35 of 68
Sorting Materials Into Groups
Fill in the blanks

1. Objects are made up of large variety of ________________.
2. Tumblers are made with materials that can hold ___________________.
3. Materials that have lustre are usually called as ____________________.
4. Three examples of metals are ____________,_____________& ________________.
5. The gas which can dissolve in water is _________________.
6. Materials are grouped together on the basis of _____ and _________ in their properties.
7. Some metals lose their shine and often look dull because of the action of ______ and
________________ on them.
8. Based upon transparency, materials can be grouped as ______, _____ and ____________.
Name the following:

1. Two liquids soluble in water
2. Two liquids insoluble in water
3. Two transparent objects
4. Two translucent objects
5. Two opaque objects
6. Two solids soluble in water
Write true or false :

1. Stones and nails float on water.
2. Cotton is soft while iron is hard.
3. We choose a material to make an object depending on its properties and the purpose for
usage.
Define the following:

1. Transparent materials 2. Translucent materials 3. Opaque materials
Distinguish between soluble and insoluble substances.

Answer the following questions:
1. Why do we need to group materials?
2. Name any four properties that can be used for sorting materials.
Page no 36 of 68
Sorting Materials Into Groups

1. A substance which is used in making different objects is called _________________
2. The materials which occur in nature are called ________________________ materials.
3. The materials made by man are called _________________________________materials.
4. The materials which have natural shine on their surface are called ____________
5. The substances which dissolves in water are called _______________substances and which do
not dissolve in water are called __________________substances.
6. ______________________________is called the universal solvent.
7. The liquids which dissolve in water are called __________________liquids and which do not
dissolve in water are called ___________________liquids.
II) Name the following :
1. A liquid metal _____________________________
2. Two miscible liquids_____________________________ _____________________________
3. Two immiscible liquids ___________________________ ___________________________
4. Two soluble substances in water______________________ _______________________
5. Two insoluble substances in water ____________________ _______________________
6. Two substances that float on the surface of water ________________________________
7. Two substances that sink in water ____________________ ____________________________
III) True or False :
1. All gases are non lustrous.________________________
2. Iodine crystals have luster._________________________
3. All gases are opaque materials._____________________
4. Butter paper, oiled paper etc are transparent materials.__________________________
IV) Distinguish between :
1. Soluble / insoluble
2. Hard / soft
V) Define :
1. Transparent
2. Opaque
3. Translucent
Page no 37 of 68
VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Science Olympiad Biology Chapter Notes
Biology Chapters as per NCERT Text Book Topics
1. Food: Where does it Come from? Sources of Food
2. Components of Food Test For Starch, Proteins and Fats
Deficiency Diseases
VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Science Olympiad Biology Chapter Notes Page 1
Page no 38 of 68
1. Food: Where does it Come from?
Sources of Food
All ingredients is a component of a

mixture
All ingredients is a component of a mixture.

Certain food items are made with few ingredients, but some are made with many ingredients.
Some ingredients are common for several food items.
Vegetables, cereals, pulses, fruits and spices come from plant sources.
Mean, poultry, fish and milk products come from animal sources.
Animals are categorized based on their eating habits into herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
Herbivores are animals that eat only plants and plant products.
Carnivores are animals that eat meat.
Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Page no 39 of 68
2. Components of Food
Test for Starch, Proteins and Fats
Different food items contain different

types of nutrients
 Different food items contain different types of nutrients.

 Nutrients are chemical components in food that are required for releasing energy and helps in
growth.
 Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are important nutrients found in food.
 Carbohydrates and fats mainly provide energy.
 Proteins mainly help in growth.
 Starch and sugar are the two kinds of carbohydrates found in food.
 To test the presence of starch in a food item, you need to:
 Take small quantity of the food items to be tested.

 Put 2-3 drops of iodine solution on it.
 Observe the colour of the food item.
 Blue-black colour indicates the presence of starch in the tested food item.
 To test for the presence of proteins in a food items, you need to:
 Take a small quantity of the food items to be tested.

 Grind/mash/paste/powder the food item.
 Put the food item into a test tube.
 Add 10 drops of water to the test tube.
 Add two drops of copper sulphate solution to the test tube.
Page no 40 of 68
 Add 10 drops of caustic soda solution and shake the test tube.
 Observe the colour of the mixture.
 Violet colour indicates the presence of proteins in the tested food item.
 To test for the presence of fats in a food item, you need to:
 Take a small quantity of the food item to be tested.

