PHYSICAL IMPACTS

1. Changes in land use

2. Development of infrastructure
3. Tourism acts as a catalyst for regional development
4. Impact of Tourism on Income-generating projects for local people
5. Impact of Tourism on Accessibility to different landmarks (transport and
communication)
6. Impact of tourism in access to potable water
7. Impact of tourism on Public toilets
8. Impact of tourism on open defecation
9. Impact of tourism on natural drainage system
10. Impact of tourism on per capita solid waste generation
11. Impact of tourism on Electricity theft
12. Impact of tourism on local and collector roads
13. Impact of tourism on traffic accidents
14. Encouraging heritage conservation
15. Community recreational resources are overused by tourist
16. Public Transport quality
17. Increase in Traffic problems- Congestion, Traffic jams, parking difficulties
18. Off season- peak season capacities Infrastructure over load
19. Tourism brings more opportunities to upgrade facilities such as outdoor recreation, park
and roads

Tourism brings more opportunities to upgrade facilities such as outdoor

recreation, park and roads

1. Overcrowding and congestion

2. Noise and air pollution
3. Quality of sewage and garbage disposal
4. Strain on public utility service and recreational facilities 5. Road
conditions / ferry services
6. Need of separate place for parking
7. Availability of pure and adequate water supply
8. Development of basic infrastructure
SOCIAL IMPACTS

1. Effects of tourism on traditional lifestyles and the erosion of cultural heritages.

2. Impact of Tourism on Quality of life of local people
3. Impact of Tourism on Community towards awareness of tourism
4. Tourism promotes local Crime Rate, vandalism
5. Tourism brings awareness towards education in community
6. Tourism brings awareness towards health improvement in community
7. Tourism acknowledges community with change in society
8. Tourism helps people learning different languages
9. Tourism promotes inter-cast or inter-religion activities
10. Ensuring rights in natural resource management
11. Tourism development makes the community dependent on people outside of the
community
12. Tourism promotes pride of their way of community life and cultures
13. Tourism invites other organizations to assist the community
14. Tourism is another form of education for tourists to understand and 
 appreciate way
of life of the host community
15. Opportunities for women
16. Tourism plays a role in raising the standard of living and in reducing poverty in local
communities.
17. Tourism increases the standard of living of host people
18. Scarcity of essential goods during season

19. Increase in the activities of drug abuse, gambling
 and prostitution

20. Awakening general awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and
traditions

Tourism brings socio-economic benefits to the local community, in terms

of faster economic growth, larger jobs, foreign exchange earnings,
balanced development of weaker areas and higher revenue to the state
and causes sustainable human development.

Tourism has been charged not only with the debasement of socio-cultural
factors but also with degradation of the environment. As well as it is
contributing to changes in value system, individual behaviour, family
relationship, collective lifestyles, safety levels, moral conduct and community
organization. Attractions, accommodation, ancillary services and amenities are
the basic element of tourism.

Increase in density of population

2. Quality of police protection

3. Strain on police protection
4. Increase in crime rate

5. Commercialization of tradition and customs

6. Improved standard of living
7. Change in occupational structure

8. Role of MTDC/ ASI in development of this pilgrimage / cultural centers

9. Spreading of epidemics
10.Active participation of local social organization towards the facilities of

tourists
11.Increase in the activities of drug abuse and gambling
12.Increase in the activities of prostitution
13.Duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining
14.Change in values, norms and customs
15.Awaking general awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage

and traditions
CULTURAL IMPACTS

1. Tourism destroys host societies and cultures

2. Tourism encourages a variety of cultural activities
3. Meeting tourists promotes cross-cultural exchange
4. local people become aware of ritual values of different religions
5. Enhancing the level of education
6. Tourism works on raising the Community Pride
7. Helps in building of community management organizations
8. Enabling the participation of local people
9. Gaining more respect for the community by outsiders
 10. Raising awareness of the need for conservation
11. Encouraging respect for different cultures
12. Developing tourism based on partnership between community and governmental
institutions
13. Contributing to community cohesion for creating unique local identity
14. Tourism promotes cultural restoration and conservation

