SECTION 5.

12 Beams with Axial Loads 475

Problem 5.11-12 Two W 310 * 74 steel wide-flange beams are bolted together to form
a built-up beam as shown in the figure. What is the maximum permissible bolt spacing s
if the shear force V $ 80 kN and the allowable load in shear on each bolt is F $ 13.5 kN
(Note: Obtain the dimensions and properties of the W shapes from Table E-1(b).) W 310 # 74

W 310 # 74

Solution 5.11-12
V $ 80 kN W 310 * 74 FIRST MOMENT OF AREA OF FLANGE
2 hw
F allow $ 13.5 kN A w $ 9420 mm
Q $ Aw Q $ 1.46 * 106 mm3
hw $ 310 mm 6
I w $ 163 * 10 mm 4 2

Location of neutral axis (z axis) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPACING OF NAILS

c $ hw c $ 310 mm VQ 2F
f$ $
I s
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE NEUTRAL AXIS
2Fallow I
hw 2 smax $ smax $ 180 mm ;
I $ c Iw + Aw a b d (2) VQ
2
I $ 7.786 * 108 mm4

Beams with Axial Loads

When solving the problems for Section 5.12, assume that the bending
moments are not affected by the presence of lateral deflections. P = 25 lb

Problem 5.12-1 While drilling a hole with a brace and bit, you exert
a downward force P " 25 lb on the handle of the brace (see figure).
The diameter of the crank arm is d " 7/16 in. and its lateral offset
is b " 4-7/8 in.
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses st and d= —
7
sc, respectively, in the crank. 16 in.
7
b = 4—
8 in.
476 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

Solution 5.12-1 Brace and bit

P $ 25 lb (compression) MAXIMUM STRESSES
M $ Pb $ (25 lb)(4 7/8 in.) P M 25 lb 121.9 lb-in.
st " $ + " $ 2
+
$ 121.9 lb-in. A S 0.1503 in. 0.008221 in.3
d $ diameter " $166 psi + 14,828 psi " 14,660 psi ;

d $ 7/16 in. P M
sc " $ $ " $166 psi $ 14,828 psi
A S
pd2
A$ $ 0.1503 in.2 " $14,990 psi
4 ;
3
pd
S$ $ 0.008221 in.3
32

Problem 5.12-2 An aluminum pole for a street light weights 4600 N W2 = 660 N
and supports an arm that weights 660 N (see figure). The center of gravity
of the arm is 1.2 m from the axis of the pole. A wind force of 300 N also acts
in the ($y) direction at 9 m above the base. The outside diameter of the
pole (at its base) is 225 mm, and its thickness is 18 mm. 1.2 m
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses st and sc,
respectively, in the pole (at its base) due to the weights and the wind force.
P1 = 300 N W1 = 4600 N

18 mm
9m
z
y
x
y 225 mm
x

Solution 5.12-2
W1 " 4600 N b " 1.2 m Mx " W2 b + P1h
W2 " 660 N h"9m Mx " 3.492 * 103 N # m (Moment)

P1 " 300 N d1 " 225 mm t " 18 mm MAXIMUM STRESS

Pz Mx d1
d2 " d1 $ 2 t st " a $ + b
A I 2
p 2 p
A" 1d1 $ d222 I" 1d1 4 $ d2 42 st " 5.77 * 103 kPa
4 64
" 5770 kPa ;
A " 1.171 * 104 mm2 I " 6.317 * 107 mm4
Pz Mx d1
AT BASE OF POLE sc " a $ $ b ;
A I 2
Pz " W1 + W2 sc " $ 6.668 * 103
3
Pz " 5.26 * 10 N (Axial force ) " $6668 kPa ;
V y " P1 V y " 300 N (Shear force)
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 477

Problem 5.12-3 A curved bar ABC having a circular axis (radius h

B
r $ 12 in.) is loaded by forces P $ 400 lb (see figure). The cross
section of the bar is rectangular with height h and thickness t. A C
If the allowable tensile stress in the bar is 12,000 psi and the P P
height h $ 1.25 in., what is the minimum required thickness tmin ? 45 45

