Manuals

Basic Electrical Engineering

BE-104
 SIGNATURE
S.NO. EXPERIMENT NAME DATE &
REMARKS
1 Measurement of power & power
factor in a single phase AC circuit
using three Ammeter Method
2 Measurement of active & reactive
power in single phase AC circuit

3 Measurement of impedance of
R-L, R-C,R-L-C & study of
resonance phenomena

4 Study of constructional feature s of

a D.C. M/C.

5 Perform load test on a single phase

transformer

6 Study of transformer name plate

Rating & Determination of ratio

7 Open circuit & Short circuit test

on 1- Transformer

8 Measurement of power in 3 phase

A.C. circuit by two wattmeter
method.

9 Study of three Point & Four point

starter
 Measurement
Of
Power & Power factor
in a Single Phase AC
Circuit using Three
Ammeter Method
OBJECT:-

To measure power factor in a single –phase A.C. circuit using Three

Ammeters.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Voltmeter 0 -300V, MI; ammeters 10A, 5A, 5A, MI; single –phase
inductive variable load, rheostat 100 ,5A; variac 230V, 10A.

THEORY:-

The circuit to be used for measurement of power in an A.C. circuit

using three ammeter is shown in fig 1. We know in a D.C. circuit
the power is given by the product of voltage and current, whereas ,in
A.C. circuit it is given by the product of voltage, current and power
factor. For this reason, it is not possible to find power in an A.C. circuit
simply from the readings of a voltmeter and ammeter. In A.C. circuits
power is normally measured by wattmeter. However, this method
demonstrates that the power in a single –phase A.C. circuits can be
measured by using three ammeters. From the circuits shown in fig 1.we
can write.
Power consumed by load =P =VI3 cos ………………… (1.1)
Where I3 is current through load and V is the voltage across load. The
phasor diagram of this circuit can be drawn by taking the supply
voltage V as the reference phasor diagram is shown in fig.2
 I2 v

I1
I3

From the phasor diagram we can write

I12 =I22+I32+2I2I3Cos ………………….. (1.2)

Power factor,
Cos = I12-I22-I32/2I2I3………………………….. (1.3)
I2 = V/R [R is a known resistance]……………… (1.4)
Now from eq. 1.1
I3Cos = P/V
Put this value in eq. 1.2
I12= I22+I32+2I2I3Cos
I12= I22+I32+2I2P/V

2I2 P/V= I12-I22-I32

or P= (I12-I22-I32)V/2I2

From eq. (1.4) we put the value of I2

So P = (I12-I22-I32) (V.R)/(2V)
P = (I12-I22-I32) (R/2)………………….

Eqs.1.3 and 1.5 show that we can find the power and power factor in an a.c.
circuits by using 3- single phase ammeters, instead of a wattmeter.
PROCEDURE:-

The stepwise procedure for conducting this experiment is given below:

1. Make the connections as per the fig.
2. Keep the rheostat at its maximum value.
3. keep the variac at its mini9mum position
4. Switch on the supply.
5. Increase the voltage applied using variac slowly, so that the reading of
voltmeter and ammeter, A1 are appreciable.
6. Decrease the resistance R (rheostat) so that ammeter A2 gives suitable
reading.
7. Take down the readings of voltmeter and three ammeters.
8. Change the position of rheostat and repeat step 7 a number of times.

OBSERVATION:-

Record your observation as shown in table

Table observation and calculations for 3-Ammeters method.

S.No. Observations Calculation

V Volts I1 Amp I2 Amp I3 Amp P Cos
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATION:-

For each set of observation calculate the power consumed (Eq 1.5) and the
power factor (Eq 1.3). Next take the average of all the set of calculation for
cos i.e., power factor; and P i.e., power consumed in the load.
RESULT:-

The power factor of the circuit and the power consumed in circuit should be
recorded here.

