CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In linguistics, nouns are members of large open lexical categories whose

members can appear as the main word in the subject clause, verb object, or object
of the preposition (or put simpler, nouns are words that used to refer to someone,
animal, place, object or abstract idea).

Lexical categories are defined in terms of how their members join other types
of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language. In
English, nouns can be defined as words that can occur with articles and attributive
adjectives and can function as heads of noun phrases.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is the history of nouns?

2. What is the definition of a noun ?

3. How many classifications of nouns in English?

4. What is the position of nouns?

1.3 Objectives

1. To tell the history of nouns.

2. To find out about the definition and classification of nouns.

3. To find out the position of nouns in sentences

 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Noun History

Nouns come from the Latin word nōmen "nama", a translation of Ancient
Greek oma. Word classes such as nouns were first explained by Pā Pini in Sanskrit
and by Ancient Greek grammar, and were determined by the grammatical forms
they took. In Greek and Sanskrit, for example, nouns are categorized by sex and
deflected for letters and numbers.

Because nouns and adjectives divide these three categories, Dionysius Thrax
does not clearly distinguish between the two, and uses the term ónoma "name" for
both, although some of the words he describes as paragōgón (pl. Paragōgá)
"originate" are adjectives. .

2.2 Definition of Nouns

Nouns are one part of speech in the form of people or objects such as objects,
places, plants, animals, ideas and so on. Noun is the most used sentence element
after the verb. So we must master how to use nouns according to the correct
grammar rules such as when to use, and prefix by knowing the type of noun. This
rule is usually used as one of the exam materials in international scale tests such as
TOEFL or TOIEC. So if you are pursuing a high score for one of these exams, then
the difference in the types of objects below must be really properly and correctly
controlled.
2.3 Function of Noun

According to his book Sidney Greenbaum et al. (241: 1985), in English,

nouns can be subjects, objects, complementary subjects, and as complementary
objects.

Example:

- Andre has eaten my bread (andre as the subject)

- Andre has eaten my bread (my bread as an object)
- Andre has eaten my bread (my bread as a supplement to the subject)
- Andre has eaten my bread (andre is already complementary object)

2.4 Types Noun

A. Concrete Noun

Concrete Noun is a real noun that can be seen, touched, kissed, held, and felt
by the five senses. Most nouns are concrete nouns. Opposite concrete noun is an
abstract noun.

Concrete Noun is divided into four parts, namely:

● Common noun
Common noun is a noun that shows an object in general or not certain.
Writing general nouns starts with lowercase letters except at the beginning
of the sentence.
Examples of common nouns are: Lawyer, teacher, pencil, eraser, shop,
market, island, river, table, etc.
Common noun always uses Article (Word of Clothing) like:
The, a, or an.
Example :
 Lawyer is my brother ( salah )
 The lawyer is my brother ( benar )
 I saw boy in the park ( salah )
 I saw the boy in the park ( benar )
 But there are also common nouns who always don't use articles (clothing
words), including:
✓ By bus
✓ Shake hands.

● Proper Noun
Proper Noun is a noun used to indicate names, such as names of
people, countries, cities, schools, organizations, companies, places and
names of certain things. Proper Noun is the opposite of a general noun,
where the right noun shows a certain name. Correct noun writing always
starts with a capital letter.
Example:
Budi, Anggi (person's name), Japan, Indonesian, Netherland (country
name) Tokyo, Jakarta, Makassar (city name), Indonesia University (school
name), CV. Cipta Media, PT. Antam (company name) and others.
This Proper noun may not use articles (clothing), namely: the, a and an.
For example:
✓ The Anggi is a lawyer (wrong)
✓ Anggi is a lawyer (correct)
✓ I am studying in the Indonesia University (wrong)
✓ I am studying in Indonesia University (correct)
● Collective Noun
Collective Noun is a noun that states a group or group. This noun is a
combination of several humans, animals or objects to show the
characteristic unity of several individual nouns.
example:
Audience, team, fleet, cattle, crowd, parliament, range, swarm, and others.
● Material Noun
Material Noun is a noun that expresses material, be it raw material or
raw material, mining goods, and the like.
Examples:
Silver, gold, copper, bronze, iron, diamond, aluminum, sand, and others.
 Material noun can be used with article ( the ), but cannot be used with
article a or an.
For example:
✓ I found a gold on that hill (wrong)
✓ I found the gold on that hill (correct)

B. Abstract Noun

Abstract Noun is a noun that is intangible, invisible, and cannot be touched,

but can only be imagined
Example:
friendship, kindness, happiness, trust, etc.

Abstract noun can be formed from verbs , adjectives,

and even the noun itself:
1. which comes from the verb
a. by adding the suffix –ance, -ence on the verb:
Differ -> Difference
Admit -> Admitance
Enter -> Enterance
Obey -> Obedience
Hinder -> Hinderance
Attend -> Attendance
b. By adding a suffix –y to the verb:
Deliver -> Delivery
Injure -> Injury
Discover -> Discovery
Recovery -> Recovery
c. With add suffix –ation, - cation, -ition, to the verb:
Apply -> Applycation
Compose -> Composition
Repeat -> Repetition (repeat)
Expect -> Expectation
 Compete -> Competition
Admire -> Admiration
d. By adding suffix -ment to the verb:
Manage -> Management
Engage -> Engagement
argue -> Argument
Measure -> Measurement
Judge -> Judgment
e. By adding suffixes –t, on verbs:
Fly -> Flight
Complain -> Complaint
Deceive -> Deceit
Contain -> Content
Descend -> Descent
f. By adding an ending -ion, or -tion on the verb :
Associate -> Association
Correct -> Correction -
Collect -> Collection
Nominate -> Nomination
Act -> Action
Connect -> Connection
g. By adding suffix -al, on the verb:
Arrive -> Arrival
Approve -> Approval
Propose -> Proposal
h. By adding the suffix -ure, -ture, -ature on the verb:
Furnish -> Furniture
Sign -> Signature
Please -> Pleasure

i. By adding suffix –Age, on the verb:

