Int. J. Electron. Commun.

(AEÜ) 69 (2015) 1483–1488

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Electronics and

Communications (AEÜ)
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aeue

Analysis of U-slot loaded truncated corner rectangular microstrip

patch antenna for broadband operation
Sapna Verma ∗ , J.A. Ansari
Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An analysis of broadband truncated corner rectangular microstrip patch antenna loaded with U-slot is
Received 4 January 2015 presented using equivalent circuit approach based on cavity model. The U-slot and a pair of truncated
Accepted 1 July 2015 corner are employed in a rectangular patch to achieve about 80.41% measured impedance bandwidth
covering frequency range 2.58–6.05 GHz. It is found that impedance bandwidth highly depends on the
Keywords: truncated corners as well as slots dimensions. The other parameters of the proposed antenna are also
Rectangular microstrip antenna
studied and compared with the without U-slot truncated corner patch antenna. The maximum gain
U-slot
and efficiency of the proposed antenna are 9.78 dBi and 89.68%, respectively. The theoretical results are
Truncated corner
Broadband operation
compared with simulated and measured results and found in good agreement.
© 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Under these situations, several researchers reported numerous

In present scenario, broadband microstrip antennas are attract-
ing much attention in broad range of multifunctional wireless
communication systems such as radar, satellite, wireless local area
network (WLAN) and biomedical telemetry systems. These systems
have spurred the development of miniaturized broadband anten-
nas with high gain, better efficiency and good radiation pattern.
The versatilities of these applications have become possible due
to their several interesting features including compact in size, low
profile, light in weight, planar configuration, ease in fabrication and
integration with their microwave components [1]. The major draw-
back of microstrip antennas are their very narrow bandwidth so
that the intensive research has been carried out to develop the sev-
eral well-known techniques to enhance the impedance bandwidth
of the patch antennas by keeping the size of the patch antenna as
small as possible. The effective methods to improve the bandwidth
are to employ a thick substrate, low value of dielectric constant [2],
cutting the resonant slot inside the patch [3], multi-resonator stack
configurations [4], use of various type of feeding techniques and
impedance matching [5,6]. However, the impedance bandwidth
and the size of radiating patch antenna are generally reciprocally
contradictory properties, that is, the development of one of the
characteristics normally results in degradation of the other.
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sverma.ece@gmail.com (S. Verma).
techniques to improve these restrictions especially enhancing the
impedance bandwidth. Therefore, various types of antenna design
techniques such as cutting of slot and U-slot loading patch [7–9],
slot loaded stacked patch [10] and E-H shaped with superstrate
was proposed in [11] with a bandwidth up to 30%. The antenna
is designed by using different feeding techniques such as copla-
nar feed-line [12], L-probe proximity fed annular ring microstrip
antennas [13] and electromagnetically coupled microstrip antenna
with V-slots and notches for broadband operation have been pro-
posed in [14] and its bandwidth up to 51% with gain 7 dBi. One of
the most popular techniques is the use of a multilayer structure
consisting of several parasitic patch antenna structure appeared
in [15,16] the literature on bandwidth enhancement of microstrip
antenna. Further, compact and wide band microstrip antenna has
been widely reported with different technologies such as slot-
ted patch antenna with defected ground structure [17], loading
with fractal resonator [18], multi-frequency monopole antennas
by loading metamaterial transmission line and magneto-electro-
dielectric planar waveguide metamaterial [19,20].
It is complex to incorporate all the important features such as
uniformly high gain, broad bandwidth and good efficiency along
with the desired radiation pattern into a single antenna design.
This innovate us to work on broadband U-slot loaded truncated
rectangular patch antenna which can overcome some limitations.
In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the
proposed antenna for enhancing the impedance bandwidth and
gain. The modal expansion cavity model and circuit theory con-
cept have been used to analyze the antenna characteristics. The

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2015.07.002
1434-8411/© 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
1484 S. Verma, J.A. Ansari / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 69 (2015) 1483–1488

Fig. 1. (a) Geometry of proposed antenna for broadband operation. (b) Fabricated photo of the proposed antenna.

