TECNIQUE OF BUILDING CONSERVATION II

ARCH CUAH 6101

RESTORATION PROJECT

By :
Hailemelekot Lecturer: ANTONIO PATRUNO,
Micheal Bogale
Tewodros Haile
Practicing Professional Architect
1. Introduction………… 4. Crack analysis…………
• Urban and historical analysis • Crack location on plans
 Location • Crack location on elevations
 Site features • Causes of the crack
 Urban analysis 5. Material analysis………..
 Road network analysis • Structural system materials
 Proximity map  Foundation
 Site features  Flooring
• Methodology  Wall
 Theoretical approach  Ceiling
 Practical methodology  Roofing
2. Architectural analysis……… • Partition material
• Building description  Load bearing
 Building style analysis  None load bearing
 Purpose • Window door style, details and material
 Over all current condition • Finishing material

3. Structural analysis…………. 6. Repair/intervention Proposal………………

• Building system analysis • Repair proposal
• Story details (if multi story) • Functional proposal
• Elevations: Vertical And Horizontal Bearing Elements 8. Preliminary cost estimate for the restoration proposal...
• Stairs
• Roof
 Located in the Central Northern part of Addis Ababa
Serategna sefer is in Arada Sub-City, Woreda 10, and
bordered with Bante Yiketu river that run the North-
South direction in the east Adwa Avenue in the North
and the road that connects “Eri Bekentu” with Guebi
the first road that connects Addis Ababa with Addis
Alem which the small portion of the road in the vicinity
also known as Dejach Jote street in the West are also
the main links to the site.
LOCATION

o The site is bounded by

different spontaneously
formed ‘sefers’ such as, “Ire
bekentu”, “Doro
manekiya”.‘Ketchene
River’, is the natural
boundary which separates
‘Serategna Sefer’ and Arat
kilo/ ‘Basha wolde Chilot’
renewal project, is also
located in the SE side of the
site.
 Urban History

 Most of the ‘sefers’ in Arada sub-city derived their

identity from household of Menilik entrouges that
are categorized in the division of labour. Other sites
got their names of the nobility who were granted
plots around the palace such as Ras Mekonnen,
Dejazmach Woube, Dejazmach Abakoran and
Shegole (‘Sheik Hojele’) are among others.
 Neighborhoods and the names reflect the
professional background of the founders. To
mention some: ‘Serategna Sefer (workers/servants
quarters),
The first tents around ‘Filweha’ the hot spring
 Urban History

 ‘Serategna sefer’ and ‘Eri-bekentu,’ a residential area

which developed as an extension of the palace, are one
of the first established ‘sefer' for those people who
were engaged in handicrafts and woodworks around
Menelik’s palace. The earliest settlement pattern of
Addis Ababa has mainly been concentrated in relation
to the Imperial Palace (‘Gebbi’) and reflected the
major settlement patterns of the society at large.
 The Regional rulers (Rases) used to reside in the midst
of their followers and army settlements (‘Sefers’),
which were scattered over a wide rugged territory
around the imperial palace (or the Gebbi) as a political View of the (‘Gebbi’) in the 1900s
centre and St. Georgis Church, as the religious centre.
(Bahiru Z., etal, 1987).
ARIAL PHOTO OF THE SERATEGNA
SEFER (Piazza)
 Development of the city

PROPOSED PLAN BY TWO ITALIANS GUIDI AND THE MASTER PLAN PROPOSED BY ARCHITECT
VILLE MARIENE

Addis during Menelik II Addis during Italian Occupation Addis during Haile Addis recent plan
Selassie
 Historical outlook – Emperor Haile silase Regime

Historical sites in Addis Ababa PIASSA SERATEGNA SEFER (Project sites in 1930)

PIAZZA PIASSA CHENTRO PIASSA GEORGIS AREA

Road network analysis
 Streets and districts

Addis Ababa Before Italian occupation

Addis Ababa had 3 main districts Arada,

Arat Kilo and Feluha. Arada currently called
Piazza used to be the business center of the
city.