PRECAUTIONS:-

Following precautions should be taken care of while performing this

experiment.
1. All connections should be tight.
2. The zero setting of all the meters should be checked before connecting
them in the circuit.
3. The current through ammeter should never be allowed to exceed the
current rating of rheostat and load used.
 Measurement
Of
Active & Reactive power
in
Single Phase AC circuit
Object:-
Measurement of active and reactive power in single phase A.C. Circuit.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No. Name of Quantity Specification Type

equipments range
1. Wattmeter 01 2.5A,125V Dynamo
2. Ammeter 01 0-0.5 Amp. A.C.
3. Voltmeter 01 0-300V A.C.
4. Rheostat 01 500 ohms -
5. Inductance(choke) 01 - -
6. Auto-transformer 01 0-270V A.C.
7. Connecting wires 10-12 - -

Theory:-

Wattmeter has two coils, one is called “current coil” and other is
“pressure coil”. The current coil carries the load current and pressure coil
carries a current proportional to and in phase with supply voltage. The
deflection of wattmeter depends upon the currents in the two coil and upon
the P.F. of the circuit.

In the wattmeter the current coil are arranged for different ratings i.e.
2.5,5 Amp.etc. and similarly voltage coils are rated for 125 V, 250V,
500Vetc. While doing the experiment the proper range should be selected
according to the load voltage and current.
 The reading should be multiplied by a factor called the “Multiplying
Factor”.

Multiplying factor of wattmeter = Current range * Voltage range

Full scale reading of wattmeter

Active power:-
It is the power, which is actually dissipated in the circuit
Resistance.

P = I2 R = VI COS watts

Reactive Power:-
It is the power developed in the inductive reactance of
the circuit.

Q = I 2X L

Circuit Diagram:-
From diagram:-

It is clear
Sin = XL/Z
Or,
ZSin =XL
Q = I2XL = I*I*XL
Q = I*I*ZSin
Q = V*I*Sin

Q= V*I*Sin Volt Ampere Reactive (VAR)

Power Triangle:-
VI COS

VI
SIN

VI

Impedance Triangle:- R

XL

Z = (R2) + (XL2)
Procedure:-

(1) Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.

(2) For different value of supply voltage takes the various observations.
(3) Take atleast 3 sets or reading.

Observation Table:-

Multiplying factor of wattmeter = ……............

S. V I Wattmeter Actual power P.F.=Power/(V*I) Active Reactive

NO. reading Wattmeter Power P= Power(Q)=
Reading*M.F. V*I*Cos V*I*Sin
1.
2.
3.
4
5.

Calculation: -

Report: -

Precautions: -
Following precautions should be taken care of while performing this
experiment.
1. All connections should be tight.
2. The zero setting of all the meters should be checked before connecting
them in the circuit.
3. The current through ammeter should never be allowed to exceed the
current rating of rheostat and load used.
4. Do not increase the current beyond the rated value of wattmeter.
5. The wattmeter should be connected properly in the circuit.
 Measurement
Of
Impedance of
R-L, R-C,R-L-C & study of
resonance phenomena
Object :-

Measurement of impedance of R-L, R-C & R-L-C series circuit. Study of

Resonance phenomenon.

Apparatus Required :-

S.no. Name of Equipment Quantity Range Type

1 Voltmeter 2 0-15-30-75V A.C.
2 Voltmeter 2 0-150-300V A.C.
3 Ammeter 1 0-0.5-1A A.C.
4 Resistance 1 --
5 Inductance 1 --
6 Capacitance 1 --
7 Auto-Transformer 1 0-270V A.C.
8 Connecting Wires 12-15 --

Theory :-

(A) R-L Series Circuit :-

It consists of a resistance of R -ohms & inductance of L- henry connected in series.
Vs = R.M.S. Value of supply voltage

Vr = R.M.S. Value of resistance voltage drop = I R

VL = R.M.S. Value of Inductance voltage drop = I XL

I = R.M.S. Value of current
In R-L Series circuit

Vr = I R and V L = I XL
2 2 2 2
VS = (Vr + VL ) = (I R)2 + (I XL) = I (R)2 + (XL)
2
I = V / R2 + XL = V/Z
Where,
Z = R2 + XL 2 is the impedance of the circuit
XL = 2 f L is the inductive reactance of the circuit
L = XL/ (2 f)
XL = VL / I
(B) Series R – C Circuit :- It consist of R – Ohm and C – Farads connected in
series with source.