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS

POSITIVE

1. Increased Understanding of Different Cultures (Easterling, 2008)

2. Revitalized Traditional Practices.(Easterling, 2008)
3. Increased Demand for Local Arts(Easterling, 2008)
4. Preserves/ Strengthens Cultural Identity of Hosts(Easterling, 2008)
5. Greater Pride in Community(Easterling, 2008)
6. Improves Quality of Life(Easterling, 2008)
7. Promotes Cultural Exchange(Easterling, 2008)
8. Improve public utilities such as pavements, lighting, parking, litter control, landscaping
and even water and sewage systems. (Ritchie & Mikko, 2006)
9. Tourism may also encourage improvements in public transport infrastructure benefiting
both tourists and residents.(Ritchie & Mikko, 2006)
10. Preserve cultural heritage.(Ritchie & Mikko, 2006)
11. Hosts adopt foreign languages through necessity Hosts develop coping behaviour and
avoid unnecessary contact Arts, crafts and local culture revitalized. (Beeton, 2006)
12. Increased social interaction increases communication skills. (Beeton, 2006)
13. people-centered development, social justice, satisfying quality of life and active
community organizations (Polnyotee & Thadaniti, 2015)pgno.91
14. Formal and informal education, local culture passed on to the next generation and
cultural preservation. pgno.91 (Polnyotee & Thadaniti, 2015)
15. Intercultural interaction, Opportunities to socialise, Entertainment and recreational
opportunities, Shopping opportunities.(Deery, Margaret Jago, Leo Fredline, Liz
2012)pgno.68-69
16. It encourages the restoration of ancient monuments and archaeological
treasures.preservation of historical buildings and the creation of museums (Cohen,
Erik) 1978 pgno. 217
17. changes in value systems, norms, beliefs, perceptions, morals and the conduct or
behaviour and any impacts that might have an impact on the quality of life of local
residents. (Viviers & Slabbert, 2012)pgno. 199
18. improved community services and cultural facilities and the encouragement of cultural
activities. (Viviers & Slabbert, 2012) pgno. 199
19. Employment opportunities attract younger people to areas of tourism development. It
improves quality of life through developments and improvements of infrastructure.
(Vassil Levski)pgno59
 20. The rural and the backward areas will learn the modern culture, their practices of
modern society that will help them to come out of their traditional religious beliefs,
morals and values. .Tourism helps in increasing the education standards and health
standards of the people. .Tourism trend to encourage healthier lifestyle
.Tourism helps for maintenance of the historical buildings, monuments, museums, art
and galleries etc. . (Vassil Levski)pgno60
21. Learn more about other cultures
.More peace among people
.More sports and recreation facilities
.Less crime
.Less prostitution
.Entertainment facilities (Nkemngu, 2015)