 Wrap the food item in a small piece of paper.
 Crush the food item wrapped in the paper.
 Straighten the paper.
 Dry the paper by keeping it in sunlight for a while.
 Observe the paper.
 An oily patch on the paper indicates the presence of fats in the tested food item.
All living organisms require food. Food

has six types of nutrients - carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and
water.
All living organisms require food. Food has six types of nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, minerals and water.
These are essential to perform all daily and metabolic activities.
Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, always in the ratio of 2:1:1.
 They are oxidised in the cells to release energy. Carbohydrates include sugars, starch and
cellulose.
 Carbohydrates are oxidised in the body in the form of sugars. They provide instant energy.
 When oxidised in the body, one mole of glucose releases 686 kilocalories of energy.
Page no 41 of 68
 They are mainly present in rice, potato, banana, etc.
Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
 Nitrogen is the most essential element in proteins. Some proteins contain sulphur and
phosphorus.
 Amino acids are the simple, smaller units of proteins. Proteins provide chemical material for
the growth and repair of the body cells and tissues.
 In an emergency, they may also oxidize to release energy. Food rich in proteins includes lean
meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, nuts, beans, peas, etc.
Fats are also composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Fats have very little oxygen content,
though..
 They produce more energy than carbohydrates do.

 Fat below the skin protects the body against rapid loss of heat.
 It serves as a solvent for fat-soluble vitamins.
 It is an important form for storage of food.
 Common foods rich in fats are butter, cream, vegetable oils, meat, and fish liver oils.
Mineral salts are needed in the diet in small quantities. These are obtained from table salt, green
vegetables and fruits. Some important minerals are:
Calcium, required for:
 Strengthening bones and teeth

 Blood clotting
 Muscle contraction
 Rich sources: Milk, meat, eggs, fish, pulses, vegetables, etc.
Phosphorus, required for:
 Strengthening bones and teeth

 For production of ATP in during cellular respiration
 Conduction of nerve impulses
 Rich sources: Milk, meat, eggs, fish, pulses, vegetables, etc.
Page no 42 of 68
Iron, required for:
 Forming haemoglobin
 Rich sources: Green leafy vegetables, liver, etc.
Iodine, required for:
 Proper working of thyroid

 Rich sources: Vegetables, mineral water and iodized salt
Vitamins are chemical substances that help maintain a healthy body.
 Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble and can be stored in the body.
 Vitamin B complex and vitamin C are water soluble and cannot be stored for a long period of
time.
 Vitamin A: Promotes growth, vision.
 Present in butter, egg yolk, milk, carrot, etc.
 Vitamin D: Helps the body to absorb calcium and phosphorus to form bones and teeth.
 Present in fish liver oils, milk, eggs, etc.
 Vitamin E: Prevents the oxidation of vitamin A.
 Present in meat, milk, whole wheat, etc.
 Vitamin K: Helps in clotting of blood during injuries.
 Present in cabbage, spinach, leafy vegetables
 Vitamin B complex: Needed for a healthy brain, nerves and muscles.
 Present in wheat, rice and liver.
 Vitamin C: Helps fight diseases like the common cold.
 Present in oranges, tomatoes, lemons and guavas.
Water: Helps the body to get rid of toxic wastes through urine and sweat, and to absorb the
nutrients in food.
Balanced diet: The diet that contains all the principle constituents of food in proper quantity.
Page no 43 of 68
Deficiency Diseases
Occurs mainly due to the deficiency of one