1
LP = (2)
ωP2 CP

QP
RP LP CP RP = (3)
ωP CP
where εeff = effective permittivity of the medium, ωP = angular
design frequency, QP = c(εeff )1/2 /4fh, in which f is the design fre-
quency
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the rectangular patch antenna. In the rectangular patch shown in Fig. 1
2
Stc = Ltc (4)
U-slot loaded with a pair of opposite corner truncated rectangular
patch antenna for broadband operation that is capable of achiev- The truncated corner offers the capacitive effect with capaci-
ing an impedance bandwidth of 80.41% is investigated. The coaxial tance given as
probe is located close to patch center for good excitation of the pro- ε0 εeff Stc
posed antenna over the broad bandwidth. The effect of the antenna Ctc = (5)
h
parameters on the bandwidth has been studied to obtain the opti-
mum reflection coefficient curve for better antenna performance. The impedance of the truncated rectangular patch antenna can
The other parameters gain, efficiency and radiation pattern of the be written as
proposed antenna are studied. The details of the proposed antenna 1
are discussed intensively in the following sections. ZP = (6)
(1/Rp ) + (1/jωLP ) + jωCt

2. Antenna configuration and theoretical considerations
The geometrical configuration of the proposed U-slot loaded
truncated rectangular antenna is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). The rect-
angular patch size is characterized by length (L = 37.5 mm) and
width (W = 26.0 mm) at the center frequency 4.25 GHz. The trun-
cated length is L = 2.5 mm. The proposed antenna is separated
from ground plane with a foam substrate (εr = 1.07) of thickness
h = 5.5 mm. A U-slot with vertical slot length (LVS = 19.5 mm), hor-
izontal slot width (WHS = 12.0 mm) and slot thickness (T = 2.1 mm)
is incorporated in the center of the patch, so that the arms are sym-
metrically positioned with respect to the feed point Yf = 1.5 mm.
Fig. 1(b) shows the fabricated photo of the proposed antenna with
design specifications.
The equivalent circuit of the radiating patch based on model
expansion cavity model [21] is considered as a parallel combination
of resistance (RP ), inductance (LP ) and capacitance (CP ) as shown in
Fig. 2.
 
ε0 εeff LW −2
Yf
CP = cos
2h L ZVS + 2ZHS
where
Ct = CP + Ctc
U-slot can be considered as a combination of three slots joint
together in the form of U-shape as shown in Fig. 1. Using a duality
relationship of dipole and slot, the equivalent circuit of U-slot can
be represented as shown in Fig. 3.
Among these, two slots are of the arms of the U-slot (LVS ) and
these are in vertical form. The third one is of the base of the U-slot
(WHS ) and it is in horizontal form. When the U-slot incorporated
into the radiating patch, the resonance frequency will change due
to change in electrical size of the antenna. Now the current has
to flow around the U-slot and the length of the current path is
increased on the edges. This effect can be modeled as additional
parallel combination of the RVS , XVS and RHS , XVS radiation resis-
tance and reactive components of the vertical and horizontal arms
of the U-slot, respectively. Therefore, it can be calculated [22] as
shown in Fig. 3.
Therefore, the input impedance of U-slot can be derived as [21]
ZVS ZHS
(1) ZUS = (7)
 S. Verma, J.A. Ansari / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 69 (2015) 1483–1488 1485

 
jk0 WV exp−jk0 r   sin (k0 W/2) sin  sin
E( ) = − cos kh cos 
r (k0 W/2) sin  sin
   
cos (k0 l/2) sin  sin( ) cos sin 0 ≤  ≤ /2 (13)
RVS RHS RVS
where V is the radiating edge voltage, r distance of an arbitrary
√
point, k = k0 εr and k0 = 2/.
Gain and efficiency of the both with and without U-slot loaded
XVS XHS XVS truncated rectangular patch antenna structures are calculated as
[25,26]

