A stable and diffusive atmospheric pressure glow discharge in ambient air obtained by

applying an axial magnetic field between pin-to-plate electrodes

Yong Sheng Wang (王永生 ), Wei Dong Ding (丁卫东 ), and Jia Chen Wang (王嘉琛 )

Citation: Physics of Plasmas 25, 103506 (2018); doi: 10.1063/1.5051757

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5051757
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/php/25/10
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 25, 103506 (2018)

A stable and diffusive atmospheric pressure glow discharge in ambient air

obtained by applying an axial magnetic field between pin-to-plate electrodes
Yong Sheng Wang (王永生), Wei Dong Ding (丁卫东), and Jia Chen Wang (王嘉琛)
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,
China

(Received 12 August 2018; accepted 20 September 2018; published online 18 October 2018)
In recent years, a lot of research focuses on atmospheric pressure glow discharge, but how to
obtain a stable and uniform large-volume glow discharge at atmospheric pressure is still a difficult
technological problem, especially in large ambient air gap. In this paper, with an external axial
magnetic field applied in the pin-to-plate electrode gap, a stable and diffusive atmospheric pressure
glow discharge in ambient air is obtained. Influences of different factors such as the output-voltage
amplitude of the power supply, the intensity of the magnetic field, the resonant frequency of power
supply, and different inter-electrode gap sizes are studied. The results show that a more diffusive
and bigger-volume glow discharge can be obtained by increasing the amplitude of the output volt-
age of the power supply, the intensity of the external magnetic field, or the resonant frequency in
the longer-distance pin-to-plate gap. Published by AIP Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5051757

I. INTRODUCTION that the electrons will move in helices around the magnetic
lines and travel a much longer path-length in the plasma
Atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) is a
than in conventional glow discharges. At atmospheric pres-
highlighted research area and has attracted more and more
sure, Jiang et al. reported a method to improve the size and
attention of the researchers all over the world, primarily
uniformity of the plasma jet by applying a transverse mag-
because of its low cost and chamber-free route for numerous
netic field to the plasma induced by a DBD enhanced DC
industry applications.1–6 However, at atmospheric pressure,
glow discharge. The advantages of their device are low
as the gas density is high, the frequency of electron impact
power consumption, enlarged plasma size, improved
ionization is high, so the electron avalanche is easy to
plasma uniformity, enhanced plasma chemical activity, and
develop to a streamer in a very short distance, and then, dis-
low-temperature nature.21
charge form changes from glow to others. The restriction on
In our previous study, a stable APGD between the pin-
the development of the electron avalanche is crucial in the
to-plate electrodes has been successfully obtained in ambient
obtaining process of APGD.1,7–9 Dielectric barrier discharge
air by using a resonant power supply which can limit the
(DBD) is the most frequently used glow discharge source,
peak value of discharge current through a series-resonance
and DC glow discharge and pulse discharge are also com-
principle.22–24 By using an external transverse magnetic
monly used. The DBD glow discharge source restricts the
field, we obtained a stable and diffusive APGD with larger
streamers by applying dielectric plates, but DBD can only
volume in the coaxial pin-to-ring inter-electrode gap when
achieve uniform glow discharge without micro-discharge
we adjusted the input voltage, transverse magnetic flux den-
channels in a short gap, especially in ambient air.7,10–12 The
sity, and resonant frequency of the power supply.25,26 In this
DC glow discharge source restricts the development of the
paper, we studied the influence of the axial magnetic field on
electron avalanche by a high ballast resistance in the circuit
the APGD in the pin-to-plate inter-electrode gap in ambient
of DC glow discharge, which can easily produce diffuse
air and found that a diffusive APGD can be obtained by the
plasmas with high voltage applied between two naked elec-
spiral rotation of the plasma channel on the combined action
trodes, but considerable Joule heat is generated in the ballast
of magnetic force and electric force.
resistor.5,13–15 The characteristic of the pulse glow discharge
source is its fast pulse front, whose benefit is that a glow dis-
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
charge in every discharge cycle is finished before the
streamer comes into being. However, the pulse power supply The schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 1, the positive
for APGD is complex and high-cost, and the production effi- half-wave of a high frequency alternating voltage is rectified
ciency of the plasma is low.8,9,16,17 by a diode and applied to the discharge gap. The principle of
Applying an external magnetic field to control the glow resonant power supply is that using the voltage regulator to
discharge may be an effective and promising way to obtain a adjust the amplitude of 50 Hz and alternating voltage of
more diffusive APGD. A typical application of low-pressure 220 V, the DC voltage is output by a rectifier and capacitor
glow discharge characterized by crossed magnetic and elec- C1, the high frequency square-wave voltage is obtained from
tric fields is the magnetron discharge.18–20 It gives rise to DC voltage through the MOSFET half bridge, and finally, the
more ionization collisions and consequently higher ion fluxes high-frequency and sinusoidal high voltage were obtained