Vs = R.M.S. Value of supply voltage

Vr = R.M.S. Value of resistance voltage drop = I R

VC = R.M.S. Value of capacitance voltage drop = I XC

I = R.M.S. Value of current

In R-C Series circuit

Vr = I R and V C = I XC
2 2 2 2
VS = (Vr + VC ) = (I R)2 + (I XC) = I (R)2 + (XC)
2
I = V / R2 + XC = V/Z
Where,
Z = R2 + XC 2 is the impedance of the circuit
XC = 1 / 2 f C is the capacitance reactance of the circuit
C = 1/2 f XC
XC = VC / I

(C) R-L-C Series circuit :-

It consists Resistance of R –ohms, Inductance of L- henry and Capacitance of C -
Farads connected in series.
Vs = R.M.S. Value of supply voltage

Vr = R.M.S. Value of resistance voltage drop = I R

VC = R.M.S. Value of capacitance voltage drop = I XC

VL = R.M.S. Value of Inductance voltage drop = I XL

I = R.M.S. Value of current

In R - L - C Series circuit

Vr = I R VC = I XC VL = I XL
2 2 2
VS = Vr + (VL - VC) = (I R)2 + (I XL - I XC)
2
=I R2 + (XL - XC)

Where,
2
Z = R2 + (XL - XC) is the impedance of the circuit
XL = 2 f L is the inductive reactance of the circuit
L = XL/ (2 f)
XL = VL / I
XC = 1 / 2 f C is the capacitance reactance of the circuit
C = 1/2 f XC
XC = VC / I
Vr = I R
R = Vr /I
Resonance: -
Resonance in R-L-C series circuit:
When capacitive reactance XC is equal to the inductive reactance XL then the circuit is said
to be in resonance. The current will maximum, power factor is unity and lie in to phase
with the supply voltage.

2 2 2
VS = Vr + (VL - VC) = (I R)2 + (I XL - I XC) = I R2 + (XL
2
- XC)

At resonance , XL = XC Then I = V / R (Max)

Now, XL = WC XC= 1 / WC
WL= 1 / WC , 2 f L= 1/2 fC
Fr = 1/2 LC
Fr = Resonance Frequency

Procedure :-
(1) Connect the circuit diagram connecting R-L, R-C & R-L-C Series as shown in the
circuit diagram.
(2) The Auto-Transformer to zero position and switch on supply.
(3) Adjust the Auto-Transformer till a suitable voltage is applied.
(4) Take the reading from the voltage for VR ,VL , VC & VS respectively.
(5) Note the reading of ammeter.
(6) Repeat step (3) Varying the supply voltage and record the reading in observation
table.
Observation Table :-

(A) For R-L Series Circuit :-

S. Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit

No. Vr in VL in VS in Reading (A) Impedance Resistance Reactance Inductance
Volt Volt Volt in Amp I Z=V/I R = Vr / I XL = VL/I L = XL/2 f
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(B) For Series R – C Circuit :-

S. Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit

No. Vr in VC in VS in Reading (A) in Impedance Resistance Reactance Inductance
Volt Volt Volt Amp I Z=V/I R = Vr / I XC= VC/I C = 1/2 fXC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(C)For R-L-C Series circuit :-

S. Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Circuit Circuit Circuit Circuit

No. Vr in VC in VL in VS in Reading (A) Impedance Resistance Reactanc Reactance
Volt Volt Volt Volt in Amp I Z=V/I R = Vr / I e XL = VL/I
XC= VC/I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculation :-Calculation the various quantities as follows :
(1) R = Vr / I
(2) XL = VL/I & L = XL/ (2 f)
(3) XC= VC/I & C = 1/ 2 f XC

Result:-
(1)Resistance (R) = ------------------
(2)Capacitance Reactance = -------------------
(3)Inductive Reactance = --------------------
(4)Inductor (L) = -------------------- Henry
(5)Capacitor (C) = -------------------- F

Precaution :-

(1) Make tight connection .

(2) Do not touch any live wire.
(3) Remove parallax error while taking reading from various
instruments
 Study of constructional
features of a D.C. Machine
Object:-
Study of constructional features of D.C. machines.

Apparatus Required:-
D.C. Machines model.

Theory:-
A d.c. machine is an Electro-Mechanical energy conversion device .
It can convert mechanical power into d.c. electrical power and is known
as a d.c. generator. On the other hand, when it converts d.c. electrical
power into mechanical power it is known as d.c. motor.