Solution 5.12-3 Curved bar

TENSILE STRESS
P M P 3Pr(2 $ 12)
st " + " +
A S ht th2
P r
r " radius of curved bar " c1 + 3(2 $ 12) d
ht h
e " r $ r cos 45°
MINIMUM THICKNESS
1
" r a1 $ b P r
12 tmin " c1 + 3(2 $ 12) d
hsallow h
Pr
M $ Pe $ (2 $ 12)
2 SUBSTITUE NUMERICAL VALUES:

CROSS SECTION P " 400 lb s allow " 12,000 psi

1 2 r " 12 in. h " 1.25 in.

h $ height t $ thickness A $ ht S $ th
6 tmin " 0.477 in. ;

B
Problem 5.12-4 A rigid frame ABC is formed by welding two
steel pipes at B (see figure). Each pipe has cross-sectional area
d d
A " 11.31 * 103 mm2, moment of inertia I " 46.37 * 106 mm4, P
H
and outside diameter d " 200 mm. A C
Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses st and sc,
respectively, in the frame due to the load P " 8.0 kN if L " H " 1.4 m. d

L L
478 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

Solution 5.12-4 Rigid frame

P
AXIAL FORCE: N " RA sin a " sin a
2
PL
BENDING MOMENT: M " RAL "
2
TENSILE STRESS
N Mc P sin a PLd
st " $ + " $ +
A I 2A 4I
Load P at midpoint B
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
P
REACTIONS: RA $ RC $ P " 8.0 kN L " H " 1.4 m a " 45°
2
sina " 1/12 d " 200 mm
BAR AB:
A " 11.31 * 103 mm2 I " 46.37 * 106 mm4
H
tan a $ (8.0 kN)(1/12)
L st " $
H 2(11.31 * 103 mm2)
sin a $
1H2 + L2 (8.0 kN)(1.4 m)(200 mm)
+
d $ diameter 4(46.37 * 106 mm4)
c $ d/2 " $ 0.250 MPa + 12.08 MPa
" 11.83 MPa (tension) ;
N Mc
sc " $ $ " $0.250 MPa $ 12.08 MPa
A I
" $ 12.33 MPa (compression) ;

Problem 5.12-5 A palm tree weighing 1000 lb is inclined

at an angle of 60° (see figure). The weight of the tree may be
resolved into two resultant forces, a force P1 " 900 lb acting at
a point 12 ft from the base and a force P2 " 100 lb acting at
the top of the tree, which is 30 ft long. The diameter at the base
of the tree is 14 in. 30 ft P2 = 100 lb
Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses
st and sc, respectively, at the base of the tree due to its weight.

12 ft P1 = 900 lb

60
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 479

Solution 5.12-5 Palm tree

M " P1L1 cos 60° "P2 L2 cos 60°
" [(900 lb)(144 in.) + (100 lb)(360 in.)] cos 60°
" 82,800 lb-in.
N " (P1 + P2) sin 60° " (1000 lb) sin 60° " 866 lb

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS

N M 866 lb 82,800 lb-in.
P1 $ 900 lb st " $ + " $ +
2
A S 153.94 in. 269.39 in.3
P2 $ 100 lb
" $ 5.6 psi + 307.4 psi " 302 psi ;
L1 $ 12 ft $ 144 in.
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
L2 $ 30 ft $ 360 in.
sc " $ 5.6 psi $ 307.4 psi " $ 313 psi ;
d $ 14 in.
pd2
A$ $ 153.94 in.2
4
pd3
S$ $ 269.39 in.3
32

Problem 5.12-6 A vertical pole of aluminum is fixed at the base and pulled 1.5 d2
at the top by a cable having a tensile force T (see figure). The cable is attached
at the outer edge of a stiffened cover plate on top of the pole and makes an
angle a $ 20° at the point of attachment. The pole has length L $ 2.5 m and a
hollow circular cross section with outer diameter d2 $ 280 mm and inner
diameter d1 $ 220 mm. The circular cover plate has diameter 1.5d2. a T
Determine the allowable tensile force Tallow in the cable if the allowable
compressive stress in the aluminum pole is 90 MPa. L
d1
d2
d2

