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𝑇
V=√ (eq. 1)
𝜇
through the generated wave equation, the relationship between the velocity,
frequency and wavelength is given by :
v=f ƛ (eq. 2)
wherein we can substitute the value of the velocity of the transverse wave,
thus, the general equation below:
1 𝑇
f= √ (eq. 3)
ƛ 𝜇
If we look more closely at a typical wave, we can see the periodic nature in
the shape of the wave itself. We'll put seconds along the horizontal axis, and the
vertical axis will measure the wave's vertical displacement. Just so we can talk about
the wave more clearly, we'll label it with letters at different points (See Figure 1).
The letters A and E show the low points of the wave, which we call troughs. The
letters C and G show the crests of
the wave. A full wave cycle is
defined as that portion of
Figure 1
the wave between two successive crests, or between two troughs. By looking at how
the crests and troughs line up with our horizontal axis, we can see that a full wave
cycle always takes the same amount of time. That's why we say that waves have a
periodic nature.
Figure 2.
Changing the tension in the string, the length of the string, the diameter of the
string, and the linear density of the string will have an effect on its frequency of
vibration.
Guitar strings
Sine Wave
Generator and
String Vibrator
Mass Hanger
Weights
Iron Stands
Pulley
Materials and Methods
After setting up the equipment, the experiment was conducted. A guitar string
was picked by the group and took note of its linear mass density. The string was tied
on one end of the guitar to the stylus of the string vibrator and was passed over the
pulley. At the end of the guitar string, a mass hanger was attached.
Sine wave generator
String vibrator
Figure 4. Sine wave generator and string vibrator connected to the iron clamp.
We selected the 0.017in string and tie its one end to the stylus of the string
vibrator and pass it over the pulley. We make sure that it is formed a straight line.
At the other end of guitar string, we attached the mass hanger and add 50 grams on
it and adjusted the frequency knob to 110 Hz as a desired frequency of vibration.
Results
Tension: 49,000dynes
TRIAL Linear Mass Number of Length of Frequency of Frequency of % Error
Density Segments String Vibration Vibration
(experimental) (computed)
1 0.0039g/cm 3 60.2cm 89.9Hz 88.3203Hz 1.757%
2 0.0078g/cm 3 42cm 89.9Hz 89.5143Hz 0.429%
3 0.0112g/cm 4 46.7cm 89.9Hz 89.5782Hz 0.358%
4 0.0150g/cm 5 49.9cm 89.9Hz 90.5507Hz 0.724%
5 0.0184g/cm 6 55cm 89.9Hz 89.0118Hz 0.988%
Table 2 shows the data gathered from the experiment in determining the
frequency of vibration wherein it is used different sizes of guitar strings and the
tension on the string was kept constant throughout the experiment. The table also
shows actual value and the experimental value of frequency of vibration. The
percentage of error was also computed. Using the formula shown below, we
computed for the experimental value of frequency of the first trial in the experiment
and did the same thing for the remaining trials.
1 𝑇
f= √
ƛ 𝜇
Since the outcome of the experiment wasn't exact with the actual value of the
frequency, Errors may have arisen from the measurement of the segments. Someone
with a keen-eye and someone with a stable hand to hold the measuring device to
have a precise and accurate measurement is need in this experiment. Wrong
measurement and the wave produce near the stylus. The stylus can be the source of
error because the clip that connects the stylus to string vibrator affect the wave of
the segment produce in the first segment. The sources of error that can affect the
experiment are the amplitude, The amplitude is also a source of error because we
must allocate better amplitude to see the wave; increase in altitude will make a
different wave and uneasy to measure the length. Measurement of the length is a
source of error in the experiment. We must able to measure the length accurate to
have less error. Also, the string used by the device should be completely leveled and
free to vibrate without obstructions.
Based on the results achieved in table1, it clearly shows that the tension is
directly proportional to the frequency and inversely proportional to the number of
segments. As tension increases, frequency also increases and also as tension
increases, number of segments decreases. On the other hand, table 2 shows the
relationship of the diameter of the string, its linear mass density to the number of
segments and frequency. As linear mass density increases, number of segments
increases and frequency decreases. Therefore, linear mass density is directly
proportional to number of segments and inversely proportional to frequency. The
formula in the manual was the same to the data gathered.
Sources of error were wrong measurement of the length of the total number of
segments since you cannot place the meter stick near the string for it will affect the
movement of the wave. In addition, we must count the number of segment after it
passes the stylus because the stylus is affected by the clip that connects the string
vibrator to the stylus. Two, we must also consider the measurement of the length of
string with complete number of segments. Last, we must check the different
relationship of frequency to the segment, tension, linear mass density and length.