Contructional Details:-
There are two main parts of a d.c. machine:-
(A) Field System: -
(i) Electromagnetic Poles
(ii) Yoke
(iii) Field Winding
(B) Armature: -
(i) Armature Core
(ii) Armature Winding
(iii) Commutator

(1) Magnetic Frame or Yoke :-

The outer cylindrical frame to which main poles and inter poles are
fixed and by means of which the machine is fixed to the foundation is
called the Yoke. It serves two purposes:
(i) It provides mechanical protection to the inner parts of the
 machine.
(ii) It provides a low reluctance path for the magnetic flux.
The yoke is made of cast iron for smaller machines and larger
machines; it is made up of cast steel.

(2) Pole core and Pole shoes:-

The pole core and pole shoes are fixed to the magnetic frame or yoke
by bolts. They serve the following purpose:
(i) They support the field or exciting coils.
(ii) They spread out the magnetic flux over the armature
periphery more uniformly.
(iii) Since pole shoes have large X-section , the reluctance of
magnetic path is reduced.

Usually, the pole core and pole shoes are made of thin cast steel.

(3) Field or Exciting coils:-

Anamelled copper wire is used for the construction of field or exciting
coils. The coils are wound on the former and then placed around the
pole core. When direct current is passed through the field winding, it
magnetizes the poles which produce the require flux. The field coils of
all the poles are connected in series in such a way that when current
flows through them, the adjacent poles attain opposite polarity.

(4) Armature core:-

It is cylindrical in shape and keyed to the rotating shaft. At the outer
periphery slots are cut, which accommodate the armature winding. The
armature core serves the following purpose:
(i) It houses the conductors in the slots.
 (ii) It provides an easy path for magnetic flux.
Since armature is a rotating part of the machine, reversal of flux takes
place in the core, hence hysterisis losses are produced . To minimize
these losses silicon steel material is used for its construction. The
rotating armature cuts across the magnetic field which induces an e.m.f.
in it. The e.m.f circulates eddy currents which results in eddy current
losses in it. To reduce these losses armature core is laminated , in other
word we can say that about 0.3 to 0.5 mm thick stampings are used for
its construction. Each lamination or stamping is insulated from the
outer by varnish layer.

(5) Armature Winding:- The insulated conductors housed in the armature

slots are suitably connected. This is known as armature winding. The
armature winding is the heart of d.c. machine. It is a place where
conversion of power takes place i.e. in case of generator, mechanical
power is converted into electrical power and in case of motor, electrical
power is converted into mechanical power. On the basis of connections,
there are two types of armature winding names as:-
(a) Lap Winding (b) Wave Winding.

(5) Commutator:-
It is the most important part of d.c. machine and serves the following
purposes:-
(i) It connects the rotating armature conductors to the stationary
external circuit through brushes.
(ii) It convert the alternating current induced in the armature
conductor into unidirectional current in the external load circuit
in generator action whereas, it converts the alternating torque
into unidirectional torque produced in the armature motor action.
 The commutator is of cylindrical shape and is made up of wedge-
shaped hard drawn copper segments. The segments are insulated from
each other by a thin sheet of mice. The segments are held together by
means of 2 V-shaped rings that fit into the V-grooves cut into the
segments. Each armature coil is connected to the commutator segment
through riser.
(6) Brushes:-
The brushes are pressed upon the commutator and from the
connecting link between the armature winding and the external
circuit. They are usually made of high grade carbon because carbon is
conducting material and the same time in powdered form provides
lubricating effect on the commutator surface. The brushes are held in
particular position around the commutator by brush holders.
(7) End housings:-
End housings are attached to the ends of the main frame and support
bearings. The front housing supports the bearing and the brush
assemblies whereas the rear housing usually supports the bearing
only.
(8) Bearings:-
The ball or roller bearings are fitted in the end housings. The function
of the bearings is to reduce friction between the rotating and
stationary parts of the machine. Mostly high carbon steel is used for
the construction of bearings as it is very hard material.
(9) Shaft :-
The shaft is made of mild steel with a maximum breaking strength.
The shaft is used to transfer mechanical power from or to the
machine. The rotating parts like armature core, commutator, cooling
fan etc. are keyed to the shaft.
 Perform load test
On
a single phase transformer
Object: -
To perform load test on a single-phase transformer & to determine the
following:
(a)- Efficiency at different loads & to plot graph between efficiency Vs
load currents.
(b)- Regulation of the transformer & to plot graph between regulation
Vs load currents.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No. Name of equipments Range Quantity Type