or more nutrients in the diet over a long
period of time.
Diseases or disorders occur mainly due to the deficiency of one or more nutrients in the diet
over a long period of time. For example, wheat is rich in carbohydrates, but poor in nutrients like
proteins and fats. Too much intake of wheat products results in a deficiency of proteins and fats,
which reduces growth. Lack of proteins also results in stunted growth, skin diseases, swelling of
the face and discolouration of the hair, and even causes diarrhoea. So a balanced diet is required
to avoid deficiency diseases.
Diseases caused by deficiency of minerals:
Lack of iron in the diet leads to a deficiency disease called anaemia. The symptoms of anaemia
are headache, dark patches under the eyes, weakness and feeling tried. A balanced diet should,
therefore, include iron-rich foods such as apples, fish and raisins to avoid anaemia.
Lack of iodine in the diet leads to a deficiency disease called goitre. In adults, goitre results in
swollen glands at the throat. In children, iodine deficiency causes stunted mental and physical
development. Iodine deficiency can be avoided by using iodized salt in the diet.
Diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins:
Lack of vitamin A in diet causes loss of vision. Symptoms include night blindness, i.e. poor
vision in dim light. Eating food rich in vitamin A, such as carrot, mangoes, butter and egg yolk,
helps avoid loss of vision.
Lack of vitamin B1 in the diet causes a deficiency disease called beriberi. The symptoms are
loss of weight and weak muscles. Food rich in vitamin B1, such as beans, meat, eggs and corn,
helps avoid beriberi.
Page no 44 of 68
Lack of vitamin C in the diet causes a deficiency disease called scurvy. The symptoms of scurvy
are bleeding gums. Moreover, wounds take longer to heal. Oranges, tomatoes, lemon, guavas and
amla are rich in vitamin C, so eating these helps avoid scurvy.
Lack of vitamin D in the diet causes a deficiency disease called rickets. The symptoms are soft
and bent bones. The diet should include fish, eggs, milk and butter to avoid rickets. In addition,
exposure to sunlight produces vitamin D in the body.
Page no 45 of 68
Biology Practice Problems
Food – Where Does It Come From?
1. ___________________________ are substances from which an organism derives energy
and materials for its growth and maintenance.
2. _________________________ is produced by honey bees from the nectar of flowers.
3. _________________is an antiseptic and is easily digestible .( )
4. The egg shell is made of ______________________
5. Animals which provide meat and egg are called ____________________________
II) Write True or False :
1. Cooking makes food items soft and easily digestible . [ ]
2. Menu is list of dishes/ food items saved at a meal. [ ]
3. Tea and coffee are common beverages.[ ]
4. The rearing of honey bees on a large scale is known as pisciulture.[ ]
5. The place used for the rearing of honey bees is called an “apiary”.[ ]
III) Name the following :
1. Two milk-yielding animals.
2. Two poultry animals.
3. Two fresh water fishes.
4. Give two examples of omnivores.
Page no 46 of 68
COMPONENTS OF FOOD
1. The essential components of our food are called ___________ .
(a) fats (b) nutrients
(c) minerals (d) roughage
2. Which of the following is a protective food?
(a) milk (b) oils & fats
(c) fruits (d) cereals
3. The food component present in sugar is
(a) fats (b) proteins
(c) vitamins (d) carbohydrates
4. The percentage of water in the human body is
(a) 65 (b) 70
(c) 40 (d) 80
5. Foods like pizza, burger and noodles are rich in
(a) carbohydrates (b) protiens
(c) vitamins (d) minerals
6. _________ provide more than double the energy provided
by carbohydrates or protiens in human body.
(a) vitamins (b) fats
(c) minerals (d) starch
7. The component of food which help our body to fight against
infections is
(a) protiens (b) fats
(c) carbohydrates (d) starch
8. ___________ is essential for forming haemoglobin in the blood.
(a) calcium (b) iron
(c) phosphorous (d) magnesium
Page no 47 of 68
9. The disease caused by the deficiency of iron is
(a) anaemia (b) desentry
(c) chicken pox (d) malaria
10. The mineral which controls the functioning of thyroid is
(a) phosphorous (b) calcium
(c) magnesium (d) iodine
11. The disease caused by the deficiency of iodine is
(a) anaemia (b) goitre
(c) chicken pox (d) swine flu
12. ________ helps to maintain a constant body temperature
in our body.
(a) water (b) roughage
(c) vitamins (d) energy giving food
13. Our body needs ____ litres of water every day.
(a) 1/2 (b) 2-3
(c) 7-8 (d) 10 -15
14. Deficiency of protiens and carbohydrates in infants leads to
(a) maramus (b)goitre
(c) obesity (d) typhoid
15. Rickets is caused by the deficiency of
(a) vitamin A (b) vitamin B1
(c) vitamin C (d) vitamin D
16. Excessive body weight due overnutrition leads to
(a) kwashiorker (b) rickets
(c) maramus (d) obesity
17. Vitamins and minerals are
(a) protective food (b) body building food
(c) energy giving food (d) none of these
Page no 48 of 68
18. Jaggery is a good source of
(a) fats (b) protiens
(c) vitamins (d) carbohydrates
19. The highest concentration of minerals are found in
(a) bones and teeth (b)skin
(c) arms and legs (d) none of these
20. Iodine is used to test the presence of ________ in thefood.
(a) protiens (b) carbohydrates
(c) starch (d) fats
21. Which of the following is a protien source of plant origin?
(a) egg (b)soyabean
(c) cheese (d) milk
22. The mineral we get from fish is
(a) iodine (b) magnesium
(c) iron (d) none of these
23. Which of the following does not contain sugar?
(a) glucose (b) apple
(c) potato (d) grapes
24.Night blindness is caused by the deficiency of
(a) vitamin A (b)vitamin C
(c) vitamin D (d) vitamin B1
25. Benedict's solution is used to test the presence of _____ in food.
(a) sugar (b) starch
(c) fat (d) water
ANSWER KEY FOR COMPONENTS OF FOOD
1)B 2)C 3)D 4)B 5)A 6)B 7)A 8)B 9)A 10)D 11)B 12)A 13)B 14)A 15)D 16)D 17)A
18)D 19)A 20)C 21)B 22)A 23)C 24)A 25)A
Page no 49 of 68
VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Mathematics Olympiad -Bridge Course
Chapter as per NCERT Text Book Topics
Comparing Numbers
Roman Numerals
Whole Numbers
2. Whole Numbers
Page no 50 of 68
Comparing Numbers
The arrangement of numbers from the smallest to the

