THE IGNITION SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:

-Provides a method of turning a spark ignition engine on

& off.
-Operates on various supply voltages (Battery &
Alternator)
-Distributes spark to each plug in correct sequence.
 PARTS
Battery
- provides power for system.

Ignition Switch
- allows driver to turn ignition on/off.

Ignition Coil
- changes battery voltage to
30,000V during normal operation and has
a potential to produce up to 60,000V.
11/20/2018
Distributor
- distributes the spark to the
spark plugs in the correct sequence
and
at the correct time.

Spark Plug
- an electrical device used to
initiate combustion by creating a high
voltage
discharge across an electrode

11/20/2018
Distributor Cap - An insulated plastic cap that transfers voltage
from coil (wire) to Rotor.

Distributor Rotor - Transfers voltage from the distributor cap center

terminal (coil) to distributor cap outer terminals (spark plugs).

Ignition control module - An electronic switch that turns the

ignition coil primary current on/off
 THREE TYPES OF VEHICLE
IGNITION SYSTEMS AND HOW THEY
WORK
 THE DISTRIBUTOR
AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION
SYSTEM
 Connects to the camshaft with
gears. Inside, a set of “ignition points”
rubs against a multi-sided cam on the
distributor shaft. The cam opens and
closes the points. Once the coil
generates firing voltage, it travels to
the top of the coil and into the top of
the distributor cap. There, a rotating
disc attached to the distributor shaft
“distributes” the power to each of the
spark plug wires.
 THE DISTRIBUTOR-LESS
AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION SYSTEM
(DIS)
 This system determines spark timing based on two shaft
position sensors and a computer.

The Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP) is

mounted at the front of the crankshaft, or
near the flywheel on some vehicles.
The Camshaft Position Sensor (CMP) is
mounted near the end of the camshaft. These
sensors continually monitor both shafts’
positions and feed that information into a
computer.
COIL-ON-PLUG IGNITION SYSTEM
 Incorporates all the electronic
controls found in a DIS car ignition
system.

 Some COP car ignition systems

generate as much as 40,000 to
50,000 volts and much hotter,
stronger sparks.
 BASIC CIRCUITRY
Ignition systems have a primary(low-voltage) circuit
to connect and disconnect the ignition coil and the
secondary(high-voltage) circuit to send voltage from
the battery to the spark plug.
 The amount of high voltage induced
depends on the speed of change in
the magnetic field, the number of
windings on the secondary coil, and
the strength of the magnetic field.
The opening induction voltage of the
primary winding is between 300 and
400 V.

 The high voltage on the secondary

can be up to 40 kV, depending on the
ignition coil.
 Do's
And

Don‘ts
of Ignition system
 Do not touch or remove ignition cables, the
distributor cap, or the spark plug connectors when
the engine is running.

 Only connect or disconnect electronic control

units, plug connections, and connection cables
when the ignition is switched off.

 Only wash the engine when the engine is at a

standstill and the ignition is switched off.

 During all tests on the ignition system that require

the engine to turn over at starter speed, the
voltage supply to the injection valves should be
interrupted in order to protect the catalytic
converter.
THE STARTING AND CHARGING
SYSTEM

11/20/2018
COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF
CHARGING SYSTEM
1. Battery
The function of the battery is as a storage of
electrical energy.

2. Fuse and Fusible links

Fuse and fusible links have different functions
even though have the same shape. Fusible link can
be called as main fuse which is placed near the
battery positive terminal. The function of this fuse
is to protect the entire electrical system of the
car from excessive currents.

3. CHG Lights
CHG lamp or commonly also called “charging
warning light” is an indicator light to indicate the
presence failure of charging system.
4. Ignition key
The ignition key works as a
switch. The charging system
will be activated
automatically when the
engine is running, but to
generate a magnetic field on
the rotor coil must be done
by a switch.
5. Regulator
The function of the regulator
is to regulate the voltage
generated by the alternator.
6. Alternator
The function of the alternator is to convert a partial engine's rotating
energy into electricity.
7. Charging Wires
The function of charging wires are to connect every component of the
charging system, there are at least two types of wires: standard wire and B +
wire
COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF
STARTING SYSTEM

11/20/2018
1) The "starting system", the heart of the electrical system in
your car, begins with the BATTERY.

