Engine Fuel System

➢ Must deliver proper mixture of air and fuel to be

burned efficiently

➢ Must store enough fuel so the car can complete

a trip of a few hundred miles
Carburetors
• The process of mixture preparation in an SI engine is
called carburetion. This air-fuel mixture is prepared
outside the cylinder in a device called CARBURETOR

• The carburetor atomizes the fuel and mixes with air in

different proportions for various LOAD conditions.
Various Loads
• Idling/ Starting: Engine runs without load. Produces power only to
overcome friction between the parts. Rich mixture‡ is required to sustain
combustion.

• Normal Power/ Cruising / Medium Load: Engine runs for most of the period.
Therefore, fuel economy is maintained. Low fuel consumption for maximum
economy. Requires a lean mixture.

• Maximum power/ Acceleration: Overtaking a vehicle (short period) or

climbing up a hill (extra load). Requires a rich mixture.
Factors affecting Carburetion
1. Available time.
2. Temperature of air.
• the time available for mixture preparation 3. Quality of fuel.
4. Engine speed.
5. Design of carburetor

• the temperature of the incoming air

• the quality of the fuel supplied

• the engine speed

• the design of the carburetor

 Throttle opening may or may not increases
Drawback of Simple Carburetor the engine speed. As one controlling factor
for engine speed is load

• A simple carburetor as described suffers from the fact that it

provides the required air-fuel ratio only at one throttle position.

• At all other throttle positions, the mixture is either leaner or richer

depending on whether the throttle is opened less or more.
• Increased throttle opening gives a rich mixture. Opening of throttle
usually increases engine speed. However, as load is also a factor
(e.g., climbing an uphill), opening the throttle may not increase the
speed.
Advantage of Electronic Fuel injection over
carburettor
1. Better atomization.
2. Better flow of charge.
• Better atomization of fuel 3. Environment friendly
4. Improved fuel efficiency.
• Lower emission of pollutant 5. Rapid response.

• Better flow due to elimination of venture

• Rapid response time with respect to the changes
• Improved fuel efficiency
Multi Port/Point Fuel Injection system (MPI)
• Modern SI Engines are mostly equipped with MPI
• One or two injectors are mounted just before the intake valve
• Contact with the relatively hot valve surfaces enhances evaporation
of the fuel and helps cool the valve.
• High liquid spray velocity is necessary to assure evaporation and
mixing with the air.
• Sometime additional injectors mounted upstream in the intake
manifold to give added fuel when rich mixtures are needed for
startup, idling, WOT acceleration, high RPM operation
• Injector pressure: 200-300 kPa
MPI:
1. One or two fuel injectors are mounted
before intake valve.
2. High liquid spray velocity will make
better mixing and evaporation of fuel easy.
3. The produced cooling keep valves cool.
Engine Sensors
• Mass airflow sensor - Tells the ECU the mass of air entering the
engine.
• Oxygen sensor(s) - Monitors the amount of oxygen in the exhaust so
the ECU can determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and make
adjustments accordingly
• Throttle position sensor - Monitors the throttle valve position (which
determines how much air goes into the engine) so the ECU can
respond quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing the fuel rate as
necessary.
• Coolant temperature sensor - Allows the ECU to determine when the
engine has reached its proper operating temperature Voltage sensor -
Monitors the system voltage in the car so the ECU can raise the idle
speed if voltage is dropping (which would indicate a high electrical
load).
• Engine speed sensor - Monitors engine speed, which is one of the
factors used to calculate the pulse width
Direct Injection Systems (GDI)
• GDI = Gasoline direct injection
• This system injects fuel directly into the combustion chamber either during
the intake stroke or compression stroke.
• Two basic types:
a) Injection of gasoline alone (similar to as in CI engines)
b) A dual injection of gasoline and air together
• Stratification of the A/F mixture
• A/F ratio as high as 50:1 can be used, a mixture which would not ignite it it
were homogeneous.
• With very lean mixture combustion temperature is reduced, this reduces
heat lose, knock problems and the generation of harmful emissions.
• Three operating modes in GDI systems
a) At light load and part throttle: the engine will operate with a
stratified charge mode and an overall A/F ratio of about 50:1
b) At medium load operates with stratified charge but with an A?F of
about 20:1
c) At high load or WOT operation fuel is injected only during the intake
stroke and maximum thermal efficiency is obtained at
stoichiometric A/F mixture

• Injection pressure: 10 MPa

Fuel Injection in Diesel engines
Types of Injection Systems
• Air Blast Injection system
- fuel is forced into the cylinder with the help of compressed air.

• Solid Injection system

- the liquid fuel injected directly into the combustion chamber
without the aid of compressed air. It requires a pressure unit and an
injector
Classification of Solid injection system

• Common rail system

• Unit injection system
• Individual pump and nozzle system
• Distributor system
The distributor-type fuel system is found on small- to medium-
sized diesel engines. Its operation is similar to an
ignition distributor found on gasoline engine. A rotating member,
called a rotor, within the pump distributes fuel at high pressure to the
individual injectors in engine firing-order sequence