greatest is called ascending order.
 The arrangement of numbers from the smallest to the greatest is called ascending order.
Ex: 2789, 3560, 4567, 7662, 7665
 The arrangement of numbers from the greatest to the smallest is called descending
order. Ex: 7665, 7662, 4567, 3560, 2789
 If two numbers have an unequal number of digits, then the number with the greater
number of digits is greater.
 If two numbers have an equal number of digits, then the number with the greater digit is
greater.
 The greatest single-digit number is 9. When we add 1 to this single-digit number, we get
10, which is the smallest two-digit number. Therefore, the greatest single-digit number
+1=the smallest two-digit number.
 The greatest two digit-number is 99. When we add 1 to this two-digit number, we get
100, which is the smallest three-digit number. Therefore, the greatest two-digit number
+1=the smallest three-digit number.
 The greatest three-digit number is 999. When we add 1 to this three-digit number, we get
1000, which is the smallest four-digit number. Therefore, the greatest three-digit number
+1=the smallest four-digit number.
VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Mathematics Olympiad Chapter Notes Page 1

Page no 51 of 68
 The greatest four-digit number is 9999. When we add 1 to this four-digit number, we get
10,000, which is the smallest five-digit number. Therefore, the greatest four-digit
number +1=the smallest five-digit number.
 The greatest five-digit number is 99999. When we add 1 to this five-digit number, we get
1,00,000, which is the smallest six digit number. Therefore, the greatest five-digit
number +1=the smallest six-digit number.
The number, that is, one with five zeroes (100000), is called one lakh.
Crores Lakhs Thousands Ones

Tens Ones Tens Ones Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones
Commas in international system:
As per international numeration, the first comma is placed after the hundreds place. Commas
are then placed after every three digits.
Ex: (i) 8,876,547
The number can be read as eight million eight hundred seventy-six thousand five hundred and
forty-seven.
(ii) 56,789, 056
The number can be read as fifty-six million seven hundred eighty-nine thousand and fifty-six.
Billions Millions Thousands Ones

Hundreds Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones
 Use the following place value chart to identify the digit in any place in the international system.
Comparison of the Indian and the international numeration systems:

Indian Numeration Crore Ten Lakh Lakh Ten Thousand Thousand Hundred Tens Ones
Numbers 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 0
International Numeration Ten Million Million Hundred Ten Thousand Thousand Hundred Tens Ones
Thousand
Units of measurement:

Page no 52 of 68
 1 metre=100 centimetres
 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams
 1 kilometre = 1000 metres
 1 litre=1,000 millilitres
 The greatest six-digit number is 999999. When we add 1 to this six-digit number, we get
10,00,000, which is the smallest seven-digit number. Therefore, the greatest six-digit number
+1=the smallest seven-digit number.
The number, that is, one with six zeroes (1000000), is called ten lakh.
 The greatest seven-digit number is 9999999. When we add 1 to this seven-digit number, we get
10000000, which is the smallest eight-digit number. Therefore, the greatest seven-digit number
+1=the smallest eight-digit number.
The number, that is, one with seven zeroes (10000000),is called one crore.
 Commas are placed to the numbers to help us read and write large numbers easily.
Commas in Indian numeration:
As per Indian numeration, the first comma is placed after the hundreds place. Commas are then placed
after every two digits.
Ex: (i) 88,76,547
The number can be read as eighty-eight lakh seventy-six thousand five hundred and forty-seven.
(ii)5 , 67, 89, 056
The number can be read as five crore sixty-seven lakh eighty-nine thousand and fifty-six.
Use the following place value chart to identify the digit in any place in the Indian system.
Crores Lakhs Thousands Ones

Tens Ones Tens Ones Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones
Commas in international system:
As per international numeration, the first comma is placed after the hundreds place. Commas are then
placed after every three digits.
Ex: (i) 8,876,547
The number can be read as eight million eight hundred seventy-six thousand five hundred and forty-
seven.

