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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
as compound sentences that consist of main clause and subordinate clause. Conditional
Main clause is a part of compound sentence which can stand independently and
also has a complete meaning even though it’s separated from another part of compound
Future conditional is a sentence that contains requirement that will happen in the
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But if the main clause is used for expressing something that permanent, the main
Example:
This form is used if we want to imagine something that contrary with the condition
in the present time. In this case, the speaker is quite pessimist because the possibilities of
Example:
This form is used if we want to imagine other possibilities from an event that have
been happened in the past. In other words, this form can be used for expressing some
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Example:
) She would have passed the exam if she had studied hard before
) If I had known it was going to rain, I would have taken my umbrella with me.
Conditional without If
Conditional sentence can also be used without using conjunction if. We can use these
following words:
Unless
) You can use my car as long as you drive carefully (= but only if you drive
carefully)
) Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park (=
but only if you have somewhere to park)
) Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination (= but only
if she studies hard).
When you’re talking about the future, don’t uses will with unless, as long as,
Wish
Example:
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) I wish I had arrived at the station on time this morning (=I was late at the
station this morning)
If only
Example:
) If only I had more money, I could buy some clothes (= I don’t have money so
I don’t buy clothes.)
) if only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. (= somebody didn’t
tell us, we couldn’t warn you)
The differences of the form and use between conditional sentences Type I, II, and
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EXERCISE:
7. I would buy a big car house if I got much money. It means that :
a. I didn’t buy a big car c. I bought a big car
b. I will by a big car later d. I will not buy a big car
8. If only I had much money, I could buy some clothes. It means that :
a. I had much money c. I don’t buy clothes
b. I will not have much money d. I will buy clothes
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9. I was late at the station this morning. I wish …….at the station on time.
a. I arrived c. I had arrived
b. I arrive d. I have arrived
10. Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. It means that she
will not pass the examination if …….
a. she studies hard c. she did not study hard
b. she studied hard d. she does not study hard
III. What is the meaning or the real fact of the following sentences?
………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….
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B. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE
¾ Active sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence does the
action.
¾ Passive sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected
by the action.
¾ Active sentences
because there is no special key. Just pay attention with the tenses. As we know
¾ Passive Sentences
The passive sentence has special ways to form it. Beside we have to pay attention
with movement of verbs, we have to give special attention with such thing.
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2. If in the active sentences do not have auxiliary (to be), so just add to be that is
participle form.
(in some cases, the preposition By can be omitted when it is not known or not
The most important thing that you have to know well and remember in forming
passive sentence is the general formula of passive sentences. Here is the formula:
To Be + Past Participle
As we know together that English has 16 tenses which have differences in using
and forming. Beside that English also has modals auxiliary which have some differences
each others. So here we just want to make classification active and passive sentences to
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Tenses
1. Simple Present
Passive
Active
(+) Lapa- lapa is eaten by my brother
(+) My brother eats lapa-lapa
(-) Lapa- lapa is not eaten by my brother
(-) My bother does not eat lapa- lapa
(?) Is lapa- lapa eaten by my brother?
(?) Does my brother eat lapa- lapa?
2. Present Continuous
Active Passive
(+) Tono is writing a letter (+) A letter is being written by Tono
(-) Tono is not writing a letter (-) A letter is not being written by Tono
(?) Is Tono writing a letter? (?) Is a letter being written by Tono?
3. Present Perfect
Active Passive
(+) She has closed the door (+) The door has been closed by her
(-) She has not closed the door (-) The door has not been closed by her
(?) Has she closed the door? (?) Has the door been closed by her?
5. Simple Past
Active Passive
(+) He stole a present (+) A present was stolen by him
(-) He did not steal a present (-) A preset was not stolen by him
(?) Did he steal a present? (?) Was a present stolen by him?
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6. Past Continuous
Active Passive
( + ) She was explaining lessons ( + ) Lessons were being explained by her
( - ) She was not explaining lessons ( - ) Lessons were not being explained by
( ? ) Was she r explaining lessons/ her
( ? ) Were lessons being explained by her?