2) The key is inserted into the IGNITION SWITCH and then

turned to the start position

3) A small amount of current then passes through

the NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH to a STARTER RELAY which
allows high current to flow through the BATTERY CABLES to
the STARTER MOTOR.

4) The starter motor then cranks the engine so that the

piston, moving downward, can create a suction that will
draw a Fuel/Air mixture into the cylinder, where a spark
created by the IGNITION SYSTEM will ignite this mixture.

5) If the Compression in the engine is high enough and all this

happens at the right Time, the engine will start.
 Ignition Switch

The ignition switch

allows the driver to
distribute electrical
current to where it is
needed.
 5 key switch positions that are used:

1. Lock- All circuits are open ( no current supplied)

and the steering wheel is in the lock position. In
some cars, the transmission lever cannot be
moved in this position. If the steering wheel is
applying pressure to the locking mechanism, the
key might be hard to turn. If you do experience
this type of condition, try moving the steering
wheel to remove the pressure as you turn the
key.

2. Off- All circuits are open, but the steering wheel

can be turned and the key cannot be extracted.

3. Run- All circuits, except the starter circuit, are

closed (current is allowed to pass through).
Current is supplied to all but the starter circuit.
4. Start- Power is supplied to the ignition
circuit and the starter motor only. That is why
the radio stops playing in the start position.
This position of the ignition switch is spring
loaded so that the starter is not engaged while
the engine is running. This position is used
momentarily, just to activate the starter.

5. Accessory- Power is supplied to all but the

ignition and starter circuit. This allows you to
play the radio, work the power windows, etc.
while the engine is not running.
Most ignition switches are mounted
on the steering column. Some
switches are actually two separate
parts
The lock into which you insert the key. This
component also contains the mechanism to
lock the steering wheel and shifter.

The switch which contains the actual

electrical circuits. It is usually mounted on
top of the steering column just behind the
dash and is connected to the lock by a
linkage or rod
BASIC PARTS OF DC MOTORS
 ARMATURE (AXLE,ROTOR)

The armature interacts with the

magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the air-
gap; the field component can comprise
either permanent magnets, or
electromagnets formed by a conducting
coil, such as another armature.
 STATOR

The stator is the stationary part of a

rotary system, found in electric
generators, electric motors, sirens, mud
motors or biological rotors. Energy flows
through a stator to or from the rotating
component of the system.
 COMMUTATOR

A commutator is a rotary electrical switch in

certain types of electric motors and electrical
generators that periodically reverses the current
direction between the rotor and the external
circuit. It consists of a cylinder composed of
multiple metal contact segments on the rotating
armature of the machine.
 FIELD MAGNETS (FIELD COIL)

A field coil is an electromagnet used

to generate a magnetic field in an electro-
magnetic machine, typically a rotating
electrical machine such as a motor or
generator. It consists of a coil of wire
through which a current flows.
 BRUSHES

A brush or carbon brush is a device

which conducts current between
stationary wires and moving parts, most
commonly in a rotating shaft. Typical
applications include electric motors,
alternators and electric generators.
3 TYPES OF STARTER MOTOR IN TODAY’S
VEHICLES
 INERTIA

Inertia starters work by rotating a pinion

and moving it forward through centrifugal force
towards the ring-gear. As it continues to spin, the
teeth of the pinion lock into the ring-gear and
crank the engine.
 PRE ENGAGED

The pre-engaged starter motor is employed for high-

compression engines with automatic transmission system
such as large petrol engines and small diesel engines. When
the ignition is switched on and the starter switch is closed,
current from the battery flows to the solenoid windings
generating a magnetic field. When the pinion is fully
engaged, the solenoid contacts are closed, so that current
flows from the battery to energize the starter field and
armature windings. The armature shaft then rotates and
cranks the engine.
 GEAR REDUCTION

The Chrysler gear-reduction starter formed the

conceptual basis for the gear-reduction starters
that now predominate in vehicles on the road.
Light aircraft engines also made extensive use of
this kind of starter, because its light weight
offered an advantage.
 Basic AC Motor Operation

An AC motor has two basic electrical parts: a

"stator" and a "rotor".