Page no 53 of 68
(ii)56,789, 056
The number can be read as fifty-six million seven hundred eighty-nine thousand and fifty-six.
Billions Millions Thousands Ones

Hundreds Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones Hundreds Tens Ones
 Use the following place value chart to identify the digit in any place in the international system.
Comparison of the Indian and the international numeration systems:

Indian Numeration Crore Ten Lakh Lakh Ten Thousand Thousand Hundred Tens Ones
Numbers 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 0
International Numeration Ten Million Million Hundred Ten Thousand Thousand Hundred Tens Ones
Thousand
Units of measurement:
 1 metre=100 centimetres
 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams
 1 kilometre = 1000 metres
 1 litre=1,000 millilitres
 The greatest six-digit number is 999999. When we add 1 to this six-digit number, we get
10,00,000, which is the smallest seven-digit number. Therefore, the greatest six-digit number
+1=the smallest seven-digit number.
The number, that is, one with six zeroes (1000000), is called ten lakh.
 The greatest seven-digit number is 9999999. When we add 1 to this seven-digit number, we get
10000000, which is the smallest eight-digit number. Therefore, the greatest seven-digit number
+1=the smallest eight-digit number.
The number, that is, one with seven zeroes (10000000),is called one crore.
 Commas are placed to the numbers to help us read and write large numbers easily.
Commas in Indian numeration:
As per Indian numeration, the first comma is placed after the hundreds place. Commas are then placed
after every two digits.
Ex: (i) 88,76,547

Page no 54 of 68
The number can be read as eighty-eight lakh seventy-six thousand five hundred and forty-seven.
(ii)5 , 67, 89, 056
The number can be read as five crore sixty-seven lakh eighty-nine thousand and fifty-six.
Use the following place value chart to identify the digit in any place in the Indian system.

Page no 55 of 68
The estimation of a number is a reasonable guess of the

actual value.
The estimation of a number is a reasonable guess of the actual value. Estimation means approximating
a quantity to the accuracy required. This is done by rounding off the numbers involved and getting a
quick, rough answer.
The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are nearer to 0. So, these numbers are rounded off to the lower ten. The
numbers 6, 7, 8 and 9 are nearer to 10. So, these numbers are rounded off to the higher ten. The number
5 is equidistant from both 0 and 10, so it is rounded off to the higher ten.
Eg:
(i) We round off 31 to the nearest ten as 30
(ii) We round off 57 to the nearest ten as 60
(iii) We round off 45 to the nearest ten as 50
The numbers 1 to 49 are closer to 0. So, these numbers are rounded off to the nearest hundred. The
numbers 51 to 99 are closer to the lower hundred. So, these numbers are rounded off to the higher
hundred. The number 50 is rounded off to the higher hundred.
Eg:
(i) We round off 578 to the nearest 100 as 600.
(ii) We round off 310 to the nearest 100 as 300.
Similarly, 1 to 499 are rounded off to the lower thousand, and 501 to 999 to the higher thousand. The
number 500 is equidistant from both 0 and 1000, and so it is rounded off to the higher thousand.
Eg:
(i)We round off 2574 to the nearest thousand as 3000.
(ii)We round off 7105 to the nearest thousand as 7000.

Page no 56 of 68
Estimation of sum or difference:
 When we estimate sum or difference, we should have an idea of the place to which the rounding
is needed.
Eg: (i) Estimate 4689 + 19316

We can say that 19316 > 4689
We shall round off the numbers to the nearest thousands.
is rounded off to 19000
4689 is rounded off to 5000
Estimated sum:
19000 + 5000=24000
(ii) Estimate 1398-526
We shall round off these numbers to the nearest hundreds.
Estimated difference:
1400-500=900
Estimation of the product:
 To estimate the product, round off each factor to its greatest place, then multiply the rounded
off factors.
Eg: Estimate 92 x 578

The first number, 92, can be rounded off to the nearest ten as 90.
The second number, 578, can be rounded off to the nearest hundred as 600.
Hence, the estimated product =90 x 600 = 54,000
 Estimating the outcome of number operations is useful in checking the answer.
Roman Numerals

Page no 57 of 68
Many years ago, Hindus and Arabs developed a
number system called the Hindu-Arabic number
system.
Hindu-Arabic number system:
Many years ago, Hindus and Arabs developed a number system called the Hindu-Arabic number system.
It is the name given to the number system that we use today.
Roman numerals:
It is the numeral system that originated in ancient Rome. This numeral system is based on certain
letters, which are given values and are used as numerals. The following are the seven number symbols
used in the Roman numeral system, and their values:
I V X L C D M
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Seven letters of English alphabet, i.e. I, V, X, L, C, D and M, are used to represent Roman numerals.
Roman numerals do not have a symbol for zero. Roman numerals are read from left to right, and are
arranged from the largest to the smallest. Multiplication, division and other complex operations were
difficult to perform on Roman numerals. So Arabic numerals were used. The Roman numerals for the
numbers 1 - 15 are shown below:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV
We can find these roman numerals in some clocks.
Rules for Roman numerals:
1. In Roman numerals, a symbol is not repeated more than thrice. If a symbol is repeated, its value
is added as many times as it occurs.