7. Past Perfect
Active Passive
( + ) Jono had helped me ( + ) I had been helped by Jono
( - ) Jono had not helped me ( - ) I had not been helped by Jono
( ? ) Had Jono helped me? ( ? ) Had I been helped by Jono?
9. Simple Future
Active Passive
( + ) He will open the door ( + ) The door will be opened by me
( - ) He will not open the door ( - ) The door will not be opened by me
( ? ) Will he open the door? ( ? ) Will I be opened the door?
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11. Future Perfect
Active ( + ) Your heart will have been won by me
( + ) I will have won your heart ( - ) Your heart will not have been won by
( - ) I will not have won your heart me
( ? ) Will I have won your heart? ( ? ) Will your heart have been won by
Passive me?
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16. Past Future Perfect Continuous
Active Passive
( + ) He would have been leaving her ( + ) She would have been being left by
( - ) He would have been leaving her him
( ? ) Would he have been leaving her? ( - ) She would not have been being left by
him
( ? ) Would she have been being left by
him?
¾ Modals Auxiliary
Active Passive
I can do it It can be done by me
She must do it It must be done by her
You may do it It may be done by you
You might do it It might be done by you
He could do it It could be done by him
Etc. Etc.
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d. Other Passive Sentences
action. But we have to know that passive sentences may be used to describe an existing
situation or state. It is called stative passive (Betty Schrampfer Azar; Using and Understanding English
Grammar;135). No action is taking place in stative passive sentences. The past participle
functions as an adjective. Often stative passive verbs are followed by a preposition other
than by.
Example:
The door is locked
The window is broken
Where is she now? She is gone
I am Interested in you
Are you satisfied with her job?
EXERCISE
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4. Many of Gold medals …… by China’s Athletics in Olympiad.
a. were get c. were gotten
b. are gotten d. got
5. They were not ……to repair the chair that has been broken by Jojo yesterday.
a. asks c. asked
b. has asked d. have ask
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C. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Direct speech refers to a sentence which is said by the speaker directly (speaker’s
actual words). It must be started with capital letter and ended with quotation mark.
2. Indirect speech refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said without using
1. Changing of Pronouns
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Several Changing of Time Signifiers
3. Changing of Tenses
In the direct speech, there are reporting verbs and reported speech.
speech).
Example:
Direct speech:
My father said, “It is time to go away”. Æ Reported speech = simple present
Indirect speech:
My father said that it was time to go away.Æ Reported speech = simple past
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Example :*) Emi said, “I have a good idea tomorrow”.
Emi said that she had a good idea the next day.
*) Ratna told me, “I go to school every day”.
Ratna told me that he went to school every day.
Example :*) He said, “I have been working here for three years”.
He said that he had been working there for three years.
*) Umi told me, “I have been studying English for two hours”.
Umi told me that she had been studying English for two hours.
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Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Another situation is the one in which modal construction are used. If the verb “said” is
used, then the form of the modal or another modal that has a past meaning is used.
*) If Simple Present, Present Perfect or The Future is used in the reporting verb, the tense
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Example: Direct Speech : He says, “The test is difficult”.
Indirect Speech : He says that the test is difficult.
*) If reported speech is a general truth, so it will be retained (there isn’t changing of the
tense)
Example: Direct Speech : He told me, “The Sun rises in the east”.
Indirect Speech : He told me that the Sun rises in the east.
Statement
Imperatives / Request
Questions
Exclamation and Yes / No Answer
1. Statement
There are some rules to change direct speech into indirect speech as statement:
*) Direct speech which is changed into indirect speech doesn’t have changing of tenses if
the reporting speech uses present, present perfect, and future tense.
a. Present Tense
c. Future Tense
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*) If the reporting speech of direct speech is in the past form, there will be changing of
*) The changing of direct speech into indirect speech will change the pronoun, verbal
2. Imperatives / Request
Use “told, ordered or commanded” for imperative and use “asked” for request.