Solution 5.12-6
sallow " 90 MPa d1 " 220 mm PN " T cos (a) (Axial force)
d2 " 280 mm V " T sin (a) (Shear force)
d2 $ d1 1.5 d2
t" a " 20° L " 2.5 m M " VL + PN a b (Moment).
2 2
p p
A$ 1d 2 $ d1 22 I" 1d 4 $ d1 42
4 2 64 2
A $ 2.356 * 104 mm2 I $ 1.867 * 108 mm4
480 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

Allowable Tensile Force sallow

Tallow "
PN M d2 T cos (a) 1.5 d2
sc " $ $ " $ sin (a) L + cos (a) a b
A I 2 A cos (a) 2 d2
+
1.5 d2 A I 2
T sin (a) L" T cos (a) a b
2 d2 Tallow " 108.6 kN ;
$
I 2

Problem 5.12-7 Because of foundation settlement,

a circular tower is leaning at an angle a to the vertical
(see figure). The structural core of the tower is a circular
cylinder of height h, outer diameter d2, and inner diameter d1.
For simplicity in the analysis, assume that the weight
of the tower is uniformly distributed along the height.
Obtain a formula for the maximum permissible angle
a if there is to be no tensile stress in the tower. h d1
d2

Solution 5.12-7 Leaning tower

CROSS SECTION
p 2
A" (d $ d21)
4 2
p 4
I" (d $ d41)
W " weight of tower 64 2
a " angle of tilt p 2
" (d2 $ d21)(d22 + d21)
64
I d22 + d21
"
A 16
d2
c"
2
AT THE BASE OF THE TOWER
h
N " W cos a M " Wa bsin a
2
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 481

TENSILE STRESS (EQUAL TO ZERO) cos a hd2 sin a 4I d22 + d12

‹ " tan a " "
N Mc Wcosa A 4I hd2A 4hd2
st " $ + " $
A I A
MAXIMUM ANGLE a
W h d2 d22 + d12
+ a sinab a b $ 0 a " arctan ;
I 2 2 4hd2

Problem 5.12-8 A steel bar of solid circular cross section and length y
L " 2.5 m is subjected to an axial tensile force T " 24 kN and a
bending moment M " 3.5 kN m (see figure). d
(a) Based upon an allowable stress in tension of 110 MPa, determine M
z –z-direction
the required diameter d of the bar; disregard the weight of
the bar itself.
(b) Repeat (a) including the weight of the bar. T x
L

Solution 5.12-8
M $ 3.5 kN # m T $ 24 kN SOLVE NUMERICALLY FOR d (SUBSTITUTE sallow)
kN d $ 70 mm ;
g steel $ 77 3
L $ 2.5 m
m (b) INCLUDE WEIGHT OF BAR
sallow $ 110 MPa Agsteel L2
Mmax $ M +
p 2 d p 4 2
A$ d c$ I$ d
4 2 64 AT TOP OF BEAM AT SUPPORT
(a) DISREGARD WEIGHT OF BAR T Mmax d
st $ sallow $ +
MAX. TENSILE STRESS AT TOP OF BEAM AT SUPPORT A I 2
T Md T M d SUBSTITUTE MMAX FROM ABOVE, SOLVE FOR d NUMERICALLY
smax $ + $ +
A I 2 p 2 p 42 d $ 76.5 mm ;
d d
4 64
4T 32 M
sallow $ 2
+
pd p d3
482 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

Problem 5.12-9 A cylindrical brick chimney of height H weighs

w $ 825 lb/ft of height (see figure). The inner and outer diameters are
d1 $ 3 ft and d2 $ 4 ft, respectively. The wind pressure against the p
side of the chimney is p = 10 lb/ft2 of projected area. w
Determine the maximum height H if there is to be no tension in H
the brickwork
d1
d2

Solution 5.12-9 Brick Chimney

p 4 p 2
d2 I" (d2 $ d41) " (d $ d21) (d22 $ d21)
64 64 2
I 1 2 d2
" (d2 + d21) c"
H q A 16 2
w
AT BASE OF CHIMNEY
H 1
N " W " wH M " qH a b " pd2 H2
2 2

V TENSILE STRESS (EQUAL TO ZERO)