1070-664X/2018/25(10)/103506/7/$30.00 25, 103506-1 Published by AIP Publishing.

103506-2 Wang, Ding, and Wang
from the auxiliary side of the pulse transformer. The resonant
power supply can output an amplitude of open-circuit voltage
from 0 to 15 kV by adjusting the voltage regulator. The differ-
ent frequencies can be obtained by changing the parameters of
L1, rectifying circuit, and pulse transformer. The discharge
voltage waveforms of the inter-electrode gap are measured
using a high-voltage probe (Tektronix P6015A). There is a
50 X non-inductive resistance between the plate cathode and
the ground. The discharge current waveforms of the inter-
electrode gap between the electrodes are obtained by measur-
ing the voltage waveforms on the R1.
Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of the discharge
apparatus. The pin anode is a tungsten needle with a diame-
ter of 2 mm and a tip length of 8 mm. The plate cathode is a
brass circular plate with a thickness of 6 mm and a diameter
of 50 mm. The relative position of the pin anode and the
plate cathode is fixed by a polytetrafluoroethylene cylinder
and a cover plate. The polytetrafluoroethylene cylinder is
5 mm thick. The electromagnetic coil outside the polytetra-
fluoroethylene cylinder is formed with solenoid of the copper
wire. The stable static magnetic field is sustained by the elec-
tromagnetic coil with a direct current passing through, and
the magnetic field intensity can be changed by adjusting the
direct current amplitude. The direction of the magnetic field
is parallel to the gap between the pin-to-plate electrodes. The
whole device is in ambient air at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure. A NikonD7100 SLR camera and a
SR500IB1 intensification charge-coupled device (ICCD)
high-speed camera are used to take the discharge images on
the side position as shown in Fig. 2. The high frequency volt-
age through diode rectification, as shown in Fig. 1, is applied
to the pin anode. An oscilloscope is used to record the dis-
charge voltage waveforms measured using a high voltage
FIG. 2. Schematic diagram of the discharge apparatus.
Phys. Plasmas 25, 103506 (2018)
FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of the cir-
cuit connection.
probe (Tektronix P6015A) and the current waveforms on
the 50 X non-inductive resistor shown in Fig. 2.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. The influence of the output-voltage amplitude
of resonant power supply
Figure 3 shows the discharge images at different output-
voltage amplitudes of power supply, when the power fre-
quency (f), magnetic flux density (B), and pin-to-plate gap
(d) are 36 kHz, 29 mT, and 10 mm, respectively. (1) The dis-
charge plasma is distributed in a conical region with the
effect of an external magnetic field. With the effect of mag-
netic force, the discharge plasma channel turns and swings.
The electrodes are placed horizontally as shown in Fig. 2.
The discharge plasma in the discharge channel has a certain
thermal motion, which makes the plasma channel and the
horizontal magnetic field in a certain angle. Because dis-
charge plasma is equivalent to a current-carrying conductor,
the plasma channel will be subjected to a magnetic force in
the conical region, and the conical plasma region is formed.
Figure 3(c) shows an obvious spiral cathode glow region. (2)
With the increase in the output-voltage amplitude of the
power supply (US), the discharge plasma becomes more dif-
fusive and the light becomes brighter. When US is increased,
the electric field intensity in the gap increases, which
increases the kinetic energy of the electrons obtained in the
mean free range. Thus, the impact ionization ratio rises,
which increases the discharge current in the discharge chan-
nel. Higher current means higher density plasma in the dis-
charge channel. In our previous studies, it has been found
that with applying our resonant power supply, there are num-
bers of excited charged particles left in the gap in the previ-
ous discharge cycle which will be favorable for the
development of the next discharge.22,23 The higher plasma
density in the previous discharge cycle will provide more
