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IT877 Advance Computer Networks SEECS, NUST

Home Assignment No 1

National University of Sciences & Technology


School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Computing
MSIT-18 Spring 2018
Home Assignment No 1 (V1)
Maximum Marks: 10 Instructor: Dr Nadeem Ahmed
Date: 4th March 2018 Due Date: mid night 11th March 2018

Your Name: Bushra Arshad Your Regn No: 205724

General:
This is an individual assignment. Fill in your details as listed above. Each student
will attempt all these questions in this document and upload the completed
document to LMS by the deadline. Submission of pdf is not allowed. Show your
calculations in any numeric question (Simply stating the answer would not
suffice). Please avoid plagiarism; any such case would result in award of zero
marks both to the “sharer” and the “acquirer”. Maximum score is 15 points that
would be scaled back to 10 marks.

Q1. Provide details about the Internet infrastructure of Pakistan. You must include
the following as bare minimum: (10 marks)

a. The under-seas cables (existing as well as proposed) connecting Pakistan


with the rest of the world?
b. Root name servers located in Pakistan. Provide their locations, root-server
family along with their corresponding IP addresses
c. IXPs (Internet Exchange Points) that exist in Pakistan
d. PERN2 network
e. Domestic fibre networks

Q2. Draw the FSM for the Receiver in RDT3.0 (3 points).

Q3. Provide feed back about this ACN course/your instructor by suggesting any
improvement that is required to enhance the quality and learning experience of this
course (2 points)
IT877 Advance Computer Networks SEECS, NUST
Home Assignment No 1

Answer 1:
In Pakistan, Internet came into existence in 1990’s and is being used largely now a
days, eventually Information and communications technology (ICT) is one of the
largely growing industries in our country Pakistan. Now more than 32 million people
in Pakistan Surf internet. Following is a description of infrastructure of internet across
the country.

a) Under seas cable:


Number of Undersea Cables are quite less in Pakistan in the world, thus causing a
serious damage to the regional telecom markets. Presently there are six submarine
cables in Pakistan that connect the stations that include SEA-ME-WE 3, SEA-ME-WE 4,
SEA-ME-WE 5, I-ME-WE, AAE-I and Transworld-1. Other countries have much better
performance in this regard than Pakistan who has only 6 marine cables while
Singapore has 23 in number, India has 17, Malaysia and Japan 20. Due to this less
number, PTA claims that due to a lack of infrastructure, Long Distance & International
(LDI) has been failing in meeting the desired expectations.

In the year 2005, a little part of the cable SEA-ME-WE 3,that was located 35 kilometres
in the south region of Karachi city and also was a major source of Pakistan's
communications became faulty so ultimately it affected all sort of communications,
along with the 10 million Internet users. In the year 2017, again a fault was observed
in IMEWE (India-Middle East-Western Europe) undersea cable in the country Saudi
Arabia that eventually disrupted the internet in our country Pakistan.

Pakistan has now also connected with a newer submarine cable system which has
much advance design capacity that is at least 40 Terabits per second across 5 fibre
pairs. AAE-1 is one of the world’s largest cable that spans for over 25,000 KMs. It
connects Hong Kong, Middle East, Singapore, with Europe and Africa.

A new submarine landing station for the proper traffic flow of internet, and a digital
TV service for all has been proposed recently in the pact of CPEC among Pakistan and
China, providing an upgraded and a cross-border fibre optic cable. In 2019, PEACE
cable will also be released and is a part of Pak China agreement.

In 2019, Arfica-1 will also be launched and its landing point will be Pakistan as well. Its
length will be 12000km. and also for the year 2019 Silk-route cable has been proposed
that will pass through Pakistan (Gwardar and Karachi) and Oman, its length will be
1030km.

b) DNS servers in Pakistan


Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and Nayatel (Pvt)
Ltd have jointly launched the first L-Root server of Pakistan. Nayatel has collaborated
in supplying the equipment that was necessary for internet transit and all sort of
requirements needed for the installation of the L-Root node were fulfilled by them
along with Data Center hosting. There are currently 13 “root,” server that are totally
authoritative, DNS servers, which can be differentiated by alphabetic letters A through
M where “L” is called to be one of the root servers and was used by them.
IT877 Advance Computer Networks SEECS, NUST
Home Assignment No 1
This DNS Root server, has been a judgmental part as far as the Internet infrastructure
is concerned it will contribute towards the stability and ultimately providing a much
better speed for an ever increasing internet using population.