M N Md2 M 2I
s1 " $ + "0 or "
N A 2I N Ad2
pd2 H2 d22 + d12
"
p $ wind pressure 2wH 8d2
q $ intensity of load $ pd2 w(d22 + d21)
SOLVE FOR H H" ;
d2 $ outer diameter 4pd22
d1 $ inner diameter SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
W $ total weight of chimney $ wH w " 825 lb/ft d2 " 4 ft d1 " 3 ft
2
CROSS SECTION q " 10 lb/ft Hmax " 32.2 ft ;
p 2
A$ (d $ d21)
4 2
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 483

Problem 5.12-10 A flying buttress transmits a load P $ 25 kN, acting

at an angle of 60° to the horizontal, to the top of a vertical buttress AB Flying
(see figure). The vertical buttress has height h $ 5.0 m and rectangular buttress
cross section of thickness t $ 1.5 m and width b $ 1.0 m (perpendicular
to the plane of the figure). The stone used in the construction weighs
y $ 26 kN/m3. P
W
What is the required weight W of the pedestal and statue above the
vertical buttress (that is, above section A) to avoid any tensile stresses 60
in the vertical buttress? A
A

—t
h 2 h
t t
B B

Solution 5.12-10 Flying buttress

FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL BUTTRESS CROSS SECTION
A " bt " (1.0 m)(1.5 m) " 1.5 m2
1 1
S " bt2 " (1.0 m)(1.5 m)2 " 0.375 m3
6 6
AT THE BASE
N " W + WB + P sin 60°
" W + 195 kN + (25 kN) sin 60°
" W + 216.651 kN
M " (Pcos 60°) h " (25 kN) (cos 60°) (5.0 m)
" 62.5 kN # m
TENSILE STRESS (EQUAL TO ZERO)
P " 25 kN
N M
h " 5.0 m st " $ +
A S
t " 1.5 m W + 216.651 kN 62.5 kN # m
" $ 2
+ "0
b " width of buttress perpendicular to the figure 1.5 m 0.375 m3
b " 1.0 m or $ W $ 216.651 kN + 250 kN " 0
g " 26 kN/m3 W $ 33.3 kN ;
WB " weight of vertical buttress
" bthg
" 195 kN
484 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

Problem 5.12-11 A plain concrete wall (i.e., a wall with no steel t

reinforcement) rests on a secure foundation and serves as a small
dam on a creek (see figure). The height of the wall is h $ 6.0 ft
and the thickness of the wall is t $ 1.0 ft.
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses st and
sc, respectively, at the base of the wall when the water level reaches the
top (d $ h). Assume plain concrete has weight density gc $ 145 Ib/ft3. h
(b) Determine the maximum permissible depth dmax of the water if
d
there is to be no tension in the concrete.

Solution 5.12-11 Concrete wall

h $ height of wall STRESSES AT THE BASE OF THE WALL

(d " DEPTH OF WATER)
t $ thickness of wall
W M d 3gw
b $ width of wall (perpendicular to the figure) st " $ + " $ hgc + Eq. (1)
A S t2
gc $ width density of concrete
W M d 3gw
gw $ weight density of water sc " $ $ " $hgc $ 2 Eq.(2)
A S t
d $ depth of water
W $ weight of wall (a) STRESSES AT THE BASE WHEN d $ h
W $ bhtgc h $ 6.0 ft $ 72 in. d $ 72 in.
F $ resultant force for the water pressure t $ 1.0 ft $ 12 in.
MAXIMUM WATER PRESSURE = gw d 145
gc $ 145 lb/ft3 $ lb/in.3
1 1 1728
F$ (d)(gw d) (b) $ bd2gw 62.4
2 2 gw $ 62.4 Ib/ft3 $ lb/in.3
d 1 1728
M $ F a b $ bd3gw
3 6
1
A $ bt S $ bt2
6
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 485

Substitute numerical values into Eqs. (1) and (2): 145

d3 " (72 in.)(12 in.)2 a b " 24,092 in.3
st " $6.042 psi + 93.600 psi " 87.6 psi ; 62.4
sc " $ 6.042 psi $ 93.600 psi " $99.6 psi ; dmax " 28.9 in. ;

