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37-43
ABSTRACT
In 1985, Sabir developed two membrane finite elements having an additional nodal degree of freedom (DRILLING
ROTATION). The main objective of this important development is to contribute in modeling the complex structures having
only simple geometrical shape. In this paper, a new analytical integration expression is developed in order to model structures
have complex geometrical shape. It is of importance to know how these elements will behave when they have irregular shapes.
ﻤﻠﺨﺹ
،(DRILLINGROTATION) ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﻏﺸﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔSABIR ﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ1985 ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ
ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻤﻥ.ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻘﻁ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ
. ﺘﺭﻯ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ.ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺎ
KEY WORDS
Strain Model, Analytical integration, Rectangular element, Triangular element, Drilling rotation, Irregular shapes.
1 INTRODUCTION: calculating the exact terms representing all the rigid body
modes and the other components of the displacement
To model a structure, which has complex geometrical shape functions are based on assumed independent strain
in real problem, by a limited number of elements, already functions insofar as it is allowed by the elasticity
formulated to be applied as simple triangular or rectangular compatibility equations. This approach usually leads to the
shape is not sufficient at all; furthermore, imagine how they representation of the displacements by a higher order
can be used for complex structures. polynomial terms without the need for the introduction of
additional internal and unnecessary degrees of freedom.
Investigations at Cardiff University on the suitability of the
Also faster convergence is usually obtained when the
available finite elements for curved structures, showed that
results are compared with the corresponding displacement
to obtain satisfactory converged results, the assumed
i.e displacement elements having the same total number of
displacement elements required the curved structure to be
degrees of freedom.
divided into a large number of elements. Consequently, the
strain-based approach was developed, not only for curved In the present paper, a triangular and rectangular element
but also for flat elements. The approach is based on having the in-plane rotation as a degree of freedom are
The element stiffness matrix can be calculated using the I = c ∫∫ x α y β dxdy c =constant
s
following Eq.(1)
The evaluation of the expression Eq.(3) always refers to the
[K e ] = [A−1 ]T ∫∫∫[B] [D][B]dv[A]−1
T
(1) calculating of the integral I.
As it is known that the triangle is a particular case of the
To carry out the integral, we have to choose either quadrilateral, therefore we will present the procedure used
numerical integration (e.g Gauss integration) or analytical for the last one only.
integration. One of the disadvantage of the numerical
integration is the high order of the monomials after the The new integration technique is based on the three parts of
three multiplications of integral matrices Eq.(1), which I [2 , 3].
would signify many integration points.
y
y3
3 NEW APPROACH [2] 4 3
38
Presentation of tow sabir element results with irregular shapes
With y(x) = a x + b y3
D C
In general form :
y4 y2
β +1
y = ∑ C (k ) ⋅ a
β β +1− k
⋅b k −1
⋅x β +1− k
A B
k =1
y1
β +1
= ∑ C (k ) ⋅ a k −1 ⋅ b β +1−k ⋅ x k −1 (4)
x11 x22 x33 x44
k =1
Fig.5 : Shape 3
2)
C(k): coefficient in function of β . D
y4 y3
1
With : ∫ y dy =
β
y β +1
β +1 A y1 B C
y2
β +1
1 β +2 x22 x33
= ∑ C (k ) ⋅ a k −1b β +2−k x k −1
β + 1 k =1
x11 x44
Fig.6 : Shape 4
Therefore:
D y3 C
yj β +2
1
∫y y dy = β + 1 ∑
β
C ( k )(a kj −1b βj + 2−k − aik −1biβ + 2−k ) x k −1 (5)
k =1
y4 y2
i
A B
1 β +2 1 y1
∫∫ x y dxdy =
α β
∑
β + 1 k =1 k + α
C (k )(a kj −1b βj + 2− k − aik −1biβ + 2− k )( xnk +α − xmk +α ) x11
x22
x33
x44
The general expression of Ip is :
Fig.7 : Shape 5
C β +2 1
Ip = ∑
β + 1 k =1 k + α
C (k )(a kj −1b βj + 2− k − aik −1biβ + 2− k )( xnk +α − xmk +α )...(6) D
y4 y3
3 A
Hence I = ∑Ip C
p =1 y1 B y2
The integral limits are dependent on the specific form, the x11 x22 x44
following Figs. (3,4,…10) show all the possibilities which x33
could be met for quadrilateral shapes. Fig.8 : Shape 6
D
y4
D
y3 y4
A y3
A xC
y1 11 y2
y1 y2 C B
B
x22 x33 x44
x11 x22 x33 x44
Fig.9 : Shape 7
Fig.3 : Shape 1 D
y3
D y4
C y3
y4 y2
A y2 A C
y1 B y1 B
x11 x22 x33 x44 x11 x22 x33 x44
Fig.4 : Shape 2 Fig.10 : Shape 8
39
M.T. Belarbi & al.