NEGATIVE

1. Loss of Native Language(Easterling, 2008)

2. Increased Prostitution(Easterling, 2008)
3. Tourism Destroys Community Relationships/ Character(Easterling, 2008)
4. Resident Attitudes Worsen Over Time(Easterling, 2008)
5. Tourism Intensifies Labor burdens(Easterling, 2008)
6. Tourism Leads to a Loss of Authenticity(Easterling, 2008)
7. The number of people in shops, restaurants, nightclubs etc. (Deery, Margaret Jago, Leo
Fredline, Liz 2012)pgno.68-69
8. Visitors and the tourist industry can negatively affect local populations ( e.g. transmit
diseases, modify traditional cuisine and habits such as less healthy food, fast food,
contribute to reduction of arable land which may elevate-risk of malnutrition, increased
discharge of sewage waste. (WTO, 2004)
9. Maintenance of public facilities.
.Range of activities available
.The number of people in the area
.Participation in community activities
.Entertainment opportunities
.Pride of residents
.Opportunities to meet new people
.The number of tourists visiting
.The number of people moving to the town
.Rowdy behavior
.Drinking and drug use.
.Crime
.Noise levels
.Public transport
.Interactions between locals and tourists
.Facilities available to local residents (Viviers & Slabbert, 2012)pgno. 201
10. Traffic and parking problems have increased because of tourism.(Ritchie & Mikko,
2006)
11. With lower levels of formal educational tend to be less involved in CBT collaborations.
This type of exclusion can create blockages. (Burgos & Mertens, 2017)
12. Crimes including drugs, prostitution, and problems of foreign workers and foreign
entrepreneurs. (Polnyotee & Thadaniti, 2015)pgno.91
13. Traffic jams are occurring and the traffic signs are depreciating. (Polnyotee &
Thadaniti, 2015)pgno.91
14. Which include lack of tourists’ safety, taking advantage of tourists, lack of local
people’s involvement, lack of education, poverty, poor public health, and problems of
traffic, while the local community becomes increasingly commercialized? (Polnyotee
& Thadaniti, 2015)pgno.91
15. Social disadvantages such as crowding, congestion and an increase of undesirable
activities such as prostitution, gambling, alcohol, drugs and crime. (Ritchie & Mikko,
2006)
16. Social disadvantages such as crowding, congestion and an increase of undesirable
activities such as prostitution, gambling, alcohol, drugs and crime have also been found.
(Ritchie, Brent W. Mikko, Inkari 2006)
17. Excessive drinking, alcoholism, gambling & increased underage drinking.
.Crime, drugs, prostitution & increased smuggling.
.Adaptation to tourist demand and over exploitation of socio-cultural carrying capacity
.Irritation due to tourist behavior Language and cultural effects
.Unwanted lifestyle changes and displacement of residents for Tourism development
.New cliques modify social structure. (Journal, International Available, Business
Management 2014)pgno.77-78
18. The biggest problem is congestion or overcrowding. Scopes for investment in diverse
profitable businesses (Vassil Levski)pgno60
19. Poor planned tourism effects the tradition , cultural practices of the local people
.Tourism leads to overdevelopment of the regions.
.It increases tension, hostility, conflicts and suspicion.
.Increased dependence on foreign tourists that results in racism
.Political factors include: Terrorism and security, Religious intolerance, Aggressive
advertising campaigns, Government policies with tax exemptions and NRI investments
and Relationship with neighboring countries. (Vassil Levski) pgno61
20. Beautiful scenery, tranquility and lack of congestion. Unfortunately, for many
communities the change equals with the loss of local traditions and values by replacing
them with a false rural culture.(Paul, 1978)
21. Continuously eroded by tourism development and the rapidly increasing pace of life.
For this reason, the meaning of local culture might dilute and dissolve (Paul, 1978)
ECONOMIC IMPACTS

1. Rise in real estate prices foreign investments

2. Employment for unskilled labour
3. Generates business
4. Tourism calls many small scale industries
5. Tourism provides many worthwhile business and employment opportunities/
livelihoods to local people
6. Tourism generates income
7. Household income of local community
8. Tourism improves Quality of goods and services
9. Impact of Tourism on Entrepreneurial training
10. Tourism helps to improve professional skill training and learning new ideas
11. Tourism asks for community handicraft and local made stuffs
12. Tourism brings in the major revenue to the community
13. Tourism diversifies the local economy
14. Tourism creates new markets for local community products
15. Tourism plays a vital role in narrowing economic balance
16. provide tremendous opportunities for marketers to focus on these locations to market
their products and services.
17. Tourism opens up new possibilities for ventures; attracts new investment in the city.
18. Duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining


Tourism is a commercial activity and therefore tourism can create

employment opportunities, foreign exchange earnings and also increases
the standard of living of host people.

Tourism can create employment opportunities, earn foreign exchange, produce

return on investment for emerging economics, bring technology and improve
standard of living. Tourism can also help to generate jobs and increase revenue
to local people and shopping facilities. Tourism can cause major effect on
economics of destination area for price of land to rise rapidly.