Carry -> Carriage
 Pack -> Package
j. By adding the suffix –ery, -ary to the verb:
Rob -> Robbery
Bribe -> Bribery
k. By adding the suffix –er, -or, -ar, -ist, -ant, -int, to the verb:
Beg -> Beggar
Compose -> Composer
Dance -> Dancer
Direct -> Director
Drive -> Driver
Dust -> Duster
Farm -> Farmer
l. By adding suffix -Ing, on the verb:
Meet -> Meeting
Sing -> Singing
Train -> Training
Begin -> Beginning
Build -> Building
m. Abstract noun in the same shape as the verb:
Help -> Help
Love -> Love
Brush -> Brush
Call -> Call
Drink -> Drink
2. That comes from adjectives
a. By adding suffix –ness, in the word properties:
Ill -> Illness
Kind -> Kindness
Rude -> Rudeness
Sickness -> Sickness
Dull -> Dullness
b. By adding a suffix –y, -ty, ity, to adjectives:
 Oppotune -> Opportunity
Cruel -> Cruelty
Beautiful -> Beauty
Honest -> Honesty
c. Adjectives ending with the letters replaced with the letter -ce or cy:
Efficient -> Effisience
Distant -> Distance
Patient -> Patience

C. Countable Noun

Countable Noun is a noun that can be counted in singular, or plural.

Rules for the formation of plural nouns (Plural) from singular nouns (Singular)

● Noun which ends with letters "s, sh, ch, and x then forms plural just by
adding the suffix" ice "to Singular Noun (singular. Noun)
Example:

Single Plural Meaning

Glass Glasses Glasses
Bus Buses Bus
Class Classes Class
Brush Brushes Brush
Bush Bushes Bushes
Dish Dishes Dishes
Watch Watches
Branch Branches Branch
Church Churches Church
Fox Foxes fox
Box Boxes Box
Tax Taxes Taxes
● A noun that ends with the letter "o" for from (plural ) by adding the suffix
"es" to a single (singular) noun.
Example:

Single Plural Meaning

Bufallo Bufalloes Kerbau

Hero Heroes Pahlawan
Mango Mangoes Mangga
Mosqiuto Mosqiutoes Nyamuk
Negro Negroes Negro
Potato Potatoes Kentang
Tomato Tomatoes Tomat

- But the word objects associated with musical instruments, words derived
from foreign languages (not English), or ending with double "o" plural
formed only by adding the suffix "s" just behind the single noun.
Example:

Singular Plural Meaning

Piano Pianos Piano

Bamboo Bamboos Bambu

Dynamo Dynamos Dinamo

 Radio Radios Radio

Video Videos Video

● A noun that ends with letters " y "preceded by a dead letter (consonant)
then the letter" y "is changed to the letter" i "then added with" ice ".
Example:

Singular Plural Meaning

Baby Babies Bayi

Candy Candies Permen

City Cities Kota

Country Countries Negara

Fly Flies Lalat

Lady Ladies Gadis/Putri

Factory Factories Pabrik

- But if before the letter "y" preceded by (vocals), the plural simply by
adding the suffix "s "to single noun.
Example:

Single Plural Meaning

Boy Boys Anak laki-laki

Key Keys Kunci

Monkey Monkeys Monyet

Valley Valleys Lembah

 Way Ways Cara/Jalan

Toy Toys Mainan

● If the noun ends with the letter "e" and "ee" and then to form the plural
simply by adding the suffix " s "to single noun.
Example:

Singular Plural Meaning

Table Tables Meja

Tree Trees Kunci

Gate Gates Gerbang

Game Games Permainan

Grade Grades Kelas

Grape Grapes Anggur

D. Uncountable Noun

Uncountable noun is a word used to indicate the objects that can not be
counted in the number or numbers.
For example:
- Water
- Water
- Sand
- Rice
- Sugar
- Ink
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusions

From the description above we can know the meaning of nouns, the history
of objects, functions of objects, types of nouns. Nouns are one part of speech in
the form of people or objects such as objects, places, plants, animals, ideas and so
on. Nouns come from the Latin word nōmen "nama", a translation of Ancient
Greek oma. Word classes such as nouns were first explained by Pā Pini in
Sanskrit and by Ancient Greek grammar, and were determined by the grammatical
forms they took. The function of objects can be a subject, object, complementary
clause, and as a complement to prepositional phrases. Type of noun: Concrete
Noun, Abstrak Noun, Countable Noun, Uncountable Noun

3.2 Suggestions The

Author realizes that making this paper is far from perfect, both content and
systematic. Therefore, the author humbly hopes for input from various parties in
the form of constructive criticism and suggestions to make the next paper perfect.
Finally, hopefully this paper can be useful for all parties and students in particular.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://abanx-gian.blogspot.com/2012/07/makalah-bahasa-inggris-tentang-
noun.html? M = 1

http://kursusbelajarbahasainggris.blogspot.com

http://katazikurasana30.blogspot.com

www.belajarbahasainggris.us.com