seed electrons for the development of the next discharge
which can increase the collision ionization intensity. From
the structural characteristics of glow discharge, it is deduced
that the main white area of discharge distribution (in Fig. 3)
is the positive column. Therefore, from the above analysis,
the white positive column area of the plasma distribution
becomes brighter, and the whole discharge area becomes
more diffusive with the increase in US. (3) With the increase
in US, the conical distribution area of discharge plasma also
increases. When US is increased, the ionization ratio and the
plasma density in the discharge channel rise, which leads to
the increase in the discharge current. Besides, the magnetic
103506-3 Wang, Ding, and Wang
force in the discharge plasma channel rises, and thus, the
plasma distribution of the conical body becomes larger.
Figure 4 shows the discharge voltage and discharge cur-
rent waveforms in one discharge cycle when US is 4.5 kV, 6
kV, 8 kV, 10 kV, and 12 kV. The coordinates of the dis-
charge voltage peak points (4.95 ls, 2.639 kV), (3.50 ls,
2.274 kV), (2.65 ls, 2.033 kV), (2.48 ls, 1.899 kV), and
(2.29 ls, 1.734 kV) are shown in Fig. 4(a). With the increase
in the output voltage amplitude, the peak points of the dis-
charge voltage waveforms appear earlier, and the voltage
Phys. Plasmas 25, 103506 (2018)
FIG. 3. Discharge photographs with
different output-voltage amplitudes of
power supply (f ¼ 36 kHz, B ¼ 40 mT,
and d ¼ 10 mm).
value of the peak point gets lower. As shown in Fig. 3, with
the increase in US, the plasma density in the discharge gap
becomes higher, and thus, the number of excited discharge
particles left from the last discharge cycle rises in the gap,
which results in a decrease in breakdown voltage. The peak
time corresponds to the breakdown time of the gap. The
slope of the voltage waveform is also different before the
appearance of the discharge-voltage peak value, which repre-
sents higher input voltage and larger slope. When the output-
voltage amplitude of the power supply rises, the discharge-
FIG. 4. Discharge waveforms with
different output-voltage amplitudes of
the power supply (f ¼ 36 kHz, B ¼ 40
mT, and d ¼ 10 mm).
103506-4 Wang, Ding, and Wang
voltage peak value gets lower. When the peak voltage
becomes higher, the ionization development in the gap will
be faster, and then, the plasma density in the gap will be
higher. That is, there are more electrons and positive ions in
the plasma channel. The large amount of these electrons and
positive ions increases the conductivity of the gap, which
leads to the decrease in the breakdown voltage of the gap. It
is the same reason that the starting-rising time of the current
becomes earlier when US is increased, as shown in Fig. 4(b).
When US is 8, 10 kV, and 12 kV, the current waveforms
have two peak points in one discharge cycle. At 10 kV and
12 kV, the second peak current value is even higher than the
first one. When US gets lower, after the breakdown of the
inter-electrode gap, the discharge current will decrease as the
gap voltage decreases. When US is higher, the gap break-
down time appears earlier, and the output voltage of the
power supply still rapidly rises after the clearance of the
Phys. Plasmas 25, 103506 (2018)
electrode, which can promote the development of self-
maintained discharge in the gap. If the intensive electron
avalanche, originated from the secondary electrons emitted
from the electrodes, has penetrated through the entire elec-
trode gap, the discharge current will continue to increase
with the increase in the output voltage of the power supply.
The second peak current points depend on the output-voltage
amplitude of the power supply and the breakdown time of
the electron avalanche in the inter-electrode gap.
B. The influence of different magnetic flux densities
In Fig. 5, discharge photographs are shown at different
US with the increase in B when d ¼ 10 mm. Each column
corresponds to different US under the same B. Each row cor-
responds to different B when the same US is applied. The
varying regulation of the third, fourth, and fifth columns is
FIG. 5. Discharge photographs with
different B and US (d ¼ 10 mm).
103506-5 Wang, Ding, and Wang