Page no 58 of 68
For example, if the letter I is repeated thrice, then its value is three.
1. The symbols V, L and D are never repeated.
2. If a symbol of smaller value is written to the right of a symbol of greater value, then its value gets
added to the symbol of greater value.
3. For example, in case of VI, I is written to the right of V. It means that 1 should be added to 5.
Hence, its value is 6.If a symbol of smaller value is written to the left of a symbol of greater
value, then its value is subtracted from the symbol of greater value.
For example, in case of IV, I is written to the left of V. It means that 1 should be subtracted from 5.
Hence, its value is 4.
4. The symbols V, L and D are never written to the left of a symbol of greater value, so V, L and D
are never subtracted.
For example, we write 15 as XV and not VX.
 The symbol I can be subtracted from V and X only. For example, the value of IV is four and the
value of VI is six.
 The symbol X can be subtracted from L, M and C only. For example, X is subtracted from L to
arrive at 40, which is represented by XL
Brackets help in simplifying an expression that has

more than one mathematical operation.
Using brackets:
Brackets help in simplifying an expression that has more than one mathematical operation.
If an expression that includes brackets is given, then turn everything inside the bracket into a single

Page no 59 of 68
number, and then carry out the operation that lies outside.
Eg:
1. (6 + 8) x 10 = 14 x 10 = 140
2. (8 + 3) (9 - 4) = 11 x 5 = 55
Expanding brackets:
The use of brackets allows us to follow a certain procedure to expand the brackets systematically.
For example:
1. 8 x 109 = 8 x (100 + 9) = 8 x 100 + 8 x 9 = 800 + 72 = 872

2. 105 x 108 = (100 + 5) x (100 + 8)
= (100+5)x100+(100+5)x8
=100 x 100 + 5 x 100 + 100 x 8 + 5 x 8
=10000 + 500+ 800 + 40
=1134

Page no 60 of 68
2. Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
The numbers used for counting are called natural

numbers.
The numbers used for counting are called natural numbers. The number that comes immediately before
another number in counting is called its predecessor. The number that comes immediately after another
number in counting is called its successor. To find the successor of any given natural number, just add 1
to the given number. The value of nothing is represented by the number zero.
Eg: 3 - 3 = 0
Natural numbers together with the number zero are called whole numbers. When comparing two whole
numbers, the number that lies to the right on the number line is greater. When comparing two whole
numbers, the smaller number lies to the left on the number line.
A whole number added to 0 remains unchanged.
A whole number added to 0 remains unchanged. Thus, 0 is called the additive identity in whole
numbers. The product of two whole numbers is the same, no matter in which order they are multiplied.
This is called the commutative property of multiplication. A whole number multiplied by 1 remains

Page no 61 of 68
unchanged. Thus, 1 is called the multiplicative identity in whole numbers. Whole numbers are closed
under addition and multiplication. Subtraction and division are not commutative in whole numbers.
Whole numbers are not closed under subtraction and division.
While adding whole numbers, we can group the numbers in any order. This is called the associative
property of addition. While multiplying whole numbers, we can group them in any order. This is called
the associative property of multiplication. The sum of the products of a whole number with two other
whole numbers is equal to the product of the whole number with the sum of the two other whole numbers.
This is called the distributive property of multiplication over addition.

Page no 62 of 68
Mathematics Practice Problems
Knowing Our Numbers
1. The greatest five digit number formed with the digits 8, 5, 2 and 1 is
(a) 85512 (b) 88512 (c) 88521 (d) 88152
2. The difference of any “two” consecutive whole numbers is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
3. The smallest composite number is
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8
4. The sum of two odd number is always
(a) even (b) odd (c) both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
5. 34 × 205 is same as
(a) (30+4)×205 (b) 34×(200+5) (c) both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
6. The smallest 3–digit number which does not change if digits are written in reverse
order is
(a) 111 (b) 010 (c) 101 (d) None of these
7. The smallest prime number is
8. – 100 = 999
9. The difference between the place value and the face value of 7 in 9728 is
(a) 7 (b) 0 (c) 707 (d) 693
10. A number is divisible by both 5 and 7. By which other number will that number be
always divisible?
(a) 21 (b) 35 (c) 14 (d) 28
11. Which of the following numbers is equal to 1 billion?
(a) 10 lakh (b) 1 crore (c) 100 crore (d) 10 crore
12. 1 year is
(a) 7860 hours (b) 8760 hours (c) 7980 hours (d) 7680 hours
Page no 63 of 68
13. The value of 9307 x 937 – 9307 x 837 is
(a) 93700 (b) 930700 (c) 930070 (d) 900730
14. 1 kilogram is
(a) 10000 mg (b) 100000 mg (c) 1000000 mg (d) 1000 mg
15. The product of the place values of two 5’s in 75352 is
(a) 2500 (b) 25000 (c) 2500000 (d) 250000
16. The Roman numeral of 99 is
(a) L IX (b) L X X IX (c) X C IX (d) IX C
17. If x ÷ a = x, then a is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) x