(b) MAXIMUM DEPTH FOR NO TENSION

Set st = 0 in Eq. (1):
d3gw gc
$hgc + 2
" 0 d3 " ht2 a b
t gw

Problem 5.12-12 A circular post, a rectangular post, and a post of cruciform

cross section are each compressed by loads that produce a resultant force P acting
at the edge of the cross section (see figure). The diameter of the circular post and the
depths of the rectangular and cruciform posts are the same.
(a) For what width b of the rectangular post will the maximum tensile
stresses be the same in the circular and rectangular posts?
(b) Repeat (a) for the post with cruciform cross section.
(c) Under the conditions described in parts (a) and (b), which post has the
largest compressive stress?

P P P

b
x 4 #— = b
4

b Load P here
d
4 #— = d
d d d 4

Solution 5.12-12
(a) EQUAL MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESSES P M
COMPRESSION sc " $ $
CIRCULAR POST A S

p 2 p 3 Pd 4P 16 P 20P
A" d S" d M" " $ 2
$ 2
"$
4 32 2 pd pd pd 2
Tension RECTANGULAR POST
P M 4P 16 P 12 P bd2 Pd
st " $ + " $ 2 + " A $ bd S$ M$
A S pd pd 2
pd2 6 2
P M P 3P 2P
TENSION st " $ + " $ " $
A S bd bd bd
486 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

P M P 3P 4P Equate compressive stresses & solve for b

COMPRESSION s c " $ $ " $ $ " $
A S bd bd bd 12 P 2P 3 1 pd
2
" " b" ;
Equate tensile stress expressions, solve for b pd 3bd pd b 3
12 P 2P 6 1 pd (c) THE LARGEST COMPRESSIVE STRESS
2
" " b" ;
pd bd pd b 6 substitute expressions for b above & compare
(b) CRUCIFORM CROSS SECTION compressive stresses

bd CIRCULAR POST
A " cbd $ a bd
22 20 P
sc " $
bd 3
b d 1 2 33 pd2
S" c + a b d " bd 2
2 12 2 2 12 d 32 RECTANGULAR POST
Pd 16P 4P 24 P
M" " sc " $ " $
3 3bd pd pd 2
2 a bd2 b a bd
32 6
P M CRUCIFORM POST
TENSION st " $ +
A S 20 P 20 P
sc " $ " $
4P 16 P 12 P pd pd 2
" $ + " 3 d
3bd 3bd 3bd 3
P M Rectangular post has the largest compressive
COMPRESSION sc " $ $ stress ;
A S
4P 16 P 20 P
" $ $ " $
3bd 3bd 3bd

Problem 5.12-13 Two cables, each carrying a tensile force

P " 1200 lb, are bolted to a block of steel (see figure). The b
P P
block has thickness t " 1 in. and width b " 3 in.
t
(a) If the diameter d of the cable is 0.25 in., what are the maximum tensile
and compressive stresses st and sc, respectively, in the block?
(b) If the diameter of the cable is increased (without changing
the force P), what happens to the maximum tensile and compressive stresses?

Solution 5.12-13 Steel block loaded by cables

P $ 1200 lb d $ 0.25 in. b $ width of block

t d $ 3.0 in.
t $ 1.0 in. e $ + $ 0.625 in.
2 2
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 487

CROSS SECTION OF BLOCK MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS (AT BOTTOM OF BLOCK)

1 3 t
A " bt " 30 in.2 I" bt " 0.25 in.4 y " $ " $0.5 in.
12 2
P Pey
(a) MAMIMUM TENSILE STRESS (AT TOP OF BLOCK) sc " +
A I
t
y" " 0.5 in. 1200 lb (1200 lb)(0.625 in.)($0.5 in.)
2 " +
P Pey 3 in.2 0.25 in.4
st " +
A I " 400 psi $ 1500 psi " $1100 psi ;
1200 lb (1200 lb)(0.625 in.)(0.5 in.)
" + (b) IF d IS INCREASED, increase the eccentricity e
3 in.2 0.25 in.4 increases and both stresses in magnitude.
" 400 psi + 1500 psi " 1900 psi ;