G =·D (14)

where D is the directivity of the proposed antenna defined as

2
4W 2 ˘
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of the U-slot. D=
I1 20

and
where ZVS = impedance of the vertical slot and ZHS = impedance of    
the horizontal slot. k0 W cos 
I1 = sin2 tan2  sin d
The equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna can be consid- 0
2
ered as a parallel combination of impedance of the truncated patch
and the U-slot as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, the impedance of the  is the efficiency of the antenna, defined as the ratio of the radiated
proposed antenna can be calculated as power to the input power may be expressed as
Rr
ZP ZUS = (15)
Zin = (8) RT
ZP + ZUS
where
The reflection coefficient () of the antenna is given as [15]
1
Rr =
Z − Z0 2ωP CP
 = in (9)
Z in + Z0 CP is defined in Eq. (1) and
where Z0 is the characteristics input impedance of the coaxial feed 1
(50 ohm). RT =
ωP CP
Therefore, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and the return
loss (RL) of the U-slot loaded truncated rectangular patch antenna
can be calculated as [23] 3. Results and discussion
 
1 +   The proposed U-slot loaded truncated corner rectangular patch
VSWR =   (10) antenna is fabricated and measured to verify the antenna char-
1 −  
acteristics for broadband operation. The Agilent N5230A Vector
  Analyzer is used to measure the S11 (dB) of the proposed antenna
RL = 20 log   (11)
and the simulation is performed by IE3D simulator [27]. The S11
The radiation pattern for the proposed antenna can be calculated (dB) of the proposed antenna was carried out using Eq. (11) as
as [23,24] the function of frequency for different values of design parame-
ters. A result of without U-slot loaded truncated rectangular patch
 
jk0 WV exp−jk0 r   sin (k0 W/2) sin  sin antenna is also compared as shown in Fig. 5(a). The frequency band
E() = − cos kh cos  is obtained from 3.15 GHz to 3.75 GHz for S11 (dB) values less than
r (k0 W/2) sin  sin
    −10 dB. This antenna shows bandwidth of 17.39% (theoretical) and
cos (k0 l/2) sin  sin(ϕ) cos 0 ≤  ≤ /2 (12) 9.635% (simulated) [23] at the center frequency 3.45 GHz, which

RVS RHS RVS

Ctc CP RP LP
XVS XHS XVS

Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna.

1486 S. Verma, J.A. Ansari / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 69 (2015) 1483–1488

(a) 0 (b) 0
BW=80.41%
-10
-5
BW=17.39% (2.58, -10.0) (6.05, -10.0)
-20

S11 (dB)
-10
S11 (dB)

(3.15, -10.0) (3.75, -10.0) -30 Theoretical

-15 Simulated
Theoretical -40 Measured
Simulated
-20
-50
(3.45, -23.31) (2.918, -42.47) (4.062, -45.78)
-25 -60
1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 5. Theoretical and simulated reflection coefficient versus frequency for (a) without U-slot (b) with U-slot truncated rectangular antenna.

is defined as (fL + fH )/2, where fL and fH are the lower and higher
cut-off frequencies.
Fig. 5(b) illustrates the theoretical, simulated and measured
results of S11 (dB) versus frequency for the proposed antenna. The
antenna bandwidths determined from −10 dB are 82.35% (theoret-
ical), 61.98% (simulated) and 80.41% (measured). It can be clearly
seen that, the dual operating frequencies are excited around the
2.92 GHz and 4.04 GHz. These two operating frequencies are closely
spaced to provide broadband characteristic, which meets the band-
width requirement for multifunctional modern wireless S and C
band applications. From Fig. 5, it can be notice that the good agree-
ment between the theoretical and simulated results is achieved
and proposed antenna improves the impedance bandwidth from
17.39% to 82.35%. There are some deviations between the theoret-
ical and simulated result because of the proposed theory is best
suited for thin substrate but in present work substrate height is
large which affects the radiation resistance and feed inductance.
The key design parameters are affecting the S11 (dB) characteris-
tics at the different values of the vertical slot length (LVS ), horizontal
slot width (WHS ), truncated corner length (L) and substrate thick-
ness (h) as shown in Fig. 6(a)–(d). The U-slot is introduced on the
patch to maximize the antennas impedance bandwidth. Fig. 6(a)
shows the variation of S11 (dB) versus frequency for the proposed
antenna at different values of LVS . The vertical slot length (LVS )