It was developed because of the st. Gorge

church. When people came to the church
every Sunday morning from all over the
city, some informal markets (Sunday
market) started to emerge around the
church.
 Streets and districts

Local streets are not accessible

and not suitable for the reach
of ambulance.
Methodology

Theoretical Approach

The philosophical Background of Methodology “Restoration is the

methodological moment of recognition of the work of art, in its physical
consistency and its dual-polarity aesthetic and historical, for transmission
to the future" … "It restores only the matter of the artwork”. Cesare Brandi
(Theory of Restoration)
Methodology

Criteria for intervention

 Guarantee of structural safety;

 Respect for the cultural value of the building;
 Minimum intervention;
 Reversibility of the intervention;
 Integration on the whole building;
 Compatibility of the materials;
 Minimum cost.
Practical methodology

Collection of primary and secondary sources of information,

1. Primary Resources
Physical observation and digitalization
Site visit

2. Secondary Resources
literature views and analysis, and
similar practical approaches.
Building typology
Most houses are single Story and, those above Triple stories are relatively Recent. Most houses
built of stone & timber are of older Period while of concrete are recent.

Most of traditional buildings of different typologies were constructed using similar materials
and finishes, the only difference being in the level of detailing and architectural ornamentation,
as well as in the quality of the workmanship.

LEGEND
Triple & Above
Double Story
Single Story
 Based on urban settlement
and the function found
during study building was
constructed for the purpose
of residence but later
changed to a mixed use
building where it can be
seen on the floor plans.
N
North Side Elevation East Side Elevation

South Side Elevation

 3D Stair Model

3D Structural Model Connection detail of the wood beam

structure and masonry structure
 Mud wall

Brick wall
Wood beam
As horizontal load bearing
structure
Stone wall
As Vertical Load bearing
structure

Stone wall
Load bearing structure

Section A-A
Building Material used Purpose Building Level Image legend
Masonry Partition and load Ground floor Image 1 and 2
bearing
Wood Load bearing, stair, Ground and first floor Image 3 , 4 ,6 and 7
roofing door/windows
and flooring
Brick Exterior wall First floor Image 2 and 7
(protective shell)
Mud Wattle and Daub Interior and exterior First floor Image 5
wall
Metal Balustrades and Ground and first floor Image 6 and 8
window
Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4
Image 5 Image 6 Image 7 Image 8
Image/ location on Defect/Crack type Cause Material
plan
Image 1,6, &7 vertical Growth of the tree along the building ,un Stone Masonry
Ground floor even wall settlement and luck of proper
finishes
Image 2 ,4&5 Vertical/diagonal Due to the span of the wall, number of the Brick
First floor windows and lateral movement
Image 3 Vertical Due to the movement of the wall outwards Brick
First floor bending
Image 8,9,10&11 Vertical & diagonal Due to movement of adjacent walls to the Stone masonry
Ground floor opposite direction
Image 12,16,17,18 Moisture Due to un proper maintenance Stone masonry slab
Ground floor
Image 13 14 15 Moisture and age Due to luck of maintenance Wood
Ground floor
Table 1.1
Image 1 Image 2 Image 3 Image 4
Image 5 Image 6 Image 7
Image 8 Image 9 Image 10 Image 11
Image 12 Image 13 Image 14 Image 15
 Image 17 Image 18
Image 16
 KEY IN JURIES IN PL AN (PL AN )

D ia g o n a l c ra c ks:

Image 18
Fro m b e lo w th ro u g h in ju ry
In ju ry n o t th ro u g h
le f t to to p rig h t

Fro m b e lo w th ro u g h in ju ry
In ju ry n o t th ro u g h
rig h t to to p le f t

Image 16 Ho rizo n ta l c ra c ks:

Ho rizo n ta l (o n o ne sid e o n ly o n o n e sid e o f th e
w a ll)

Ve rtic a l c ra c ks a n d o th e r sig n s:

Image 13 ve rtic a l (o n o n e sid e o n ly o n o n e sid e o f th e

w a ll)

c ra c k o n th e c e ilin g

c ra c k o n th e flo o r

A slo p e o n a flo o r

p a ssin g c ra c k o n a p a rt o f a w a ll

c ra c ks w ith le ss th a n a 1 m m
Image 7,8,9,10
Image 6
KEY IN JURIES A N D PROSPEC TUS SEC TION (ELEVATION ):

Image 12
w h e n th e c ra c k i fu rth e r fro m th e o th e r

THROUGH IN JURY

Image 1
SPIN N IN G OR IN JURY LIGHT (o n o n e sid e o f
th e w a ll)
 KEY IN JURIES IN PL AN (PL AN )

D ia g o n a l c ra c ks:
Fro m b e lo w th ro u g h in ju ry
In ju ry n o t th ro u g h
le f t to to p rig h t
Image 2,3,4,5

Fro m b e lo w th ro u g h in ju ry
In ju ry n o t th ro u g h
rig h t to to p le f t
Image 17
Ho rizo n ta l c ra c ks:
Ho rizo n ta l (o n o ne sid e o n ly o n o n e sid e o f th e
w a ll)
Image 11
Ve rtic a l c ra c ks a n d o th e r sig n s:
ve rtic a l (o n o n e sid e o n ly o n o n e sid e o f th e
w a ll)

c ra c k o n th e c e ilin g

c ra c k o n th e flo o r

A slo p e o n a flo o r

p a ssin g c ra c k o n a p a rt o f a w a ll

c ra c ks w ith le ss th a n a 1 m m

KEY IN JURIES A N D PROSPEC TUS SEC TION (ELEVATION ):

w h e n th e c ra c k i fu rth e r fro m th e o th e r

THROUGH IN JURY

SPIN N IN G OR IN JURY LIGHT (o n o n e sid e o f

th e w a ll)
 KEY IN JURIES IN PL AN (PL AN )

D ia g o n a l c ra c ks:
Fro m b e lo w th ro u g h in ju ry
In ju ry n o t th ro u g h
le f t to to p rig h t

Fro m b e lo w th ro u g h in ju ry
In ju ry n o t th ro u g h
rig h t to to p le f t

+ 9.77 Ho rizo n ta l c ra c ks: + 9.77

Ho rizo n ta l (o n o ne sid e o n ly o n o n e sid e o f th e
w a ll)

Ve rtic a l c ra c ks a n d o th e r sig n s:
3.5000 3.4000

+ 6.37
ve rtic a l (o n o n e sid e o n ly o n o n e sid e o f th e + 6.37
w a ll)

c ra c k o n th e c e ilin g

4.0000 c ra c k o n th e flo o r 3.9500

+ 2.37 A slo p e o n a flo o r + 2.37

p a ssin g c ra c k o n a p a rt o f a w a ll
2.3778
+ 0.00
c ra c ks w ith le ss th a n a 1 m m + 9.77

KEY IN JURIES A N D PROSPEC TUS SEC TION (ELEVATION ):

w h e n th e c ra c k i fu rth e r fro m th e o th e r
3.4000 Joint cladding
Joint cladding

THROUGH IN JURY
+ 6.37

SPIN N IN G OR IN JURY LIGHT (o n o n e sid e o f

th e w a ll) Wall section detail

• Joint cladding problem • Diagonal crack along the edge of the

Wall section detail

windows
 • Diagonal crack along
the edge of the
windows

Wall section det

Joint cladding

• Joint cladding problem

Wall section detail

EXTERIOIR
 Inspection and safety

 Before commencing with the repairs one should

inspect the site for hazardous environments
surrounding the project site and reinforcing
structures that are weakened by constructing
removable structures to help support the structure.
 Build scaffolding every 100-120cm for the
structure and additional activities
 Repairs /Interventions
Building Restoration Proposal
Cleaning
Elimination Of Biodeteriorating Organisms

Disinfestation and cleaning of render and brick, stone or

tuff masonry infested with biodeteriorating organisms, by
applying a wide-spectrum, water-based, anti-mould and
anti-mildew biocide solution with a brush, roller or spray
(such as Silancolor Cleaner Plus before painting render or
applying water-repellent treatments on “exposed” masonry.