Following is the list of DNS serves currently running in Pakistan.


IPv4/IPv6 Address Location
203.130.14.241 Karachi

111.68.99.194 Islamabad
210.56.22.99 Lahore
180.178.187.109 Rawalpindi
121.52.146.56 Peshawar

The above mentioned few DNS servers are those which provide a greater reliability.
Another root server project that included Pakistan was APNIC's root server project. In
the year 2002, APNIC announced a project in order to help the people and community
to establish several new root server sites into the Asia Pacific region. APNIC helps to
deploy root servers and eventually provide technical support. In 2005, F-Root name
servers were installed in Pakistan’s city Karachi and her allies Dhaka, Bangladesh.

c) Internet Exchange Point (IXP)


Internet Exchange Point (IXP) provides an infrastructure using which Internet Service
Providers (ISPs) and the Contact Delivery Networks (CDNs) exchange the data of
internet between their networks. In infrastructure of internet, Internet Exchange
Points (IXPs) is a major element. Pakistan Internet Exchange point Pakistan IXP
provides the local connectivity and fast access for the websites that have been hosted
on local ISP and in Pakistan, this helps eventually in lowering the cost of Bandwidth
and overhead providing a better QOS. IXP has been hosted at Pakistan Educational
Network (PERN) of Higher Education Commission (HEC) that acts as a neutral location
for our country, thus it provides an equal opportunity for all ISP participants.

d) PERN2
The Higher Education Commission Pakistan designed PERN (Pakistan Education and
Research Network again and then established a National Research and Research
Education Network (NREN), which was named further as PERN2, for all of the
educational sectors running in Pakistan. Round about 59 public and private institutes
have been connected using PERN2. NRENS also connected to PERN2 from all over the
world including APAN (Asia), GEANT2 (Europe) and `Internet2 (USA).

PERN2 connections:
PERN2 provides a connection to more than hundred public and other private sectors
in academics and other research institutes of the country via an IP based
infrastructure. It is connected internationally connected via TIEN3 which is in actual
the third generation of the Trans-Eurasia Information Network TEIN3 .
IT877 Advance Computer Networks SEECS, NUST
Home Assignment No 1
PERN2 Network design:
PERN design is made using the latest technology available in this field, using Gigabit
Metro Ethernet, SDH, and DWDM (OADMs/OLAs). The network architecture was
supposed to possess a 10 GE of Metro Ring Networks in cities like
Islamabad/Rawalpindi, Karachi, and Lahore metro cities, whereas in other over
populated cities of Pakistan like Hyderabad, Quetta and Peshawar, the network was
established using hub-and-spoke topology. Due to this three data centres have been
established.
PERN is a very cost-effective investment in the networking area for purpose of
education and research sector. Following are its benefits:

1. Is Fastest Internet Services


2. Provides a Virtual Private LAN Service
3. Is a National Digital Library
4. VoIP
5. Has a cloud based architecture and is distributed
6. Provides a unified communication

f) Domestic fiber backbones


Following are a few Domestic fiber backbones:

PTCL: Telenor and PTCL have signed an agreement and also have executed back-to-
back fiber-leasing agreements that were two in number in the years 2016 and 2017
respectively.

Wateen: Wateen claims to be the largest optic network of our country Pakistan,
providing a global revolution to our country.

Mobilink: Recently, Mobilink has contracted Huawei to Deploy Pakistan’s First Optical
Network that will provide a speed of about 100Gbps

Multinet : Multinet provides a reliable connectivity and is 12,000 km It is the scalable


optical fiber network that cover almost 120 cities of Pakistan.

Answer 2 :
To transfer the data over a certain channel, rdt3.0 protocol is quite useful and reliable
protocol, the sender can transmit the packet to the receiver end and the receiver
acknowledges the sent packet by means of an ACK. It also handles duplicate packets.
It is quite similar to Rdt 2. Following is the finite state machine at the end of the
receiver.
IT877 Advance Computer Networks SEECS, NUST
Home Assignment No 1

ANSWER 3 :
The course is being taught in quite interactive way, yet quizes must be announced
with lesser difficulty level because of limited time span it is not that much easy to brain
storm all concepts in ten minutes.

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