0 (b) 0
(a)
-10 -10

-20
-20
S11 (dB)
S11 (dB)

-30
-30
-40
Lvs = 19.5 mm -40 WHS=12.0mm
-50 Lvs = 17.5 mm WHS=10.0mm
Lvs = 15.5 mm -50 WHS=8.0mm
-60
Lvs = 13.5 mm
WHS=6.0mm
-70 -60
1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

(c) 0 (d) 0

-10 -10

-20 -20
S11 (dB)
S11 (dB)

-30 -30

-40 -40 h= 5.5mm

DL=2.5mm
DL=3.5mm h=4.5mm
-50 DL=4.5mm -50 h=3.5mm
DL= 5.5mm h=2.5mm
-60 -60
1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 6. Variation of S11 (dB) versus frequency for the proposed antenna at different values of (a) vertical slot length (LVS ) (b) horizontal slot width (WHS ) (c) truncated length
(L) (d) substrate thickness (h).
 S. Verma, J.A. Ansari / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 69 (2015) 1483–1488 1487

(b) 100
(a) 10
80
5

Efficiency (%)
60
Gain (dBi)

0
40

-5 W/o U-slot (Theoretical) W/o U-slot (Theoretical)

S imulated 20 S imulated
W/U-slot (Theoretical) W/U-slot (Theoretical)
S imulated S imulated
-10 0
1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 7. Comparative plots for with and without U-slot antenna, (a) gain versus frequency, (b) efficiency versus frequency.

position varied from 19.5 mm to 13.5 mm in steps of 2 mm with
reference to center of the radiating patch. It may be noted that the
associated capacitance decreases and inductance increases due to
the decreases in vertical slot length so that both lower and upper
resonance frequencies are shifted toward the lower values simulta-
neously with a result that bandwidth of antenna critically decreases
from 82.35% to 64.48%. Similarly, on lowering the value of (WHS )
from 12.0 mm to 6.0 mm, it will cause that the upper and lower
resonance frequencies shifts toward the lower side as well as cor-
responding bandwidths are also decreases from 82.35% to 63.72%
as shown in Fig. 6(b).
As the side length of the truncated corner (L) is varied, the
antenna performance also varies. The reflection coefficient depend-
ence on this parameter is shown in Fig. 6(c). It is observed that the
matching of the dual resonance frequencies with broad-bandwidth
is very sensitive to this parameter. On increasing the value of L,
both the lower and upper resonance frequencies are shifted toward
the lower side as well as corresponding bandwidths are decreased
from 82.35% to 74.22%.
At the beginning, the length and width of the vertical slot (LVS ),
truncated corner (L) and (WHS ) are fixed, when the substrate
thickness (h) is changed from 5.5 mm to 2.5 mm as shown in
Fig. 6(d). From the figure, it is observed that associated capacitance
increases and inductance decreases due to the decreases in value
of substrate thickness so that lower resonance shifts toward higher
side, while upper resonance frequency shifts toward lower side
and matching condition degrades. However, the corresponding
bandwidths are decreasing from 82.35% to 37.41% as decreases the
substrate thickness.
The theoretical and simulated peak gains against frequency are
plotted in Fig. 7(a). From the figure, it is clearly observed that the
gains vary from 9.32 dBi to 9.78 dBi over dual operating frequencies
range from 2.92 GHz to 4.04 GHz for proposed antenna. While, peak
gain of the without U-slot antenna is 8.86 dBi (simulated, 8.05 dBi
at 3.59 GHz) at single operating frequencies 3.45 GHz. From the
results, it can be observed that the proposed antenna improves gain
as compared to the without U-slot antenna.
The comparative plots of antenna efficiency versus frequency
for both antennas are given in Fig. 7(b). The figure indicates
that maximum antenna efficiency of the without U-slot antenna
is 86.87% (simulated, 78.34% at 3.598 GHz) at the single operat-
ing frequency 3.458 GHz while maximum antenna efficiencies of
proposed antenna are 89.68% (simulated, 92.68%) and 86.6% (sim-
ulated, 80.08%) at the two operating frequencies 2.92 GHz and
4.04 GHz, respectively. From these results, it is found that the pro-
posed antenna provide the better efficiency as compared to the
without U-slot loaded antenna.
The calculations of the radiation patterns for antennas were
carried out using Eqs. (12) and (13); the obtained data as shown
in Fig. 8. Fig. 8(a) shows that 3-dB beam width of the theoreti-
cal and simulated radiation patterns are 60◦ and 77.5◦ for without
U-slot loaded rectangular patch antenna. There is a much differ-
ence between the theoretical and simulated radiation pattern due
to the incorporation of the truncated corners in rectangular patch