x
18. The predecessor of 700,800 is
(a) 7,00,800 (b) 7,00,801 (c) 7,00,799 (d) None of these
19. In which of the following expressions, prime factorization has been done?
(a) 12 = 3×4 (b) 168 = 2×2×2×3×7 (c) 150 = 2×3×25 (d) 324 = 2×2×3×27
20. The number 75847 rounded to the nearest hundred is
(a) 76000 (b) 77800 (c) 75800 (d) 75850
21. 650 = × 23 + 6
(a) 30 (b) 621 (c) 28 (d) 22
22. The Hindu-Arabic numeral for the Roman numeral CCCXL is
(a) 350 (b) 190 (c) 210 (d) 340
23. The estimated quotient 2649 ÷ 134 by rounding off both the numerator and the
denominator to the nearest hundred is
(a) 28 (b) 27 (c) 20 (d) 26
24. The largest four digit number x smallest two digit number is
(a) 100000 (b) 99999 (c) 99990 (d) 99900
25. What must be added to 34,52,629 to make it equal to 6 crore?
(a) 6,34,52,629 (b) 5,69,47,390 (c) 5,65,47,371 (d) 5,34,52,629
Page no 64 of 68
Answers (Explanations):
1 The greatest five digit number formed with the digits 8, 5, 2 and 1 is 88521
2 The difference of any ―two‖ consecutive whole numbers is 1
3 The smallest composite number is 4
4 The sum of two odd number is always even
5 34 × 205 is same as both (a) & (b)
6 The smallest 3–digit number which does not change if digits are written in reverse order is
101
7 The smallest prime number is 2
8 1099 – 100 = 999
9 The difference between the place value and the face value of 7 in 9728 is 693
10 A number is divisible by both 5 and 7. By which other number will that number be always
divisible? 35
11 Which of the following numbers is equal to 1 billion? 100 crore
12 1 year is 8760 hours
13 The value of 9307 x 937 – 9307 x 837 is 930700
14 1 kilogram is 1000000 mg
15 The product of the place values of two 5’s in 75352 is 250000
16 The Roman numeral of 99 is X C IX
17 If x ÷ a = x, then a is 1
18 The predecessor of 700,800 is 7,00,799
19 In which of the following expressions, prime factorization has been done? 168 =
2×2×2×3×7
20 The number 75847 rounded to the nearest hundred is 75800
21 650 = 28 × 23 + 6
22 The Hindu-Arabic numeral for the Roman numeral CCCXL is 340
23 The estimated quotient 2649 ÷ 134 by rounding off both the numerator and the denominator
to the nearest hundred is 26
24 The largest four digit number x smallest two digit number is 99990
25 What must be added to 34,52,629 to make it equal to 6 crore? 5,65,47,371
Page no 65 of 68
WHOLE NUMBERS
1. Smallest whole number is
a) 1
b) 0
c) Not determinable
d) None of these.
2. Subtraction of whole number is
a) closed
b) associative
c) commutative
d) none of these
3. Additive identity of whole number is

a) 1
b) 2
c) 0
d) -1
4. The value of 12 ÷0 is
a) 1
b) 12
c) 0
d) None of these
5. The value of 390×4+6×390 is

a) 1320
b) 3092
c) 3900
d) 3120
6. Geetha has 7 notes each of Rs 10 and Gautham has 12 notes each of Rs 10. How much
money do they both have in all?
a) 70
b) 120
c) 190
d) 100
7. Your father decided to give you a gift worth Rs 25000 on your birthday. Out of this, he
brought a bicycle for Rs 1500 and a music system for Rs 8500. The rest he gifted to you in
the form of a ‛Kisan Vikas Patra’. What is the value of ‛Kisan Vikas Patra’ gifted to you?
a) 10000
b) 15000
c) 17500
d) None of these
8. How many times the digit 5 occurs in the units place in all natural numbers up to 100?
a) 11
b) 10
c) 9
d) None of these
9. Write two consecutive successors of 909.

