Statistics 

is the science of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data.[1]

[2]
 It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of
the design of surveys and experiments.[1]

Descriptive statistics describe the main features of a collection

of data quantitatively.[1] Descriptive statistics are distinguished frominferential
statistics (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a
data set quantitatively without employing a probabilistic formulation,[2] rather than to
supporting inferential statements about the population that the data are thought to
represent. Even when a data analysis draws its main conclusions using inductive
statistical analysis, descriptive statistics are generally presented. For example in a
paper reporting on a study involving human subjects, there typically appears a table
giving the overall sample size, sample sizes in important subgroups (e.g., for each
treatment or exposure group), and demographic or clinical characteristics such as
the average age, the proportion of subjects of each sex, and the proportion of
subjects with related comorbidities.

Inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might
think. Or, we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an
observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have
happened by chance in this study. Thus, we use inferential statistics to make
inferences from our data to more general conditions; we use descriptive statistics
simply to describe what's going on in our data

Classical probability The probability of an event is the ratio of the number of cases
favorable to it, to the number of all cases possible when nothing leads us to expect
that any one of these cases should occur more than any other, which renders them,
for us, equally possible

Relative frequency approach of probability: it estimates the proportion of times the event
occurred

Subjective proability :
A probability derived from an individual's personal judgment about whether a specific
outcome is likely to occur. Subjective probabilities contain no formal calculations and
only reflect the subject's opinions and past experience.

Experiment : An experiment involves controlling one 'input' variable,

holding all others constant (to the best of your ability) and measuring the
effect on an output variable of a change in the control variable

Event : An event is the outcome or a combination of outcomes of an experiment. In

other words, an event is a subset of the sample space.
     Whenever an outcome satisfies the conditions, given in the event, we say that
the event has occurred.
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS

Two or more events are called mutually exclusive if the occurrence of any one of them
precludes the occurrence of any of the others. The probability of occurrence of two or
more mutually exclusive events is the sum of the probabilities of the individual events

Collectively Exhaustive – the second measure ensures that all answers

given for the question cover the entire realm of possible answers

Differentriate

A parameter is a numerical quantity measuring some aspect of a population of scores. For

example, the mean is a measure of central tendency.

In statistics, a sample is a subset of a population. Typically, the population is very

large, making a census or a complete enumerationof all the values in the population
impractical or impossible. The sample represents a subset of manageable size.
Samples are collected and statistics are calculated from the samples so that one can
make inferences or extrapolations from the sample to the population. This process of
collecting information from a sample is referred to as sampling.

Variables and constant

A variable varies with certain other quantities such as time or with

temperature. A constant remains fixed with any variation of other quant 
A variable changes with and given equation and can be represented by
anything except a number. A constant is a number.

Discrete variables and continues variables

Discrete variables have to be measured in whole numbers; typically you

can't have fractions of discrete variables. Continuous variables can be
measured, if desired, to very fine levels of accuracy and are typically not
thought of as being measured in whole numbers.

Data and information

Data are plain facts When data are processed, organized, structured
or presented in a given context so as to make them useful, they are
called Information.

It is not enough to have data (such as statistics on the economy). Data in

themselves are fairly useless. But when these data are interpreted and
processed to determine its true meaning, they become useful and can be
called Information.

Datas set A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data, usually presented in

tabular form. Each column represents a particular variable. Each row corresponds to
a given member of the data set in question.

Data point In statistics, a data point is a single typed measurement. Here type is

used in a way compatible with datatype in computing; so that the type of
measurement can specify whether the measurement results in a Boolean value from
{yes, no}, an integer or real number, or somevector or array. T

In statistics, a frequency distribution is a tabulation of the values that one or more

variables take in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of
the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, 

The probability distribution describes the range of possible values that a random
variable can attain and the probability that the value of the random variable is within
any (measurable) subset of that range.

THE SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION

The sample distribution is the distribution resulting from the collection of actual data. A
major characteristic of a sample is that it contains a finite (countable) number of scores, the
number of scores represented by the letter

Measures of central tendency

In many real-life situations, it is helpful to describe data by a single number that is most
representative of the entire collection of numbers. Such a number is called a
measure of central tendency. The most commonly used measures are as follows.

1. The mean, or average, of numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by .

2. The median of numbers is the middle number when the numbers are written
in order. If is even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.
3. The mode of numbers is the number that occurs most frequently. If two
numbers tie for most frequent occurrence, the collection has two modes and is called
bimodal

Measures of dispersion
dispersion measure how spread out a set of data is.
There are two basic tools variance and standard deviation to measure dispersion
Variance : 1. Ameasureof theaveragedistance between each of
asetofdatapointsand their meanvalue; equal to the sum of the squares of
thedeviationfrom the mean value
Standard deviation The standard deviation is defined as the average
amount by which scores in a distribution differ from the mean,
ignoring the sign of the difference.

Standard deviation The standard deviation is defined as the average

amount by which scores in a distribution differ from the mean,
ignoring the sign of the difference.
Standard error Standard errors are important because they reflect how much sampling
fluctuation a statistic will show

Regression

Simple regression is used to examine the relationship between one dependent and
one independent variable. After performing an analysis, the regression statistics can
be used to predict the dependent variable when the independent variable is known

Correlation

Correlation is a measure of association between two variables. The variables are not
designated as dependent or independent. The two most popular correlation
coefficients are: Spearman's correlation coefficient rho and Pearson's