Tourism is encouraged at the local level due to ability to generate employment in

hotels, resorts, restaurants, cottages, parks, transport operators, travel agents,
entertainment and local business. Also change their lifestyle and it provides
support to the other sectors of the economy.

1. Increase in the income of residents

2. Opportunity for shopping

3. Opportunity for jobs
4. Demand for female labour
5. Increased cost of land and housing
6. Increase in general prices of goods and services 7. Rental houses as a source
of income
8. Scarcity of essential goods during season
9. Degradation of cultural and commercial goods 10. Increased the number of
hotels / resorts
11. Commercial view point of local people
POSITIVE

1. Employment Opportunities(Easterling, 2008)

2. Local residents with economic benefits, more facilities and a greater range of choice
in services.(Ritchie & Mikko, 2006)
3. Increase in prices of goods, services and property values. (Ritchie & Mikko, 2006)
4. Standard of Living(Easterling, 2008)
5. Support for Infrastructure(Easterling, 2008)
6. Economic Growth(Easterling, 2008)
7. Empowering Women and Youths(Hamzah & Khalifah, 2009)
8. Income from local production, diversified local economy and self-reliance (Polnyotee
& Thadaniti, 2015)pgno. 91
9. With increases in tourists comes an increase in the demand for services. This can often
lead to an increase in the services provided, but can also lead to longer queues and
waiting times (Deery, Margaret Jago, Leo Fredline, Liz 2012)pgno.68-69
10. Opportunities for local business: Increased trade occurs through increased numbers of
local business visitors and offers the opportunity to develop a variety of local
businesses.(Deery, Margaret Jago, Leo Fredline, Liz 2012)pgno.68-69
11. In some regions, public transport services may be increased to meet the needs of tourists
which improves the services available for locals. In other instances, however, tourists
can create additional crowding on existing services.(Deery, Margaret Jago, Leo
Fredline, Liz 2012)pgno.68 69
12. The physical appearance of the region, The style of architecture on the region and The
character of the region. (Deery, Margaret Jago, Leo Fredline, Liz 2012)pgno.68-69
13. The standard of maintenance of public facilities such as beaches, parks, roads and
Public transport. (Viviers & Slabbert, 2012)pgno. 199
14. positive economic impacts include improved standard of living, job opportunities,
improved quality of life and more profit for local businesses. (Viviers & Slabbert,
2012)pgno. 199
15. Construction and Resource Consumption rise in tourist numbers, new roads, sidewalks,
street lights and drainage infrastructure have been put in place. (Journal, International
Available, Business Management 2014)pgno.77-78
16. Employment
17. Entrepreneurship development
Income
Infrastructure development
Investment
Standard of living (Vassil Levski) pgno59
18. More jobs
.More income
.Financial support for SMMEs
.More training
.Less poverty
.More investment
.Increase value of land/property
.Tax benefit (Nkemngu, 2015)
19. Increasing modernization and integration with urban civilization
. Increase in services provided by the government a more democratic and tolerant
political climate the development of national and ethnic consciousness.
.The growth of international peace and understanding and emancipation of
women(Dogan, 1989)
NEGATIVE