a) 910, 911
Page no 66 of 68
b) 907, 908
c) 909, 910
d) None of these
10. What is the minimum and maximum no. of digits in the sum if we add any two ―three digit
numbers‖?
a) 4, 5
b) 3, 5
c) 3, 4
d) None of these
11. Find the difference between the smallest 4 digit number and largest 3 digit number.
a) 900
b) 2
c) 1
d) 901
12. What is the largest 4 digit number divisible by 13?
a) 9999
b) 9997
c) 9986
d) None f these.
13. What is the least number that must be added to 2345 to make it exactly divisible
by 3?
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0
d) None of these.
14. The difference between 895 and the number obtained by reversing the digit is
a) 792
b) 927
c) 397
d) 297
15. Division is the inverse of
a) addition
b) subtraction
c) multiplication
d) none of these
16. There are ——— whole number up to 60
a) 59
b) 60
c) 61
d) None of these
17. The natural number whose predecessor does not exist is

a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) None of these
18. (7×8)×5=7×(8×5) This statement shows that multiplication of whole number is
a) closed
b) associative
c) commutative
d) none of these
19. When a whole is divided by ——— the quotient is the number itself.
Page no 67 of 68
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) None of these
20. Divide the largest 4 digit number by the largest 2 digit number and write down
the quotient.
a) 101
b) 100
c) 10
d) 11
21. The cost of 1 pencil box is Rs. 26. How many pencil boxes can be bought for Rs
312.
a) 11
b) 12
c) 10
d) None of these.
22. The least no. which when divided by 6, 8, 9 leaves the remainder 5.
a) 79
b) 27
c) 72
d) 77
23. On dividing 92,197 by certain number, the quotient is 2634 and the remainder is 7. Find
the divisor?
a) 35
b) 36
c) 34
d) None of these
24. 125 ×215 - 125×15 = _________ .

a) 28750
b) 26750
c) 25000
d) 21500
25. There are 89 students in a class, out of which 26 play cricket, 10 play hockey
and the rest do not play anything. How many students are there who do not play
any of the games?
a) 36
b) 53
c) 46
d) 43
Answers
1)b 2)d 3)c 4)d 5)c 6)c 7)b 8)b 9)a 10) c 11)c 12)b 13)b 14)d 15)c
16)c 17)b 18)b 19)b 20)a 21)b 22)d 23)a 24)c 25)b
Page no 68 of 68

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Glossary of command terms used in exams

Physics -VI (Page no. 2 to 27)

Grade-VI I.I.T. Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Mathematics Olympiad -Bridge Course

Mathematics -VI (Page no. 50 to 68)

Physics Chapters as per NCERT Text Book Topics

1. Motion and Measurement of Distances Transportation and Distances

Measuring Length and its Accuracy

Rest and Motion

2. Light, Shadows and Reflections Types of Media

Before the invention of the wheel, the only

Measuring Length and Distance

Walking was the first the means of transportation

Motion and Measurement of Distances

A ruler is used to measure the length of an object.

Procedure to Measure the Length of an Object (or) a Straight Line

Procedure to Measure the Length of a Straight Line Using a Damaged Ruler

When a body remains in one position for a long

Rest and motion are relative terms

The various types of motion are

Rectilinear motion is the motion of an object that moves in a straight line.

Sometimes an object can display combinations of different types of motion:

 Rectilinear motion is the motion of a body in a straight line. Examples of bodies in

Objects that emit light on their own are called

The likeness of an object carried and formed by

1. The horse pulling a cart

a. Handspan cannot be used to measure length all over the world.

1. 1000 times the length of a metre is called ___________.

4. Moons and planets

6. Rectilinear propagation of light means

7. A non luminous body can be made luminous by

9. The light from the sun reaches the earth in

10. A body which emits light by itself is

11. The star very bright during early evening

14. The image formed in pinhole camera is

15. An optical medium having uniform composition throughout is

17. Reflection does not takes place from a

18. The shadow is the dark outline of

19. Shadows are formed only when the

20. This screen is a must to receive the shadow

21. Luminous objects are objects

24. Shadows are

25. An example for the rectilinear propagation of light is

Answer Key For Light, Shadows and Reflections

Chemistry Chapters as per NCERT Text Book Topics

1. Fibre to Fabric Fibres

2. Sorting Materials into groups Properties of Materials

Fabrics are made up of strands called yarns,

 The jute plant is generally harvested when it is in the flowering stage.

 Sometimes, the same object can be made from different materials.

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS

2. Cotton is grown in _____________ soil.

3. Jute plant is harvested at _________________ stage.

4. _______________ is obtained from the fleece of the sheep or goat.

5. To make fabrics, all the fibres are first converted into_________________.

7. Silk fibre is drawn from the ________________ of silkworm.

8. Weaving of fabric is done on _______________.

II.CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANWSER

2. Jute crop is cultivated during ( summer/rainy ).

3. Polyester is a ( natural/synthetic ) fibre.

4. Flax is a ( plant/animal ) fibre.

III.DEFINE THE FOLLOWING

IV.Distinguish between Natural fibres and Synthetic fibres.

I) Fill in the blanks :

Fill in the blanks

4. Three examples of metals are ______,_& __________.