Problem 5.12-14 A bar AB supports a load P acting at the centroid b

—
of the end cross section (see figure). In the middle region of the bar 2
the cross-sectional area is reduced by removing one-half of the bar.
(a) If the end cross sections of the bar are square with sides of A b
b
length b, what are the maximum tensile and compressive stresses st
and sc, respectively, at cross section mn within the reduced region? b
(b) If the end cross sections are circular with diameter b, what b
— (a)
are the maximum stresses st and sc? 2
m n b
—
2

P
b

(b)

Solution 5.12-14 Bar with reduced cross section

(a) SQUARE BAR (b) CIRCULAR BAR
Cross section mn is a rectangle. Cross section mn is a semicircle
2 3 4
b b 1 b b 1 pb2 pb2
A " (b)a b " I" (b)a b " A" a b" " 0.3927 b2
2 2 12 2 96 2 4 8
b b From Appendix D, Case 10:
M " Pa b c"
4 4 b 4
I " 0.1098a b " 0.006860 b4
STRESSES 2
P Mc 2P 6P 8P 2b
st " + " 2 + 2 " 2 ; M " Pa b " 0.2122 Pb
A I b b b 3p
P Mc 2P 6P 4P
sc $ $ " 2 $ 2 " $ 2 ;
A I b b b
488 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

FOR TENSION P P P
" 2.546 2
+ 6.564 2
" 9.11 ;
4r 2b b b b2
ct " " " 0.2122 b
3p 3p P Mc c
sc " $
FOR COMPRESSION: A I
P (0.2122 Pb)(0.2878 b)
b 2b " $
cc " r $ ct " $ " 0.2878 b 0.3927 b2 0.006860 b4
2 3p
P P P
STRESSES " 2.546 2
$ 8.903 2
" $6.36 ;
b b b2
P Mct P (0.2122 Pb)(0.2122 b)
st " + " +
A I 0.3927 b2 0.006860 b4

Problem 5.12-15 A short column constructed P = 25 k y

of a W 12 * 35 wide-flange shape is subjected to a resultant
C 10 # 15.3
compressive load P " 12 k having its line of action at the
z (Part c only)
midpoint of one flange (see figure).
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses st and sc, respectively, in the column. C
(b) Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition. 2
(c) Recompute maximum tensile and compressive stresses
if a C 10 # 15.3 is attached to one flange, as shown.
W 12 # 35
1 1

Solution 5.12-15 Column of wide-flange shape

PROPERTIES OF EACH SHAPE: P Pew
sc " $ $ c sc " $ 5711 psi ;
W 12 * 35 C 10 * 15.3 Aw Iw w
Aw " 10.3 in.3 Ac " 4.48 in.2
(b) NEUTRAL AXIS (W SHAPE ALONE)
hw " 12.5 in. twc " 0.24 in.
Iw
tf " 0.52 in. xp " 0.634 in. y0 " $ y0 " $4.62 in. ;
Aw ew
4 4
Iw " 285 in. Ic " 2.27 in. (2-2 axis)
(a) THE MAXIMUM TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRESSES (C) COMBINED COLUMN, W 12 * 35 with C 10 * 15.3
LOCATION OF CENTROID FOR W 12 # 35 ALONE h " hw + twc
hw h " 12.74 in.
cw " cw " 6.25 in.
2 A " Aw + Ac A " 14.78 in.2
hw tf
P " 25 k ew " $ ew " 5.99 in.
2 2
P Pew
st " $ + c st " 857 psi ;
Aw Iw w
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 489

LOCATION OF CENTROID OF COMBINED SHAPE tf

P " 25 k e " hw $ $c e " 4.215 in.
hw 2
Aw a b + Ac (h $ xp)
2 P Pe
c" c " 8.025 in. st " $ + c st " 453 psi ;
A A I
hw 2 P Pe
I " Iw + Aw ac $ b sc " $ $ (h $ c) sc " $2951 psi ;
2 A I
+ Ic + Ac (h $ xp $ c)2 I
y0 " $ y0 " $ 6.33 in. (from centroid) ;
I " 394.334 in.4 Ae