For the case of triangle shapes, we have the following Figs. εx = a4 + a5y + a7 x
(11,12).
εy = a6 + a7x + a5y (9)
A
γxy = a8 + a9 (x+y)
Y Y The final shape function for the triangular element will be
C given by the following equations :
φ =a3-a5x/2 + a7y/2 + a9x/2 + a10y - 2a11xy - 3a12x2y2 According to this load pattern, it can be says that the
cantilever beam is subjected to pure bending and it can be
translates this fact by supposing that the only no null stress
is σxx.
4.2 Triangular element (SBTIEIR) [4]
The following expressions for strains are proposed by
Sabir.
40
Presentation of tow sabir element results with irregular shapes
U=0
10 10 MacNeal [9] has proved that analysis using the trapezoidal
E = 1500 mesh always leads to the kind of unsatisfactory
2 ν= 0 10
t = 1,0 10
performance termed trapezoidal locking.
U=V=0
A B
10 cc1 cc2 The results obtained for SBQIEIR and SBTIEIR*
elements are compared with the others obtained from the
Fig. 13 : Pure bending of a cantilever beam. Data (cc = load case)
known quadrilateral finite elements Table 2.
From these three mesh cases (Fig14.a, 14b, and 14c), we
Table.1 gives the results obtained with the regular mesh. proved the efficiency of the present element SBQIEIR.
For SBQIEIR element, the consisting loading case (cc1) From the beam tip deflections in Table 2, it can be seen that
provides the exact solution; the error is very small in the all elements with drilling degrees of freedom can
case of inconsistent load cc2 (but.quite practical!). On the circumvent the trapezoidal locking whilst Q4 and PS5β will
other hand in the case of the SBTIEIR* element the results always lock [9].
obtained are very far from the analytical solution for the
two cases of loading (regular mesh!). We come to the conclusion that SBQIEIR element presents
more performance than other elements for this type of
bending problems, and still stable despite geometric
Table 1 : Pure bending of a cantilever beam; regular mesh.
distortion, whilst a bad results are obtained with
SBTIEIR* element.
Ibrahimbegovic et al.
SBQIEIR SBTIEIR*
Réf. [6]
7
Loading case VB θzB σXa VB θZb σxA VB ψB σxA Data : E=10 , ν=0,3 , L=6 , t=0,1
1 : Couple 1,0 0,2 30,0 0.58 0,12 21.04 1,0 0,2 30,0 case case
1 (1) (2)
2 : Moment 1,0067 0,202 30,0 0,58 0,12 21,11 1,0067 0,2017 30,0 1 1 1 1 1
Beams theory 10
1,0 0,2 30,0 1,0 0,2 30,0 1,0 0,2 30,0 1
Réf. [6]
0,2
a) Rectangular Shape Elements
5.2 MacNeal’s elongated beam
MacNeal and Harder [8] cantilever beam of dimension (6 x 45° 45°
2 x 1) whose details are given in Fig.14 is subjected to end 10
1
bending moment (M=10), and applied charge at free end
(P=1). b) Trapezoidal Shape Elements
The cantilever is modeled by six rectangular (Fig.14a),
trapezoidal (Fig.14b) and parallelogram (Fig.14c)
45°
membrane elements. 10
1
41
M.T. Belarbi & al.
42
Presentation of tow sabir element results with irregular shapes
43