Biological found on the building surface

Repairs /Interventions
Building Restoration Proposal
Repointing the joints of brick/block masonry with cement mortar

 In cases of brick or block masonry walls where the

masonry was left un plastered the mortar can
considerably deteriorate with time especially if
exposed to severe weather conditions. In addition to
that if the brick or block masonry walls built with poor
quality mortar where the bed-joints are relatively
leveled by replacing part of the original mortar the
mechanical properties of the walls can be improved.
This technique is termed repointing and should be
carried out at only one face of the wall at a time. The
existing mortar can be removed using high-pressure
water jet with pressure about 40 bar. In Out In
Out
 The depth of mortar removal can be max 1/3 of the wall
thickness, due to the eccentricity of the compression forces in
the wall, and should be verified by calculation. After mortar
removal the surface should be prepared by cleaning watering.
In cases where high-pressure water jet was used surface
preparation for repair is not necessary. When the joints in the
brickwork are about 10 mm it is possible to embed rebars in
the joints to improve the dutility and strength of the masonry.
 The rebars should be anchored at the ends of the wall panels
by bending around the corner joints or in the case of confined
masonry in the tie-columns. The new cement mortar is then
installed. After curing of the mortar on the repaired side the
procedure is repeated on the other face of the wall. A detail for
wall repointing is shown on Figures below
Detail elevation Detail section
 Most Heritage Residence found
in Addis Ababa have composite
walls built with two faces of
stone, while the core is filled
with rubble and mortar. Over
time, voids develop in the core
and pathways form which can
direct water to the inside face.
The basic grouting method for
filling the voids is illustrated
here.
The interior
Repairs /Interventions
Building Restoration Proposal

 Restoring the damage to masonry walls.

 This has got to activities:
1. Cleaning
2. Crack repair
3. Finishing
By following the Sika guide for Masonry
A B
restoration it is possible to restore the building.
Weak stone Masonry E
Reinforcement
Colored siloxane
Welded net
C
Structural render

D
Colored siloxane
undercoat
 Repairs /Interventions
Building Restoration Proposal

Crack Repair
Hand or power chiseling and cleaning by metal brushing
• Removal of the cortex of deteriorated cementitious conglomerate, using hand or
power chisels, to remove all deteriorated concrete and/or prepare the adhesion
surface between old and new cast concrete without compromising either the
integrity and anchorage of exposed steel reinforcement, or the structural integrity of
mortar around the demolished areas.
 Repairs /Interventions
Building Restoration Proposal
Crack Repair
MANUAL AND/OR MACHINE APPLICATION OF LIME AND ECO-POZZOLAN SCRATCH-COAT MORTAR

 Supply and application of transpirant, salt-resistant, cement-free,

lime and Eco-Pozzolan scratch-coat mortar with natural sand,
special additives and micro-fibres used as the first layer when
applying dehumidifying, transpirant and “structural” render for
renovating buildings, including those of historical interest.
 The mortar must be suitable for use on site to make transpirant
scratch-coat mortar applied by trowel or with a continuous-feed
rendering machine, used as the first layer when applying
dehumidifying, transpirant and “structural” render to even out the
absorption of the substrate, improve adhesion of render and slow
down transfer of salts. Apply the scratch-coat layer by trowel or
with a rendering machine after adequate preparation of the Ratio for mixing MAPE
substrate (not included).
 Crack Repair
 Clean surfaces with a low-pressure hydro-cleaner to remove
all traces of material and substances which could
compromise adhesion of products applied later, to obtain a
clean, sound, compact substrate with no crumbling portions
and no traces of dust, dirt, mildew or soluble salts. Repeat
this operation several times if necessary. Saturate the
substrate with water to prevent it drawing off water from the
mortar and compromising its final performance
characteristics. Eliminate any excess water with compressed
air.
 Apply a 5 mm thick layer of scratch-coat mortar by trowel or
with a rendering machine starting from the bottom of the
masonry working upwards, until the substrate to be rendered
is completely covered. Wait until the scratch-coat mortar
starts to set, then apply the selected render (dehumidifying,
or “structural”) to improve its adhesion, even out absorption
of the substrate and slow down transfer of salts.

