David Hayse

Key Terms Parker Hill

Matthew Hilu
Jeffrey Hochberg
M.Antonius
Andrew Kaiser
dignitas
Nicholas Kim
clementia Caesaris
Benjamin Klein
M. lunius Brutus
Noriyuki Kojima
Cleopatra
Christofer Mizuno
Caesarian
Nikos Mouchtaris
M. Aemilius Lepidus
Dy Ian Piacelli
veni vidi vici
Spencer Pippin
Subhasri Pothuraju
Ethan Quesnelle
Key Theme: Decline of the Roman Republic
Elizabeth Sadilek
Is it dead in 44?
Ronald Sagers ill
Sidharth Sawhney
Antonio Sciore
Gavin White
Colten Williams
Gregory Wright. Jr
Recap of events in 50:

Caesar in Gaul \Vith 3 legions

....
Pompey and Senate in Rome \Vith 2 legions in Can1pania
(but legions just finished serving w/ Caesar)

August 50: Caesar proposes that both sides give up their arms (rejected)

November 50: Curio proposes that Caesar & Pompey lay down their provinces on a date TBA
passed almost unanimously by Senate - 370 for, 22 against
next day J>ompey yields to pressure conservatives to mobilize

December 50: Caesar offers new proposal

ends his governorship of his massive province
keeps Cisalpine Gaul & 2 legions for 49
gets consulship for 48
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Coin minted by Caesar

49BCE
Letter from Cicero to Atticus. 18 February 50:

""The political situation alarms me deeply, and so far I have found scarcely
anybody \vho is not for giving Caesar what he demands rather than fighting it
out. The den1and is impudent no doubt, but more moderate than what was
expected. And \vhy should \Ve start standing up to him now? 'Sure , ' tis no worse
a thing ~than \vhen ,ve gave hin1 his five year extension or when we brought in
the la\v authorizing his candidature in absentia. Or did we put these weapons in
his hands only to fight him now that he is equipped and ready? You will ask me
,vhat me what line \Vill I take in the House . Not the same as in in my own mind.
There , in my mind , I will vote for peace at any price, but in the House I will
echo Pompey ... "
Caesar 's ultimatum , delivered l January 49

He keeps his province until next round of conuslar elections

(in \vhich he gets to run w/o appearing in person)

OR both proconsuls simultaneously lay down their commands

OR there is civil war

Caesar's The Civil War l .4

"All these proposals were resisted, and Lentulus, Scipio and Cato spoke agajnst
them all. Cato was driven by longstanding enmity to Caesar and resentment at
his electoral defeat. Lentulus was motivated by the size of his debts , by the hope
of an army and provinces, and by the prospect of inducements offered by kings
\Vho desired recognition; he also boasted to his intimates that he would be a
second Sulla, to whom supreme power would fall .... Pompey rumself, urged on
by Caesar 's enemies and by ms desire that no one should match his own standing,
had turned entirely away from friendship with Caesar...."
Caesar's The Civil ivar 1.5 - 6

" Recourse was had to that last and final decree of the senate, which had never before
been passed except when the city was almost ablaze and the recklessness of those
who \Vere proposing laws was putting everyone's safety at risk: "Let the consuls,
praetors, tribunes, and those proconsuls who are in the neighborhood of Rome take
action to see that the state suffers no harm ....All over Italy men were conscripted,
and weapons requisitioned; money was exacted from the towns, and taken from the
temples; and all the laws of gods and men were overturned
The Senate in 49 BCE

Can identify approximately 250 senators

Can determine the allegiance of 192.

12 are genuinely neutral

Rest evenly divided between Caesar & Pompey

divided by rank
more senior allied with Pompey
more junior side with Caesar
 C

Caesar - still just 3 legions

Pompey
2 legions in Campania
7 legions in Spain
power base in the East
t
levies of new troops in Italy

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 Clementia Caesaris = the clemency of Caesar

Coin of P. Sepullius Macer ( 44 BCE) showing the temple

of Clementia and Caesar, granted by the Senate in 45 BCE
 ELIZABETH TAYLOR
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CLEOPATRA

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Veni, Vidi
Vici

I came, I saw,
I conquered
While the cat (Caesar) is away in Egypt

Senate grants hin1

right to deal with Pompeians as he sees fit
can make war or peace without checking with the Senate
5 consecutive consulships
some privileges assorted with tribunate
right to appoint provincial governors directly

*****************************************************

Caesar returns to Rome in October 47 - stays 3 months

Returns again in 46 - July to November

Returns for the last time in October 45

 Nature of our sources changes for period of 47-44.

Caesar's \\'ritings cut off in this period

Dio's History= best source

senator from Greece writing 250 years later

Cicero's letters

Biography by Suetonius
imperial adrrunistrator under emperors Trajan & Hadrian
writing about 180 years after the fact
has access to imperial archives (until he gets fired)
Caesar's position in Rome: consul ➔ dictator ➔ dictator-for-life

To what extent did he work to achieve kingship?

Did he want to be a god?

Did he want to prop up the Republic?

Or did be think the Republic was beyond repair?

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Cato the Younger

 After his triu1nph in 45, Caesar ...

. . . holds dictatorship , censorship, & has some of the powers of

a tribune of the plebs .

. . . . has sole control of the armies and public finance .

. . . is a member of every priestly college AND is pontifex maximus .

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