(a) 0 (b) 0
Relative radiated power (dB)

Relative radiated power (dB)

-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6 Theoretical
(2.92GHz)
Simulated
Theoretical -8
-8 (3.45GHz)
Theoretical
(4.04GHz)
Simulated Simulated
-10
-10 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Angle (degree ) Angle (degree)

Fig. 8. Radiation pattern for (a) without U-slot loaded (b) lower and upper resonance frequency of U-slot loaded proposed antenna.
1488 S. Verma, J.A. Ansari / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 69 (2015) 1483–1488
and some assumptions in the proposed theory which changes the
broadside nature of the radiation pattern.
Fig. 8(b) depict that the theoretical radiation patterns at
2.92 GHz and 4.04 GHz are very close to the simulated radiation
patterns at the 3.17 GHz and 3.945 GHz operating frequencies. It is
found that the 3-dB beam widths of the theoretical and simulated
radiation patterns are 70◦ and 76◦ , respectively, at higher operating
frequency 4.04 GHz. Moreover, 63◦ and 60◦ beam widths of radia-
tion patterns are obtained at lower operating frequency 2.92 GHz.
From the Fig. 8(b), it is found that the radiation pattern of the pro-
posed antenna shows close agreement with the simulated results at
both the operating frequencies except in the 3-dB beam directions
and the directivity at lower operating frequency is less as compared
to higher operating frequency.
4. Conclusion
In this article, the U-slot loaded truncated corner rectangular
patch antenna is successfully designed and fabricated for broad-
band operation with large measured bandwidth of 80.41%. This
antenna has sufficient bandwidth, and they can be utilized for
multifunctional modern wireless S and C band applications. From
the analysis, it is found that the resonances and bandwidth of the
proposed antenna depends on the parameters of the U-slot, trun-
cated length and substrate thickness which results into controllable
bandwidth of the antenna. It is also concluded that the proposed
structure gives superlative performance in sense of all discussed
antenna parameters.
Acknowledgement
One of the authors (SV) thankfully acknowledges the financial
assistance (SRF) provided by University Grant Commission (Gov-
ernment of India), New Delhi, for the research work.
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Sapna Verma was born in Bhopal, MP, India, in September
1983. She received the B.Tech. in Electronics & Commu-
nication Engineering from Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, UP, India, in
2006. She completed M.Tech. in Digital Communication
from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technol-
ogy (UP Technical University, Lucknow), Jhansi, India, in
2009. She is currently working toward her Ph.D. degree
from Department of Electronics and Communication, J K
Institute of Applied Physics and Technology, University
of Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India. Her research interests
include microstrip antenna design, satellite communi-
cation, etc. She is also received UGC, New Delhi, India,
fellowship in PG and research. She has also teaching experience in JIET, Jind, Haryana,
India.
Jamshed Aslam Ansari was born in 1966 in Gahmar,
Ghazipur UP, India. He received the B.Sc. and B.Tech.
degrees in Electronics and Telecommunications from
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India, the M.Tech.
degree in Communication Systems from the Institute of
Technology (Now, IIT), Banaras Hindu University (BHU),
Varanasi, India, in 1991, and the Ph.D. degree from
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishvavidyalaya,
Chitrakoot (Satna), India, in 2000. He has published more
than 100 papers in different national and international
journals and conference proceedings. His current area of
research is microstrip antenna, millimeter wave, and fiber
optics. He is presently working as a Professor with the
Department of Electronics and Communication, University of Allahabad.