 The stator is in the stationary electrical

component. It consists of a group of individual
electro-magnets arranged in such a way that they
form a hollow cylinder, with one pole of each
magnet facing toward the center of the group.
The term, "stator" is derived from the word
stationary. The stator then is the stationary part
of the AC motor.
The rotor is the rotating electrical
component. It also consists of a group of
electro-magnets arranged around a
cylinder, with the poles facing toward
the stator poles. The rotor is located
inside the stator and is mounted on the
AC motor's shaft. The term "rotor" is
derived from the word rotating. The
rotor then is the rotating part of the AC
motor.
THREE- PHASE AC MOTOR
 A three- phase induction
motor runs on a three phase AC
supply. Three- phase induction
motors are extensively used for
various industrial applications because
of their following advantages
 They have very simple and rugged (almost unbreakable) construction

 They are very reliable and having low cost

 They have high efficiency and good power factor

 Minimum maintenance required

 3 phase induction motor is self starting hence extra starting motor or any
special starting arrangement is not required

They also have some disadvantages

 Speed decreases with increase in load, just like a DC shunt motor

 If speed is to be varied, we have sacrifice some of its efficiency

3 COMPONENTS OF CHARGING
SYSTEM
 The alternator generates electrical power to
run accessories and to recharge the batteries. It
is normally driven by a belt located off the
crankshaft. Mechanical energy from the
crankshaft is converted by the alternator into
electrical energy for the batteries and
accessories.
The voltage regulator acts as an
electrical traffic cop to control
alternator output. It senses when the
batteries need recharging, or when
the vehicle’s electrical needs
increase, and adjust the alternator’s
output accordingly.

11/20/2018
The batteries are a reservoir of
chemical electrical power. Their
primary purpose is to crank the
engine. They also supply power to
vehicle accessories when the
electrical load is too great for the
alternator alone.

11/20/2018
MAJOR PARTS OF AN
AC GENERATOR
 Rotor

The rotor assembly consists of drive shaft,

coil, and two pole pieces. A pulley mounted
on one end of the shaft allows the rotor to be
spun by a belt driven by the crankshaft
pulley. The rotor is a rotating magnetic field
inside the alternator.
 Stator

 The stator is the stationary member of the

generator.

 The rotor rotates inside the stator. A small air

gap between the two allows the rotor to turn
without making contact with the stator.
 Slip rings and brushes

 Conduct current to the spinning rotor.

 Current is transmitted from the field

terminal of the brush and slip ring to the
field coil. Current passes through the field
coil and the second slip ring and brush
before returning to ground.
 Cooling fans

This cooling fan draws air into the

housing through the openings at the
rear of the housing. the moving air
pulls heat from the diodes and their
heat decreases.
 Do’s
and
Don’ts
of the System
 Disconnect the battery ground cable before
removing any leads from the systems. Do not
reconnect the battery ground cable until all
wiring connections have been made.

 Avoid contact with the AC generator output

terminal. This terminal is hot (has voltage
present) at all times when the battery cables are
connected.

 The AC generator is not made to withstand a lot

of force. Only the front housing is relatively
strong. When adjusting belt tension, apply
pressure only to the front housing to avoid
damaging the stator and rectifier.
Keep the tester’s carbon pile off at all
times, except during actual test
procedures.

When installing a battery, be careful to

observe the correct polarity. Reversing
the cables destroys the diodes. Proper
polarity must also be observed when
connecting a booster battery, positive to
positive and negative to ground.
11/20/2018