1. voltmeter 0-150V 1 A.C.
2. Ammeter 0-10 A 1 A.C.
3. Wattmeter 250V,2.5A 1 A.C.
4. Lamp bank load 250V,1Kw 1 -
5. 1- Transformer 230\115V 1 -
6. 1- Variac 0-260V 1 -

Theory: -
Wattmeter has two coils ,one is called “current coil” & other is
called as “pressure coil”. The current coil carries the load current & the
pressure coil carries a current proportional to and in phase with supply
voltage. The deflection of wattmeter depends upon the currents in the
two coils and upon the P.F. of circuit.
In the wattmeter the current coils are arranged for different ratings i.e.
2.5,5 Amp etc. and similarly voltage coils are rated for 125V, 250V,
and 500V etc. While doing the experiment the proper range should be
selected according to the load voltage & current.
 The reading should be multiplied by a factor called the “Multiplying
factor”.

Multiplying factor of wattmeter = Current range * Voltage range

Full scale reading of wattmeter

Performance of the transformer can be determined as follows from the

observation of load test-
“Efficiency of the transformer can be determined as ratio of the power
output to the power input”.
Let power input to the transformer = W1
Power output to the transformer = VI
Thus the efficiency of particular load = VI\W1 *100 %
Efficiency of transformer will be maximum if Iron losses = Copper
losses.
Regulation of transformer determined as “ The change in secondary
terminal voltage from no load to full load with respect to no load
voltage is called voltage regulation of the transformer”.

Let E2 = Secondary terminal voltage at no load (Bulb off)

V2 = Secondary terminal voltage at full load
Then Voltage regulation = (E2-V2) \ E2 * 100
Circuit Diagram:-
Procedure:-
1. Connect the diagram as shown in fig.
2. Ensure that there is no load on the secondary winding of the
transformer.
3. Switch on the A.C. supply & record no load voltage across the
secondary winding.
4. Adjust approximately 10% of full load current in the secondary
by switching on certain lamp bank load. Record the reading of
the entire meter.
5. Reduce the load on the transformer by switching off the bulbs in
the lamp bank load.
6. Switch off the A.C. supply.

Observation table:-

Multiplying factor: - _______________

S.No. Input V2 E2 I2 V2I2 % %Regulation Load

V1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculation:-
Calculate the efficiency using the formula
= (Output power \ Input power) *100 = (V2I2\W1)*100 %

The Voltage Regulation

%Voltage Regulation = (E2-V2)\E2 *100 %

Report:-
The efficiency of the transformer on full load =
The regulation of the transformer =

Precaution:-
1)-Connection should be tight.
2)-Load on the transformer should nit increase beyond its capacity.
Study of transformer name plate

Rating &

Determination of ratio
OBECT:
1. Study & construction of single phase transformer.
2. Name plate rating of single phase transformer
3. Determination of transformation ration.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. Name of equipment Quantity Range Type

1. 1- Transformer 1 230/115V,1KVA Shell type
2. Auto Transformer 1 0-270,10A Variac type
3. Voltmeter 1 0-300 V Moving iron
4. Voltmeter 1 0-150 V Moving iron

THEORY:

Study & construction of single phase transformer: The main elements of a

transformer are two copper coils & laminated silicon steel core.A transformer is a
static device or a machine that transforms electrical energy from one circuit to
another electrical circuit through the medium magnetic flux. And without a change
in frequency. The electrical circuit which receive energy from the supply mains is
called primary winding and the other circuit which ,which delivers electrical energy
to the load ,is called secondary winding .Theoretically it may seem that
transformers may be built to handle any voltage or current. But in reality there are
limits to both the voltage & current.

The name plate rating of a power transformer : The name plate rating of a
power transformer usually contains

Volt –ampere rating of transformer in KVA ……….