* The questions are question words (who, what, where, when, how, etc)
* The question which is begun by Yes / No questions use if or whether at indirect speech.
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Example:- Yudi asked me, “Do you love me?”
* Exclamatory sentences (Exclamation in the direct speech must be changed into indirect
speech statement)
He thanked me.
- He said, “Congratulation!”
He congratulated me.
* Optative sentences
* Yes / No answer are expressed by subject + auxiliary verb (modal) at in direct speech.
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EXERCISE
4. She said, “Her father has working as a taxi driver three years”.
She said that her father …… as a taxi driver three years.
a. has been working c. had working
b. had been work d. had been working
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a. would conduct c. would have conduct
b. will conduct d. will be conduct
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D. ELLIPTICAL SENTENCE
A. Definition
Ellipsis is leaving out words of the sentences when the meaning can be
For example : Instead of a knife and a fork, we can say a knife and fork;
B. Kinds of Ellipsis
In informal spoken English, we often leave out words at beginning of sentences if the
meaning is clear from the context. Words that can be left out are articles, possessives,
For example:
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2. Ellipsis with and, or, but
When expressions are joined by and, it is very common to leave out words to void
repetition.
a. When two verbs have the same subject or object, it is not necessary to repeat
it.
For example:
For example: You could have come and (you could have) told me
For example: Please clean my father’s office and (clean) the kitchen.
For example:
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- Those book and (those) pepper
e. A noun that is repeated with two or more adjectives can be left out, and so can
a repeated adjective.
For example:
She was late because she had overslept and (because she had) missed the
train.
“But” is used if the first sentence is positive, so “but” negative and if the first
For example:
- Your mother will not go to Padang next week but you will
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- The man couldn’t come here three days ago but Maulid could
medicine)
• Too;
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- He like playing badminton
• So;
We can say
• I won’t come to his house and she won’t come to his house.
We can say:
- I will not come to his house and she will not either, or
• She didn’t read a novel last week and I didn’t read a novel last week
We can say:
• My uncle doesn’t have a large house and I don’t have a large house
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We can say:
We can say:
H. Ellipsis of both….and
We can say;
We can say:
We can say:
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- We can either read newspaper or play the guitar
We can say:
We can say:
We can say:
For example:
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EXERCISE
a. so does I c. so do I
b. so am I d. so I am
5. I won’t come to his house and she won’t come to his house.
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a. neither will she c. will not she
7. My uncle doesn’t have a large house and I don’t have a large house
b. neither I do d. I do neither
b. neither I do d. neither
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a. I can’t either c. I can either
E. CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verb are a group of verbs that used to show that something is done by
Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to take place,
examples:
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Causative verbs show that somebody or something is indirectly responsible for an
action. The subject doesn’t perform the action his/her self, but causes someone or
something to do it instead.
Examples:
That sentence means that someone pointed Jack’s house or Jack’s house was
painted by someone. It means that Jack didn’t it by himself but by the other one.
There are two basic causative structures. One is like an active, and the other like a
passive.
In the passive form, there is usually no agent. The action verb is in the past, and the
4. Forms of Causative
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There are many causative verbs: have, get, make, let (allow or permit), want, help,
require, motivate, convince, hire assist, encourage, employ, and force, but we just explain
A. “Have”
“Have” as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something to
be done for them and to give someone the responsibility to do something. This
Examples:
Examples:
B. “Get”
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This construction usually means to convince someone to do something “or” to
smoking.
C. “Make”
“have” or “get”.
For permit
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Example: 1. John let his daughter swim with her friends.