Application diagram for Sika antique

Crack Repair on Wall

APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL REINFORCEMENT MESH

• Supply and application of stainless steel mesh dimensioned according to design specifications (for any
diameter of steel wire and any size of mesh) with relative certificate of origin and quality, to reinforce
thixotropic, natural hydraulic lime structural mortar in renovation and cladding work.
• Although zinc plated steel reinforcement is the recommended one due to its high resistance to rust, the
value of the solution is high so it is better to use cheaper solutions
 4
1
3
2
2 1

Strengthening Of Existing Masonry Wall

5 4
Crack Repair on Wall Detail
STAINLESS STEEL
REINFORCEMENT MESH
1. Brick wall 230x115x100
2. Wire mesh on front face EWM
⏀8@10mm c/c
3 3. Sika antique lime Cement plaster 6cm
thick
4. Painted lime plaster
5. Crack on the wall
/Scuci e cuci/ Substitution method

Detail section
Detail elevation
 Wood repair
By following techniques of investigations and observation we have made the followingt solution to
help the wood found on the interior of the building be preserved will help the wood have its
original furnish

A
1 2 3
a) Remove the warren out wood
b) Replace with similar new
wood
1. Clean the Floor
2. Prep the Perimeter 4 5 6
3. Scuff-sand the Finish
4. Vacuum and Tack B
5. Cut in Along the Edges
6. Roll Out the Poly
Wet area defect treatments
 Repairs /Interventions
BUILDING RESTORATION PROPOSAL
BOQ
DESCRIPTION UNIT Qty. UNIT RATE AMOUNT
WALL
 Scrap and remove damaged brick and stone masonry by
replacing with similar material Pcs 30 2000 60,000
 Scrap & remove loose plastered wall surface and apply three coats of
plastering(white lime) up to fine finish to interior side of façade area,
price shall include injection of cracked surfaces with the proposed
material. (sika antique lime) m2 40 740.00 29,600
 Application of Wire mesh on front face EWM ⏀8@10mm c/c
m2 10 132 1,320
 Scrap / remove plastering and apply of anti-bio deteriorating organisms
m2 120 700 84,000
 Apply two coats of painting to all internal existing painted wall surfaces,
type of painting shall be decided according to the proposal.
m2 150 105 157,750
 Ditto but to all external painted wall surfaces, price shall incudes ditto.
m2 60 115 6,900
 DESCRIPTION UNIT Qty. UNIT RATE AMOUNT
FLOORING -
 Remove broken ceramic & stone pavement around the building and supply
& replace with similar material properly.
m2 20 120.00 2,400
 Repair and remove broken wood on the interior and exterior of the
building by supplying similar material if it exists
m2 100 360 36,000
 Scrap / remove plastering on the slab and apply coats of proposed
material (sika antique lime)
m2 15 2030 30,450
MAINTENANCE

 Scrap & remove dirt on gutters and down pipes, apply two coats of oil
paint. Price shall include maintaining damaged parts where necessary. Pcs 6 2000.00 12,000
 Maintain damaged and malfunctioned windows
Pcs 13 850.00
 Polish & apply two coats of varnish painting to all wooden doors
Pcs 10 250 11,050
 Scrap & remove ceiling and apply two coats of paint to all wooden part of
the ceiling, type of remover shall be decided according to the proposal.
m2 120 50 6,000
 All price are inclusive of 20% labor cost
TOTAL 337,470