Voltage ratio or turn ratio in V1/V2 ……....
Frequency of 1- or 3- ……….
Equivalent impedance of a transformers in % ……….
 A typical name plate of a 1- transformer is as follows:
230 Volts/115Volts, 50 Hz, 1KVA, Shell type,10 Amp.
Here 1 KVA is the rated output at output terminals.230/115means when 230V. is
the applied to the primary ,the secondary voltage on full load at specified power
factor is 115volts.The ratio of V1& V2 is not exactly equal to N1/N2,because of
voltage drop in primary & secondary. Rated primary & secondary current can be
calculated from the rated KVA and corresponding rated voltage thus
Rated (Full load ) primary current = KVA /V1 = 1000/230 = 4.35 Amps
Rated (Full load ) secondary current = KVA /V2 = 1000/115 = 4.35 Amps
Rated frequency is the frequency for which the transformer is designed to operate.

TRANSFORMATION RATIO:

The turn ratio of the single phase transformer can be found by measuring the
primary & secondary voltage. Let V1 &V2 is the primary and secondary voltage at
on load.
1/K = V1/ V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1 = Turn Ratio
Induced E.M.F. in primary winding, E1 =4.44f N1 Volts
Induced E.M.F. in secondary winding, E2 =4.44f N2 Volts
For ideal transformer E1 = V1 and E2 = V2
Hence, Transformation Ratio K = V2/ V1 = N2/ N1 = I1/ I2

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per figure & set up auto transformer to zero position.
2. Switch on A .C. supply and adjust the Auto transformer till a suitable voltage.
3. Record voltage, V1 across the primary and V2 across the secondary winding.
4. Vary the Auto transformer and repeat above step,take at least 3 readings.
5. switch off the supply.

OBSERVATION:

S.NO. Primary Voltage V1 Secondary Voltage V2 K = V2/ V1

1.
2.
3.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT:

The transformation ratio of given transformer is ……..

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be tight.
2. Do not touch on live wire.
3. Load on the transfer should not increase beyond its capacity.
 Open circuit

&

Short circuit test on 1-

Transformer
OBECT:

1. To calculate the complete parameter of the equipment of 1- transformer.

2. To determine iron & copper losses.
3. To calculate efficiency & voltage regulation at 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 3/4 full load
and 1.25times full load at 0.8 P.F. lagging.
4. To plot the efficiency curve vs load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. Name of equipment Quantity Range Type

1. 1- Transformer 1 230/115V,1KVA Shell type
2. Auto Transformer 1 0-270,10A Variac type
3. Voltmeter 1 0-150 V Moving iron
4. Ammeter 1 0-0.5A Moving iron
5. Ammeter 1 0-0.10A Moving iron
6. Wattmeter 1 2.5/0.5A,125/250/500V Dynamometer
7. Connecting leads 10-12 ……. …….

THEORY:

These two test on transformer help to determine-

1. The parameters of equipments circuit of 1- transformer.
2. The voltage regulation of 1- transformer.
3. The efficiency of 1- transformer.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST OR NO LOAD TEST:

In this test voltmeter, Ammeter & Wattmeter are connected on low voltage side of
transformer.The high voltage is left open circuited.The rated voltage applied to the
primary.The ammeter reads no load current, or the exciting I0.Since I0 is quite small
(2 to 6% of rated current) the primary leakage impedance drop is almost negligible
and for all practical purpose the applied voltage V1,is equal to induced E.M.F
V1.The input power (iron loss) is given by wattmeter reading,consist of core loss
and ohmic loss.Since the exciting current is very small, the ohmic losses during
open circuit test is negligible as compared to normal core loss.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
CALCULATION:

Applied rated voltage on low voltage side = V1

Exciting Current or no load current = I0
Wattmeter reading, Wo/ Iron loss, PC = VOIOCos o

No load power factor, Cos o = PC/ VOIO

Working component , IW = IO Cos o

Magnetizing component, I = IO Sin o

2
Core loss Resistance, RC = PcI W = V1 /IW =V1/I0 Cos 0

Magnetising reactance, X = V1 /I = V1 /Io Sin o

Thus open circuit test gives the following information:

1. Core loss at rated voltage & frequency.
2. The shunt branch parameter of equivalent circuit i.e., X & RC.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

The low voltage side of the transformer of the transformer is short circuited &
instrument are placed on H.V. side. Apply the low voltage on H.V. side & with the
help of autotransformer go on increasing the applied voltage till the rated current
starts flowing in the short circuited winding(L.V. side).The primary voltage 10% to
12% of its rated value is sufficient to circulate the rated current in short circuited
winding. Since the core flux induces the voltage, which is 1% to 6% of its rated
value hence core loss can be neglected. The wattmeter records only the ohmic loss
is both, the primary & secondary winding.