E. “Want”
F. “Help”
Form: SuSubject
bject + +help
help+ +person
person + Verb in simple form
(to + infinitive)
Form:
Subject + have + object + present participle
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EXERCISE
F. PREFERENCE
I. PREFER….
A. PREFER…TO ….
Pattern;
EXAMPLES;
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INCORRECT : They prefer Chinese food better than sea food
EXAMPLES;
B. PREFER….. INSTEAD OF ….
Pattern:
SUBJECT + PREFER + VERB 1-ING + INSTEAD OF + VERB 1-ING
EXAMPLES;
CORRECT : His sister prefers staying at home instead of going out on Sunday
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Remember that the phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would
rather appears to be a past, it expresses preference in present and future time. Avoid
Pattern:
EXAMPLES:
INCORRECT ; His aunt would rather to drink coffee than drinking tea in the morning
CORRECT : His aunt would rather drink coffee than drink tea in the morning
Pattern:
EXAMPLES:
INCORRECT : His aunt would rather drink coffee instead of to drink tea in the morning
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INCORRECT : His aunt would rather drink coffee instead of drinking tea in the morning
Remember that when the preference is for another person or thing, would rather
that introduces a clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although
the verb is past tense, the preference is for present or future time.
Avoid using a present verb, a verb word or should instead of a past verb. Avoid
Pattern:
EXAMPLES:
Pattern:
EXAMPLES:
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CORRECT : Mr. Fernando likes coffee better than milk
EXAMPLES:
4. WOULD PREFER…
Pattern:
EXAMPLES:
INCORRECT : My grand father would prefer to swim rather than playing Badminton.
CORRECT : My grand father would prefer to swim rather than to play Badminton.
INCORRECT : They would prefer going rather than staying at home on Sunday
Pattern:
EXAMPLES:
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INCORRECT : My grand father would prefer to swim instead of playing Badminton.
G. C L A U S E
predicate.
1. Main clause
2. Subordinate clause
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Main clause, also called independent clause, is a group of words that contains a
subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause can stand
Subordinate clause, also called dependent clause, is a group of words that contains a
subject and verb but does or not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot
A. Noun clause
B. Adjective clause
C. Adverb clause
A. Noun clause is clause that used a substitute of noun or has function as noun.
According to it’s derive sentence, noun clause can be classificated into four kinds :
1. Statement
2. Question
3. Request
4. Exclamation
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Noun clause from statement
- Noun clause derived from statement introduced by conjunction that. Noun clause with
that used as the subject of a sentence with certain verb. The most important verb is
- Noun clause with that often be the object of verb. The following verb has human as
the subject, especially verb in indirect speech and verb states mental activity.
- Omission of that
In informal conversation, that often omitted from object clause if the meaning has
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- Noun clause from question that placed after verb that needs 2 objects perhaps has
- Noun clause from question perhaps begun by question words that have function as :
e.g. We don’t know who will be caning from the employment agency.
- In noun clause from question, subject and verb have general structure, namely after
introductory word.
This clause most is often as subject of the verb that stacks request, advice, desire, etc.
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- Sometimes that at the beginning of clause can be substituted by infinitive structure
( verbs of requesting )
Advise
Ask
Beg
Command
Desire
I Forbidden him to leave soon or that he leave soon
Order
Request
Require
Argue
- Subject from that clause is often in passive form verbs of requesting by anticipatory if
structure.
Noun clause from exclamation introduced by same that introduce exclamation, they
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3. Exclamation : How small their house was!
B. Adjective clause or relative clause is a clause that has function as adjective that
Based on the antecedent that shown by introductory words, there are 2 kinds of
adjective clauses:
1. Relative pronoun
2 Relative adverb
1. Relative pronoun
b. He gave me a present.
2. Relative adverb
- Why that became adverb conjunction, some time can be changed by that or
can be omitted.
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3. The reason I came should be obvious to you.
- When or where and a preposition of place can be changed each other added
by which.
e.g. 1. The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large
metropolis.
e.g. 1. The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a
stormy one.
1. Adjective clause often used in pattern: noun + of which. This form especially
use in formal written English. In this pattern adjective clause usually modifies
‘something’.
2. Adjective clause often used to state quantity with of. This idiom of quantity
after pronoun, and only whom, which, and whose that used in this form.
- some of - on of
- none of - many of
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- both of - each of, etc
- In my class there are 20 students, most of who are from the outside
java.