the same as that in Fig. 3. With the increase in US, the
plasma becomes more diffusive and the discharge light
intensity increases in the first and second rows from top to
bottom. When US is increased, the intensity of the gap elec-
tric field increases. As a result, the kinetic energy gained by
the electrons in the mean free path and the impact ionization
ratio increase. Therefore, the white positive column becomes
brighter and more diffusive. From the first and second col-
umns, it can be seen that with the increase in US, the bending
degree, of which the discharge plasma channel deviates from
the horizontal direction, becomes greater. It is due to the
thermal motion, caused by the increase in plasma tempera-
ture after impact ionization and photoionization enhance-
ment. When B is 0 mT, the discharge plasma channel is a
curved form. When B is 11 mT, the discharge plasma chan-
nel converges to the axis of the pin-to-plate gap. This rule is
represented in every row. This is similar to the phenomenon
in the vacuum arc magnetic filter. The plasma is confined
along the magnetic field direction.27 When B is increased to
23 mT or above, the discharge plasma channel rotates in the
conical region under the action of the axial magnetic field.
Obviously in Fig. 5(e4), it shows that when US ¼ 12 kV and
FIG. 7. Mean voltage, mean current, and mean discharge power corresponding to the different f at different US (d ¼ 10 mm and B ¼ 29 mT).
Phys. Plasmas 25, 103506 (2018)
FIG. 6. Discharge photographs with
different f at different US (d ¼ 10 mm
and B ¼ 29 mT).
B ¼ 42 mT, a diffusive APGD, which distributes in a large
conical region, is seen in the pin-to-plate gap. From the third,
fourth, and fifth columns, it can be seen that when US or B is
increased, the magnetic force on the discharge plasma chan-
nel, as a current-carrying conductor, will increase. As a
result, the conical region of plasma distribution becomes
larger based on the formula F ~¼ V ~  B.
~
C. The influence of different resonant frequencies
In our previous studies, it has been found that only
increasing the frequency of the resonant power supply can
obtain a more diffusive APGD in the pin-to-plate gap.23
When the resonant frequency is increased, the discharge
cycle is short, and the excited charged particles left in the
gap in the previous discharge cycle are more, which will be
favorable for the development of the next discharge. In this
experiment, the influence of different frequencies on the
glow discharge in the pin-to-plate gap with an external axial
magnetic field of 29 mT is studied. From Fig. 6, when US
and B are kept unchanged, with the increase in f, the conical
region where the discharge plasma channel rotates is greater.
103506-6 Wang, Ding, and Wang
Increasing the supply frequency is beneficial to the develop-
ment of discharge, so the discharge current increases as
shown in Fig. 7(b). When the current gets higher, the mag-
netic field force of the current-carrying plasma channel and
the centrifugal force of the discharge channel are greater.
As a result, the conical region of the discharge plasma is
larger. When there is no external magnetic field, the dis-
charge voltage in the pin-to-plate gap decreases with the
increase in the supply frequency.24 As shown in Fig. 7(a),
when US is 4.5 kV, 6 kV, and 8 kV, the discharge voltage
decreases with the increase in the supply frequency.
However, when US is 10 kV, the discharge voltage at a fre-
quency of 45 kHz is higher than that at 36 kHz but lower
than that at 26 kHz. When US is 12 kV, the average dis-
charge voltage at 45 kHz continues to increase and even
higher than that at 26 kHz. This may be caused by the fact
that when the frequency is 45 kHz, the area where the dis-
charge plasma channel rotates and oscillates is larger,
FIG. 9. Mean voltage, mean current, and mean discharge power corresponding to different d values at different US (f ¼ 36 kHz and B ¼ 29 mT).
Phys. Plasmas 25, 103506 (2018)
FIG. 8. Discharge photographs with
different d at different US (d ¼ 10 mm
and B ¼ 29 mT).
resulting in a longer discharge channel. As a result, the
potential difference in the discharge channel (the discharge
voltage) increases.