CALCULATION:
Vsc, Isc & Psc are the voltmeter ammeter & wattmeter reading

ZSC = VSC /ISC

RSC = PSC/I2SC

XSC = Z2SC – R2SC

 Thus the short circuit test gives the following information
1. Ohmic loss at rated current and frequency.
2. Equivalent resistance and leakage reactance and leakage impedance.

Load x P.F.
The efficiency at any load, = X 100 %
Load x P.F.+ Wo+ Io2Ro

PROCEDURE FOE OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure and set up the autotransformer at
zero position .
2. Adjust the supply voltage with the help of autotransformer to 230 volts with
secondary winding terminal open.
3. Record the ammeter, voltmeter ,wattmeter reading.
4. Vary the supply voltage with the help of the auto transformer and enter the reading
in observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.NO. Primary Voltage Input Current Input power in watts

Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading Wattmeter reading
1.
2.
3.

PROCEDURE FOE SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure and set up the autotransformer at zero
position .
2. Adjust the supply voltage with the help of autotransformer (keep in mind that 10-12%
of rated voltage is sufficiency) with secondary winding terminal short circuited and
circulate full rated current in short circuited winding.
3. Record the ammeter, voltmeter ,wattmeter reading.
4. Vary the supply voltage with the help of the auto transformer and enter the reading in
observation table.
5. Three readings adjust at 50% ,86.6% & 100% rated full load current.
 OBSERVATION TABLE FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

S.NO. Primary Voltage Input Current Input power in watts

Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading Wattmeter reading
1.
2.
3.

RESULT:

PRECAUTION:

1. In open circuit test, the H.V. side should be open circuited(left side).
2. In open circuit test, low voltage should be apply to the H.V. side & it should be
increased gradually to circulate the rated current in H.V. side.
3. Connection should be tight.
4. Do not touch on livewire.
 Measurement of power

in 3 phase

A.C. circuit by two wattmeters

method.
OBJECT:

1. To Measure the active reactive power in 3 circuit.

2. To Measure the power factor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. 3-phase Auto transformer 20 Amp. 440v 50 Hz.

2. Wattmeter dynamometer type 2 No. 250v, 5A
3. Ammeter moving Iron type :1 no(10A)
4. Voltmeter Moving Iron type 1 No.(600V)
5. 3 Load or 3 induction motor (415V, 5H.P.)
6. connective leads.

THEORY:

Two wattmeter method can be employed to measure power in a 3- phase,3 wire star
or delta connected balance or unbalanced load. In this method, the current coils of
the wattmeters are connected in any two lines say R and Y and potential coil of
each wattmeters is joined across the same line and third line i.e. B.
Then the sum of the power measured by two wattmeters W1 and W2 is equal to the
power absorbed By the 3 load

Total power P = 3VLILCOS = (W1+W2 watts)* M.F.

Power factor COS = (W1+W2) *M.F.

3 VLIL
= P/ 3 VLIL

And reactive power of load= Q= 3(W1+W2)* M.F.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattcmeters to the load

through 3 Autotransformer as shown fig and set up the
Autotransformer to Zero position.
2. Switch on the 3 A.C. supply and adjust the autotransformer till a
suitable voltage. Note down the readings of wattcmeters,
voltmeter& ammeter
3. Vary the voltage by Autotransformer and note down the Various
readings.
4. Now after the observation switch off and disconnect all the
Equipment or remove the lead wire.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Multiplying factor of the wattmeter is…………….

S.NO. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Reading Total power Total reactive Power factor
Readings Readings in watt P=(W1+W2)* power Cos =
V in volts I in Amp. M.F. P=
3(W1+W2)* (W1+W2)M.F
M.F, 3 VLIL
W1 W2
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATION:

Total power = (W1+W2) *Multiplying factor

tan = 3 (W2-W1)
W1+W2
= tan-1 3 (W2-W1)
W1+W2
Power Factor = cos = ( W1+W2) M.F.
3 VLIL
Reactive power = 3(W1-W2)* M.F. , IR =IY = IB for Balance Load

RESULT:

The power measured in the circuit and there corresponding power factors in
observation table.

PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. Proper currents and voltage range must be selected before putting the
instruments in the circuit.
2. If any Wattmeter reads backward, reverse its pressure coil connection and
the reading as negative.
3. As the supply voltage Fluctuates it is not possible to observe the readings
correctly.
 Study of
Three Point
&
Four point starter
OBJECT:

Study of 3 point and 4 point starter.

THEORY:

When a motor is stationary, there is no back E.M.F. and the armature behaves as a
low resistance circuit. If the motor is switched on across the supply, it draws a
heavy current from the mains. This may result

1. In damage to the armature winding and insulation due to overheating.

2. In detrimental sparking at commutator.
3. In large dips in the supply voltage.
4. In high starting torque and a very rapid acceleration with possibility of
damage to the rotating parts of the D.C. machine and thus load connected
to the shaft.

To limit the starting current, a starter is used which reduces the voltage
applied to the armature during the starting period.

THREE-POINT STARTER:

The wiring diagram of a three-point starter is shown. The starting resistance is

connected between the contact studs 2& 7, the various tapings on the resistance
being connected to intermediate studs. The connection to the starter resistance is
made through a movable contact fitted to a handle H capable of sliding over the
studs. The H is fitted with a spring, which tends to restore the handle to stud 1 i.e.
off position. The field of the motor is supplied through the starter terminal marked
F as shown in the diagram. One of the supply lines is connected to the L- terminals
of the starter and the other to the armature and field of the motor. As soon as the
handle is pulled to stud 2 against its spring tension, the armature as well as the field
of the motor gets the electrical supply and armature starts rotating. At this stage the
total starting resistance between studs 2& 7 is in the armature circuit. When the
motor has picked up speed, the handle is moved to stud 3, cutting off the resistance
between studs 2&3. The contact between the handle and the stud is such that the
electrical connection does not break in shifting it from one step to another. Slowly
the handle is moved to stud 7 where it is held in position by the magnetic force of
attraction, a soft iron keeper . The force of attraction is provided by an
electromagnet having a winding placed in series with the field circuit. The
electromagnet is called the holding magnet or no volt release or sometimes low
voltage release and performs
Following functions:-

(1) In the event of power failure, the electromagnet NC is no longer energized

and the spring tension pulls back the handle to ‘off’ position. If during
supply interruptions the starter handle fails to return to ‘off’ position, the
motor will be damaged when the power is restored as these would be no
additional resistance in the armature circuit. Thus the whole purpose of the
starter will be defected. The holding coil in conjunction with the spring
takes care of this hazard automatically.
(2) If accidentally the shunt field circuit opens, the starter handle is released
and it comes to ‘off’ position providing a protection against the tendency of
motor to run away in such a case.
(3) This arrangement prevents the possibility of the starter handle being left in
advertently on any one of the intermediate steps. This is the starting
resistance cannot be left in the circuit permanently.

The total current drawn by the motor passed through the winding of a small
electromagnet OC known as overload release. This magnet in the event of overload
attracts a soft iron armature P that in turn short circuits the terminals X and Y of the
no volt coil through contact ‘C’. The distance between the magnet and P is usually
adjustable and is so adjusted that P gets attracted only when current drawn by the
motor also flowing through the overload release coil exceeds a preset value.
Therefore when the motor is overloaded, this electromagnetic short circuit the
holding coil terminals and the starter handle swings back to “off” position,
automatically switching off the motor. Since it prevents continuous operation of the
motor on overload, it is known as overload release.
FOUR POINT STARTER:

In a three point starter, the field current of the motor flows through the holding
coils. When the resistance is inserted in a field circuit to increase the speed beyond
a certain limit, the holding coil current may reduce to such an extend that the
electromagnetic pull of the holding coil is no longer sufficient to overcome the
handle spring tension. In such a case, the starter is not suitable for wide range of
speed control by field weakening method is desired. For such application a four-
point starter is used.

Therefore 4 point starter has a holding coil connected across the d.c. supply in
series with the starting resistance instead of being connected in series with the field
winding.

As in a 3- point starter the holding coil functions as no volt release. An overload

release is also provided in the 4 point starter.

Occasionally a 4 point starter is equipped with additional field weakening resistors

for speed control.