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.- The OSI model framework specifically and clearly defines the functions
or services that have to be provided at each of the seven layers (or
LEVELS).
.- The actual functions within each layer are probided by ENTITIES which
are abstract devices, such as programs, functions , or protocols, that
implement the services for a particular layer on a single machine. A
layer may habe more than one entity- for example a protocol entity and
a management entity.
Entities in adjacent layers interact through the common upper and lower
boundaries by passing physical information through service access
points (SAPs) A SAP could be compared to a predefined 'postbox ' where
one layer would collect data from the previous layer.
Typically, each layer in the transmitting site, with the exception of the
lowest, adds header information, or protocol control information (PCI), to
the data before passing it through the interface between adjacent
layers.
The interface defines which primitive operations and services the lower
layer offers to the upper one. The headers are used to establish the P2P
sessions across the sites and some layer implementations use the
headers to invoke functions and services at the N+1 or N_1 adjacent
layer.
At the tx, the user invokes the system by passing data, primitive names
and control info. physically to the highest layer of the protocol stack. The
system then passes the data physically down through the seven layers,
adding headers (and possibly trailers), and invoking functions in
accordance with the rules of the protocol. At each level, this combined
data and header ''packet' is termed a PROTOCOL DATA UNIT or PDU. At
the receiving site, the opposite occurs with the headers being stripped
from the data as it is passed up through the layers.
These header and control messages invoke services and a P2P logical
interaction of entities across the sites. Generally, layers in the same site
communicate with parameters passed through primitives, and peer
layers across sites communicate with the use of the PCI, or header.
Transport layer
.- Provides services for the session layer above it, and uses the network
layer below it to find a route between source and destination. The
transport layer is crucial in many ways, because it sits between the
upper layers (which are strongly application-dependent) and the lower
ones (which are network-based).
The layers below the transport layer are collectively known as the
SUBNET LAYERS. Depending on how well (or not) they perform their
function, the transport layer has to interfere less (or more) in order to
maintain a reliable connection.
TP1 (transfer protocol class 1): it assumes a type B subnet; that is, one
that may be unreliable. To deal with this, TP1 provides its own error
detection, along with, along with facilities for getting the sender to
retransmit any erroneous
The network layer is the third lowest layer, or the uppermost subnet
layer. It is responsible for the following tasks:
.- connectionless or
.- connection-oriented communication
The data is processed and transmitted using the data link layer
below the network layer. Responsibility for guaranteeing proper
delivery of the PACKETS lies with the transport layer, which uses
network layer services
5.
.- The IEEE (802.x) networking working groups have refined the data link
layer into two sub layers:
The LCC sub layer must provide an interface for the network layer
protocols, and control the logical COM. With its peer at the receiving
side. The MAC sub layer must provide access to a particular physical
encoding and transport scheme.
.- Lowest layer in the OSI reference model. This layer gets data packets
from the data link layer above it, and converts the contents of the
packets into a series of electrical signals that represent 0 and 1 values in
a digital transmission. These signals are sent across a tx medium to the
phy layer at the receiving end. At the destination, the phy layer converts
the electrical signals into a series of bit values. The values are grouped
into packets and passed up to the data link layer.
Application
Provision of network services TO the user's application programas. Note: the user's
actual application programs do NOT reside here.
Presentation
Maps the data representations into an external data format tha will enable correct
interpretation of receipt. The mapping can also possibly include ENCRYPTION
and/or COMPRESSION of data
Session
Control of the communications between the users. This includes the grouping
together of messages and the coordination of DATA TRANSFER between grouped
layers. It also affects checkpoint for (transparente) recovery of aborted sessions.
Transport
Network
.- routing of data
.- network addressing
Data link
Responsible for sending a frame of data from one system to another. Attempts to
ensure that errors in the received bit stream are not passed up into the rest of the
protocol stack. Error correcton and detection techniques are used here.
Physical
Defines the electrical and mechanical connections at the physical level, or the
communication channel itself. Functional responsiblities include modulation,
multiplexing and signal generation.
VOCABULARIO
Wrapper (Empaquetador)
Tipo de embalaje, como una hoja plana de papel, celofán o plástico para envolver un
objeto
Computación
Funcion wrapper: una función cuyo principal propósito es llamar a otra función.
Biblioteca wrapper:
.- Adapter, donde algunos códigos de programación permiten que ciertas clases trabajen
juntas,
Clase wrapper, término de computación que se refiere a una clase Java en P.O.O
trim: <v> recortar; ajustar; podar; adornar; orientar; equilibrar; guarnecer; componer;
orientarse; arreglar y ordenar;disponer; trepar