D. The influence of different inter-electrode distances
Figure 8 shows the discharge images corresponding to
different US in different inter-electrode gaps when B ¼ 29
mT and f ¼ 36 kHz. As shown in Fig. 8, when the gap dis-
tance is increased from 7 mm to 15 mm, with the increase in
US, the plasma area, which is the positive column area,
becomes more diffusive. At the same time, the mean dis-
charge current becomes larger, as shown in Fig. 9(b). When
US is 4.5 kV, the mean discharge current is 19.4 mA, 15.9
mA, and 15.1 mA. Due to the thermal motion of the plasma,
the discharge channel appears as a curved shape and deviates
from the pin-to-plate axis. However, the cathode glow layer
is distributed in a small circular surface under the action of
103506-7 Wang, Ding, and Wang
magnetic force, as shown in Fig. 8(a3). When US is increased
to 6 kV, the mean discharge current is 31.5 mA, 30.2 mA,
and 27.7 mA. The cathode glow spot is above the pin-to- (4) When the inter-electrode gap distance is increased from
plate axis, and the discharge plasma region is still curved
upwards. This phenomenon illustrates that the magnetic
force is not strong enough to make the discharge plasma
channel rotate around the central axis, but the plasma disper-
sion and the cathode glow distribution area are significantly
increased. In Fig. 8(b3), the discharge channel is a curved
cone. When US is 8 kV, 10 kV, and 12 kV, the magnetic force
causes the discharge plasma channel to conically rotate 1
around the central axis of the pin-to-plate gap. As shown in
Fig. 8(e3), when US is 12 kV, the plasma distribution is very
2
diffusive, and the distributed conical region is large.
3
Specifically, when the gap distance is 7 mm, the discharge
plasma distribution area shows a trend of increasing first and 4
then decreasing with the increase in US. It may be because
5
the external magnetic field will have a certain binding effect
on the plasma channel. When the gap is small and the current
6
is large, the binding effect is more obvious.
7
IV. CONCLUSION 8
A stable APGD between the pin-to-plate electrodes has
9
been successfully obtained in ambient air by using a resonant
power supply which can limit the peak value of discharge 10
current through a series-resonance principle in our previous
11
study.22–24 We found that it is an effective and promising
method to obtain a stable and diffusive atmospheric pressure 12
glow discharge in ambient air by applying an external axial
13
magnetic field.
(1) With the effect of magnetic force, the discharge plasma 14
channel turns and swings. The discharge plasma is dis-
15
tributed in a conical region. With the increase in the
output-voltage amplitude of the power supply, the dis- 16
charge plasma becomes more diffusive, the light
17
becomes brighter, and the conical distribution area of
discharge plasma also increases. 18
(2) When the magnetic flux density is 0 mT, the discharge
plasma channel is a curved form. With the increase in
19
the magnetic flux density, the discharge plasma channel 20
converges to the axis of the pin-to-plate gap first. When 21
the magnetic flux density exceeds a critical value, the
discharge plasma channel rotates in the conical region
22
under the action of magnetic force. Then, the plasma dis- 23
tributes in a larger conical region when the magnetic flux
24
density is higher.
(3) When output-voltage amplitude of the power supply and
the magnetic flux density are kept unchanged, with the 25
increase in the resonant frequency of the power supply,
the conical region where the discharge plasma channel
rotates is greater. When the resonant frequency of the 26
power supply exceeds a critical value, the mean dis- 27
charge voltage may present a trend of decreasing first
Phys. Plasmas 25, 103506 (2018)
and then increasing with the increase in the output-
voltage amplitude of the power supply.
7 mm to 15 mm, with the increase in US, the plasma area
becomes more diffusive. Specifically, when the gap dis-
tance is 7 mm, the discharge plasma distribution area
shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing
with the increase in output-voltage amplitude of the
power supply.
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