Problem 5.12-16 A short column of wide-flange shape is P = 55 kN y Cover plate

subjected to a compressive load that produces a resultant force (120 mm # 10 mm)
P " 55 kN acting at the midpoint of one flange (see figure). (Part c only)
z y
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses st and sc, respectively, in the column. P
(b) Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition. C
(c) Recompute maximum tensile and compressive stresses 8 mm
if a 120 mm # 10 mm cover plate is added to one flange z 200
C mm
as shown.
12 mm
160
mm

Solution 5.12-16
P " 55 kN d tf
e" $ e " 94 mm
(a) MAXIMUM TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRESSES FOR W 2 2
SHAPE ALONE P Pe d
st " $ + st " 3.27 MPa ;
PROPERTIES AND DIMENSIONS FOR W SHAPE Aw Iw 2
b " 160 mm d " 200 mm P Pe d
sc " $ $ sc " $ 24.2 MPa ;
tf " 12 mm tw " 8 mm Aw Iw 2

Aw " bd $ (b $ tw) (d $ 2 tf) (b) NEUTRAL AXIS (W SHAPE ALONE)

Aw " 5.248 * 103 mm2 Iw
(b $ tw) (d $ 2 tf)3 y0 " $ y0 " $76.2 mm
bd3
;
Aw e
Iw $ $
12 12
Iw $ 3.761 * 107 mm4 (c) COMBINED COLUMN-W SHAPE & COVER PLATE
bp " 120 mm tp " 10 mm
490 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

h " d"tp I " 4.839 * 107 mm4

h " 210 mm tf
e"d$ $c e " 74.459 mm
A " Aw + bp tp A " 6.448 * 103 mm2 2
CENTROID OF COMPOSITE SECTION P Pe
st " $ + c st " 1.587 MPa ;
d tp A I
Aw + bp tp ad + b
2 2 P Pe
c" sc " $ $ (h $ c) sc " $ 20.3 MPa ;
A Aw Iw
c " 119.541 mm NEUTRAL AXIS
2 I
d
I " Iw + Aw ac $ b y0 " $ y0 " $100.8 mm (from centrioid)
2 Ae
bp t3p tp 2
+ + bp tp a d + $ cb
12 2

Problem 5.12-17 A tension member constructed of an 2

1
L 4 # 4 # &2& inch angle section (see Table E-4(a) in 3 1 1
Appendix E) is subjected to a tensile load P " 12.5 kips L4#4#— 2L4#4#—
2 2
that acts through the point where the midlines of the legs C C
intersect [see figure part (a)]. 1 1
P # #
(a) Determine the maximum tensile stress st in the
angle section. 2 3 P
(b) Recompute the maximum tensile stress if two angels
are used and P is applied as shown in the figure part (b). (a) (b)

Solution 5.12-17 Angle section in tension

(a) ONE ANGLE: L 4 * 4 * 1/2 (b) TWO ANGLES: L 4 * 4 * 1/2
AL " 3.75 in.2 rmin " 0.776 in. A " 2AL
t " 0.5 in. t " 0.5 in
c " 1.18 in. c " 1.18 in
t IL " 5.52 in.4 (2-2 axis)
e$ ac$ b 12 e " 1.315 in
2 t
e" ac$ b e " 0.93 in.
P $ 12.5 k 2
c1 $ c 12 c1 $ 1.699 in. P " 12.5 k
I3 $ AL rmin2 I3 $ 2.258 in. 4 I " 2IL I " 11.04 in.4
M $ Pe M $ 16.44 k-in. M " Pe M " 11.625 k-in.
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS OCCURS AT CORNER MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS OCCURS AT THE LOWER EDGE
P Mc1 P Mc
st $ + st $ 15.48 ksi ; st " + st " 2.91 ksi ;
AL I3 A I
 SECTION 5.12 Beams with Axial Loads 491

Problem 5.12-18 A short length of a 200 * 17.1 channel Two L 76 # 76 # 6.4 angles
is subjected to an axial compressive force P that has its line y y
of action through the midpoint of the web of the channel C 200 17.1
[(see figure(a)]. P P
# #
# #
(a) Determine the equation of the neutral axis under this z z
C C
loading condition.
(b) If the allowable stresses in tension and compression C 200 17.1
are 76 MPa and 52 MPa respectively, find the (a)
(b)
maximum permissible load Pmax.
(c) Repeat (a) and (b) if two L 76 # 76 # 6.4 angles are
added to the channel as shown in the figure part (b).
See Table E-3(b) in Appendix E for channel properties and Table E-4(b) for angle properties.

