OO SYSTEM aU N TO STATIC RELAYS SECOND EDITION ' SSIES ENA YORE |POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION STATIC RELAYS WITH MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS Second Edition TS MADHAVA RAO Formerly Professor and Head Department of Electrical Engincering University of Roorkee Roorkee Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoTata McGraw-Hill Copyright © 1989, 1981, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited 21st reprint 2008 RXXZCDDXRBQDC No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-460307-9 ISBN-10: 0-07-460307-8 Published by the Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, and printed at Sai Printo Pack Pvt. Ltd., A -102/4, Okhla Indl Area, Phase II, New Delhi Pec acd aeContents Preface to the Second Edition v Acknowledgements to the Second dition’ vi Preface to the First Edition vii Acknowledgement to A.R. van C. Warrington ix ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO STATIC RELAYS 1 1.1 History of Electronic Relays and their Relation to Electro- mechanical Counterparts 7 13 Reasons for the Short-live esearch into lays Using Thermionic Tubes_2 ‘ 14 Advantages of Static Relays 2 1,5 What are Static Relays? 4 1.6 Basic Construction of Static Protective Relays 6 1.7_Complete Electronic Protective Relays 9 1,8 Complete System of Protection 77 1,9 Characteristic Functions of Protective Relays 12 1.L1_Practical Non-critical Switching Circuits 17 1.12. Practical Critical Level Detectors _17 1.13 Influence of Static Protective Relays on Associated Equip- ment 20 Appendix 23 ‘TWO: COMPARATORS AND ASSOCIATED ELEMENTS 44 2.1__Introduction _44 2.2 Transfer or Replica Impedance 44 24 Phase and Amplitude Comparators _ 46 2.5 Different Types of Comparators 55 2.6 Zener Diode Phase Comparators 71 2.7_Dynamic Design of Static Comparators _73 THREE: SOLID STATE POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT 78 3.1__Introduction 78 3.2 Voltage Regulation (Voltage Stabilization) 78 3.3 Current Regulators (Constant Current Stabil jizers) 80 3.4 Power Supply and Voltage Regulator Circuits for Static Relays 82 Copyrighted materialxii Contents 3.5__ Summary of Preferred Applications 89 FOUR: TIMER RELAYS AND VOLTAGE RELAYS 1 41 Timer Relays 97 4.2 _Overvoltage and Undervoltage Relays 98 IVE: DIRECTIONAL RELAYS 4 introduction 108 5.2__ Phase Comparator Directional Units 108 5.3 Amplitude Comparator Directional Units 1/2 5.4 Inputs to Static Directional Relays for Maximum Output _//3 5.5__Polyphase Directional Relays //4 5.6 Applications 1/4 SIX: OVERCURRENT RELAYS 61 Introduction 1/6 6.2 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays _//7 6.3 Time-current Relays_//9 6.4 Application of Different Types of Time-current_Characteris- tics 119 6.5 Basic Principles of Time-Overcurrent Relays /2/ 6.6 Practical Circuits for Time-Overcurrent Relays /23 6.7 Examples of Directional Overcurrent/Overcurrent__Relay 6.8 69 Circuits 125 Some Examples of Commercial Static Overcurrent Relays /43 Direct Trip Devices 148 SEVEN: DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS TA 72 73 74 1S 16 77 718 Introduction 150 Operating Characteristics 15/ Restraining Characteristics /5] Types of Differential Relays /53 Analysis of Electromagnetic and Static Differential Relays /54 Static Relay Scheme 157 Requirement of Current Transformers for Differential Protec- tion (Static Schemes) 167 Transformer Protection (General Electric, U.S.A.) 168 EIGHT: DISTANCE RELAYS Introduction 17/ Standard 3-zone Protection 172 Distance Protection Requirements 173 Relay Characteristics 175 Effect of Fault Resistance 1/75 108 150 1718.