1. Don’t use comma (,) if adjective clause needed to identify that explain by it.
2. Use comma (,) if adjective clause has function just for giving apposition and doesn’t
C. Adverbial clause is clause that has function as adverb namely modifies verb.
1. Clause of time
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e.g. Shut the door before you go out.
2. Clause of place
e.g. They sat down wherever they could find empty seats.
3. Clause of contrast
4. Clause of manner
Clause of manner show the way how an action done or happened it usually made
conjunctions.
(in order ) that so that in the hope that
to the end that less in case etc.
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so that
Subject ……..+ In the hope that + subject
In order
e.g. She bought a book so (that) she could learn English.
Clause shows relation caution and effect. It usually made with form:
adverb
e.g. Rina ran so fast that she broke the previous speed record.
(2) Subject + verb + so + many + plural count noun + that + subject + verb
few
e.g. The Smith had so many children that they formed their own baseball
team.
little
e.g. He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it
now.
OR
OR
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Subject + verb + such + adjective + plural count noun + that + subject + verb
e.g. She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is sea love of her.
Beside that, to show relation of clause and effect, we can use the other forms
1. By using preposition :
- because of
- due to
2. By using conjunction
- as - as / long as - in as much as
7. Clause of condition
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- If, even if
- Unless, if . . . not
- In case
- If only, etc
H. S E N T E N C E
Sentence is a group of words that has least one subject and one predicate and has
complete meaning.
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A. Subject
1. A Simple subject:
- a noun
- a pronoun
2. Compound Subject
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B. Predicate
I write a letter
- Nominal sentences
I am a student
C. Object
Object is noun or pronoun that becomes the target of predicate object of transitive
verb can be divided two kinds, namely object that needs one object and object that
D. Complements
Complement is a word that make complete meaning of verb in a sentence. There are
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1. Adjective 3. Preposition with object
2. Noun 4. Adverb
1. Transitive verb to complete the object. Kind’s transitive verbs are appointed,
2. Intransitive verb to complete the subject. Kinds intransitive verb are appear,
3. Helping verb/linking verb is word that connects subject and its complement.
Kinds of linking verb are to be (am, is, are, was, were, will, be, etc.)
E. Adjunct
2. Interrogative sentences
a. Yes/no question
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modal (predicate)
Subject of imperative sentence the second person, and usually added by please. In
written form, imperative sentence always marked by exclamation mark and the
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e.g. (+) Be quiet!
mark. An exclamatory sentence can be a complete form with subject and verb or
What + ….. Used together with noun or plural noun phrase or uncountable
noun.
b. What in the form above can be changed with how. The difference is if what is
should be related with noun or noun phrase, so how must be related with
c. Exclamatory sentence can be certain idioms, such as: That’s splenoid! God
heaven! Etc.
1. Simple sentence
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Simple sentence is a sentence that has only one main clause that expresses an
idea.
2. Compound sentence
Compound sentence is a sentence that contains main clause or more that express
Kinds of conjunction:
- But - as soon as
- and - so
- because - unless
- before - therefore
3. Complex sentence
Complex sentence is a sentence that contains a main clause and one or more
dependent clause, and between the two sentences conjunct by relative pronoun.
The relative pronoun are who, whom, which, that and whose.
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e.g. Ridwan who speaks English well is the best student in the class.
complex sentence. It has one or more main clause and one or more dependent
clause.
e.g. I just visited Mr. Nurdin who was taken to the hospital three days ago and
brought him a bunch of flower which my son bought. From a flower – shop
near my office.
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BIBLIOGRHAPHY
3. www. Eslbase.com/grammar/structure/a/causative
Batavia Press
6. Swan, Michael.1980. Practical English Usage. New York : Oxford University Press
7. Azar, Betty S., Understanding and Using English Grammar, Prentice- Hall, New
Jersey, 1989.
10. Ridwansyah. Mastering English Grammar, all you want to know about grammar.
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HAND OUT
GRAMMAR II
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
HALUOLEO UNIVERSITY
KENDARI
2008
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