1. Increased Cost of Living(Easterling, 2008)

2. Increased Prices(Easterling, 2008)
3. Benefits Not Distributed(Easterling, 2008)
4. Employment Is Seasonal, Temporary(Easterling, 2008)
5. Increased Economic Instability(Easterling, 2008)
6. Increases in the use of public services require increases in funding from local and state
governments. This need for additional funding may also cause taxes to rise. (Deery,
Margaret Jago, Leo Fredline, Liz 2012)pgno.68-69
7. increase in the cost of living, and increases in the prices of goods and services are just
a few of the many negative economic impacts of tourism. (Viviers & Slabbert,
2012)pgno. 199
8. Increase in the cost of living, and increases in the prices of goods and services are
negative economic impacts of tourism. (Viviers & Slabbert, 2012)pgno. 199
9. Employment opportunities.
.Property values.
.Opportunities for local business.
.Public funding for community activities.
.Prices of goods and services.
.The overall cost of living.
.Money spent by tourists stimulates the economy.
.Media coverage promotes development Spending of public money.
.Social inequity.
.Turnover for local businesses.
.Values
.Rent rates in the surrounding areas
.Living standards
.Opportunities for shopping
.Construction costs
.Range of goods and services
.Number of people that benefit
.Infrastructure and facilities (Viviers & Slabbert, 2012)pgno. 201
10. Reliance on foreign workers, high competition for employment between local people
and foreign workers, high budget expenses to solve problems, imbalance of tourism
revenue and income distribution between local people and foreigner investors and
insufficient budget to solve problems. (Polnyotee & Thadaniti, 2015)pgno.91
11. Negative attitudes, including high property prices and traffic congestion. (Ritchie,
Brent W. Mikko, Inkari 2006)pgno.31
12. increased the demand and price of property, nor that tourism has increased the cost of
living.(Ritchie, Brent W. Mikko, Inkari 2006)pgno.37
13. Discovered that only those residents living in the city centre felt that the problems,
which visitors create, outweighed the benefits, similar to the expectancy-value and
 social exchange theories explained earlier. (Ritchie, Brent W.Mikko, Inkari 2006)pgno.
31
14. Economic inequalities & Job level friction. .Natural, political, and public relations
calamities. (Journal, International Available, Business Management 2014)pgno.77-78
15. Dependency
High price of commodity
Income Disparity
Increase land price
Seasonality
Cultural pride (Vassil Levski) pgno59
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

1. Spreading of epidemics

2. Tourism helps in preservation of historically or aesthetically important sites, buildings
or neighbourhoods
3. Tourism disturbs the natural behaviour of Environment
4. Tourism has threat of communicable disease
5. Impact of tourism on quality of water
6. Encouraging environmental Conservation
7. Contribution to the environmental education
8. Community recreational resources are overused by tourist
9. The environment in the community is well preserved
10. Tourism in the community causes pollution- water, air, noise
11. Tourism unites various groups inside the community to work together
12. Littering

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

POSITIVE

1. Natural resource management rights, environmental responsibility and natural resource

conservation. (Polnyotee & Thadaniti, 2015)pgno.91
2. Improvement of the environment, motivate the management and stewardship of natural
resources. (Viviers & Slabbert, 2012) pgno. 199
3. Improved roads
.Greater access to public transport
.Improved water provision
.Improved electricity services
.Improved safety and security
.Improved health facilities (Nkemngu, 2015)

NEGATIVE

1. Rapid climate change looks ever more serious.(Bramwell & Lane, 2008)
2. Claimed significance of aviation for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus for
global warming.(Bramwell & Lane, 2008)
3. Increased Pollution(Easterling, 2008)
4. Natural Beauty and Tranquility(Easterling, 2008)
5. Over- Crowding(Easterling, 2008)
6. Traffic and Parking Congestion(Easterling, 2008)
7. Over- Harvesting(Easterling, 2008)
8. Problems of garbage, emission, waste water, dust, lack of green zones and lack of rules
at the beach front contribute significantly to the deterioration of the environment.
 Besides, there also exist risk of natural disasters such as tsunami and landslides.
(Polnyotee & Thadaniti, 2015)pgno.91
9. Damage to the environment Appearance of the area.
.Traffic congestion Water pollution Noise pollution
.Air pollution
.The smell in the area Plant life
.Animal life Erosion levels Soil compression Energy consumption.
.Disruption of tranquility littering
.Carrying capacity Water consumption Soil pollution Waste handling
.Event spoils natural beauty of area.
.Negative impact on the natural resources Space availability Sewage problems (Viviers
& Slabbert, 2012) pgno. 201
10. Litter, The available habitat for local wildlife and the natural environment. (Deery,
Margaret Jago, Leo Fredline, Liz 2012)pgno.68-69
11. Barring of locals from natural resources. (Journal, International Available, Business
Management 2014)pgno.77-78
12. Waste Collection and Disposal. (Marks, Kevin 2008)
13. Among the harmful effects of tourism on the environment, one can mention littering,
water, and air pollution, and destruction of natural beauty by inappropriate concrete
buildings.
.Environmental deterioration
.pollution of water and air
.Stresses, conflicts, and pollution associated with tourism might have led to mental and
physical diseases as well.
.increase in venereal diseases, Lack of hygienic conditions in touristic camps has
increased the probability of typhoid and cholera; conditions associated with touristic
life style have led to sunstrokes, intestinal diseases, skin diseases, and neuroses, as well
as an increase in traffic accidents (Dogan, 1989)
 World Appl. Sci. J., 12 (Special Issue of Tourism & Hospitality): 25-34, 2011