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Contents xiii Types of Distance Relays 176 Complex Characteristics (Item ‘g’ of the Types given in Section9.6) 179 Reach of the Distance Relay /8/ Selection of the Measuring Unit 182 8.10 Three Zone Protection with Different Types of Distance Relays (Classical Type) 1/85 8.11 Polarised mho Distance Relay 186 8.12 Performance Specifications of Distance Relays 203 8.13 Switched Distance Schemes 207 8.14 Polyphase Distance Relays 207 8.15 Operating Times 208 8.16 Static Distance Relay Schemes 209 Appendix 236 NINE: PILOT WIRE AND CARRIER CURRENT SCHEMES 241 91 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 TEN: 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Pilot Relaying Schemes 24/ Protective Schemes in Use 243 Practical Pilot Wire Protection Schemes 25/ Carrier Current Protection 262 Application of Microwave Channels for Protective Relaying 284 Selection of Suitable Static Relaying Scheme for Transmission Lines (Ref: Westinghouse Electric Corp. Relay Instrument Division, U.S.A.) 291 MULTI-INPUT COMPARATOR CIRCUITS AND ASSOCIATED RELAYS 301 Introduction 30] Conic Section Characteristics 302 Quadrilateral or Multilateral Characteristics 3/7 Examples of Commercial Relays 335 Polyphase Distance Schemes 34/ Polyphase Differential Relay Schemes 355 ELEVEN: OTHER TYPES OF RELAYS AND PROTECTION 359 11 11.2 11.3 114 IL.5 11.6 1L7 11.8 IL9 Introduction 359 Frequency Relays 359 Rate of Rise of Current Relays (di/dt) 373 Winding Temperature Measuring and Control Relays 378 Static Protection of 25 kV A.C. Traction Systems 379 Static Protection of Insulated Neutral Systems 389 Alarm Annunciators 392 Distance-to-fault Locators for H.V. Lines (G.E.C.) 394 Voltage Regulating Relays 396xiv Contents 11.10 Synchronous Motor Field Application Relay (English Electric) 398 11.11 Fuse Failure Relay (English Electric) 40/ 11.12 Relays for Power and Power Factor 40/ 11.13 Relays for Generator Protection 402 11.14 Protection of Motors 405 11.15 Busbar Protection 4/3 11.16 Harmonic Relaying 427 11.17 Protection for Lines with Series Capacitor Compensation 428 TWELVE: NON-CONVENTIONAL TYPES OF COMPARATORS 431 12.1 Introduction 431] 12.2 Instantaneous Comparators 43/ 12.3 A Method for the Elimination of Transient Overreach in Distance Relays 446 12.4 Phase Sequence Detectors 449 12.5 Applications of Phase Sequence Detectors 460 THIRTEEN: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS TO PROTECTIVE RELAYING 471 13.1 Introduction 47) 13.2 Analogue Computers 472 13.3 Digital Computers 479 FOURTEEN: MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS TO 517 PROTECTION 14.1 ‘Number Systems 517 14.2 Microprocessors 524 14,3 Microprocessor Architecture (37) 526. 14.4 Microprocessor Memories (37) 529 14.5 Peripheral Devices in Microprocessors (38, 39) 530 14.6 Some Integrated Circuit Logic Families (35, 38, 39) 537 14.7. FLIP-FLOPS and MULTIVIBRATORS 541 14.8 Some Examples of Microprocessor Devices 550 14.9 Some Examples of Microprocessor Applications Based on Theoretical Developments 559 Appendix 578, 579 FIFTEEN: RELIABILITY, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE 584 15.1 Reliability 584 15.2. Environmental Factors 592 15.3. Test Methods for Static Relays 597 15.4 Maintenance and Field Testing of Relays 606Contents xv SIXTEEN: SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON COMMERCIAL STATIC RELAYS 16.1 Introduction 619 16.2 Distatree Relays and Protective Systems 619 16.3 Generator Protective Relaying 627 16.4 Bus-bar Protection 639 16.5 Breaker Failure Protection 64/ 16.6 Out-of-step Relays 643 16.7 Auxiliary Relays with Time Lag on Pick-up/Drop-out (Brown Boveri) 647 16.8 Power Supply for Static Protective Relays (Brown Boveri) 648 16.9 Solid State Protection of Traction Supply Systems and Cateneries (Brown Boveri) 650 16.10 Some Additional Static Relays (Mitsubishi Electric Corpora- tion) 654 16.11 EHV System Protection (General Electric, USA) 652 16.12 G.E.C. Measurements, U.K. and English Electric Co., India (New Developments) 668 16.13 ASEA, Sweden and ASEA, India (New Developments) 680 16.14 Brown Boveri Switzerland (BBC) (New Developments) 690 16.15 Thomson—CSF, France 694 16.16 Modular Construction of Relay Units 697 16.17 General Comments on Commercial Static Relays (1986) 698 References Index 619 700 715