Solution 5.12-18
sc
P"
1 e
tw = 5.59mm $ $ c1
Ac Ic
bf = 57.4 Pmax " 67.3 kN ;

C 200 * 17.1 (c) COMBINED COLUMN WITH 2-ANGLES

Ac " 2170 mm2 dc " 203 mm c1 " 14.5 mm L 76 * 76 * 6.4

Ic " 0.545 * 106 mm4 (z-axis) AL " 929 mm2 IL " 0.512 * 106 mm4

c2 " bf $ c1 c2 " 42.9 mm cL " 21.2 mm

ALLOWABLE STRESSES COMPOSITE SECTION

st " 76 MPa s c " $52 MPa A " Ac + 2 AL A " 4.028 * 103 mm2
ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD h " bf + 76 mm h " 133.4 mm
tw CENTROID OF COMPOSITE SECTION
e " c1 $ e " 11.705 mm
2 Ac 1bf $ c12 + 2 AL 1bf + cL2
c"
A
(a) LOCATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS (CHANNEL ALONE)
c " 59.367 mm
$ Ic
I " Ic + Ac 1bf $ c1 $ c22
Ac # e
y0 " y0 " $21.5 mm ;
+ 2 IL + 2 AL 1bf + cL $ c22
(b) FIND PMAX I " 2.845 * 106 mm4
P Pe st tw
st " $ + c P" e " bf $ $c e " $ 4.762 mm
A I 2 1 e 2
$ + c2
Ac Ic bf " 57.4 mm
P " 165.025 kN
LOCATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS
P Pe
sc " $ $ c I
A I 1 y0 " $ y0 " 148.3 mm ;
Ae
492 CHAPTER 5 Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)

y0 " 148.3 mm 7 h " 133.4 mm ; sc

P" Pmax " 149.6 kN ;
Thus, this composite section has no tensile stress 1 e
$ + c
A I
P Pe
sc " $ + c
A I

Stress Concentrations
The problems for Section 5.13 are to be solved considering the
stress-concentration factors. M M
Problem 5.13-1 The beams shown in the figure are subjected h d
to bending moments M " 2100 lb-in. Each beam has a rectangular
cross section with height h " 1.5 in. and width b " 0.375 in.
(perpendicular to the plane of the figure). (a)
(a) For the beam with a hole at midheight, determine the
maximum stresses for hole diameters d " 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 2R
and 1.00 in.
(b) For the beam with two identical notches (inside height M M
h1 " 1.25 in .), determine the maximum stresses for notch radii h h1
R " 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 in.

Probs. 5.13.1 through 5.13-4 (b)

Solution 5.13-1
M " 2100 lb-in. h " 1.5 in. b " 0.375 in. (b) BEAM WITH NOTCHES
(a) BEAM WITH A HOLE h 1.5 in.
h1 " 1.25 in. " " 1.2
h1 1.25 in.
d 1 6Mh
… Eq.(5-57): sc " Eq. (5-58)
h 2 b(h3 $ d3)
6M
50,400 snom " " 21,500 psi
" 3
(1) bh21
3.375 $ d
d 1 12Md R " Ks
Ú Eq.(5-56): sB " K s
h 2 b(h3 $ d3) R (in) h (Fig. 5-50) s
67,200 d
$ (2) 0.05 0.04 3.0 65,000
3.375 $ d3 0.10 0.08 2.3 49,000
0.15 0.12 2.1 45,000
0.20 0.16 1.9 41,000
d sc Eq. (1) sB s
d (in.) h (psi) Eq. (2) (psi) (psi) NOTE: The larger the notch radius, the smaller the stress.
0.25 0.1667 15,000 — 15,000
0.50 0.3333 15,500 — 15,500
0.75 0.5000 17,100 17,100 17,100
1.00 0.6667 — 28,300 28,300
NOTE: The larger the hole, the larger the stress.