Table 1: Impacts from Tourism development

Positive Impact Negative Impact
Economic Increased expenditures Localised inflation
Creation of employment Real estate speculation
Increased in labour supply Failure to attract tourists
Increased in standard of living Better alternative investments
Increased in investment Capital outflows
Foreign exchange earnings Inadequate estimation of cost of tourism
A rise in gross national product Undesirable opportunity cost including transfer of
Taxation revenue fund from health and education
Regional export income
Commercial Increased awareness of the region as a tourism destination Acquisition of a poor reputation as a result of inadequate
Increased knowledge about the potential for investment and facilities, improper practices or inflated prices
commercial activity Negative reactions from existing enterprises due to the
Creation of new facilities, attractions and infrastructure possibility of new competition for local manpower
Increased in accessibility and government assistance
Socio- Increased in permanent level of local interest and participant in types Commercialisation of activities which may be of a
Cultural of activities associated with event personal or private nature
Strengthening traditional values and traditions Modification of nature of event or activity to
An improvement in social services accommodate tourist
Potential increased in crime
Potential increased in prostitution
Change in community structure
Social dislocation
Psychological Increased local pride and community spirit Tendency towards defensive attitudes concerning host region
Increased awareness of non-local perceptions High possibility of misunderstandings leading to
varying degrees of host/visitor hostility
Political / Enhanced international recognition of region and values Economic exploitation of local population to satisfy
administration Development of skills among planners ambitions of political elite
Distortion of true nature of event to reflect values
of political system
Inability to achieve aims & failure to cope
Increased in administrative cost
Use of tourism to legitimatise unpopular decisions
Legitimating of ideology of local elite
Physical Development of new facilities Environmental damage
environment Improvement of local infrastructure Changes in natural process
Conservation of heritage Architectural pollution
Visitor management strategies Destruction of heritage
Overcrowding
Changed feeding and breeding habit of wild life
Natural The creation of parks areas The loss of vegetation
Environment The depletion and contamination of water resources The general spread of garbage and litter
Trampling of plant and reduction in local bio-diversity
Source: Getz [26], Mathiesen & Wall [27], Lea [7], Murphy [28], Pierce [29], Hall [30], Godfrey & Clark [31]

Establish a development scenario which would
include unique features such as preservation of
natural resources as well as respect for local culture,
history and legends.
Establish a development environment conducive to
positioning Langkawi as an international tourist
destination.
Encourage and carry out the economic restructuring
of lower-productivity sectors into higher-
productivity sectors, for example, from farming to
tourism.
Create attractive opportunities for foreign investors
using the existing available tourism products and
resources

27
 2002Tosun

Cultural tourism is particularly attractive because of the raft of benefits it can deliver to
local communities. According to the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the U.S., these
benefits include:

 Creating jobs and businesses.

 Increasing tax revenues.

 Diversifying the local economy.

 Creating opportunities for partnerships.

 Attracting visitors interested in history and preservation.

 Increasing historic attraction revenues.

 Preserving local traditions and culture.

 Generating local investment in historic resources.

 Building community pride in heritage.

 Increasing awareness of the site or area's significance.