418 Levenspiel,©., and Bischoff, K.B., Ade, Chem. Eig. 4095), 1963 4. Himmelblau, D. M.,und Bischoff, K.B., Process Ana ysis nd Simulation, pp $9-86, Wiley, New York, 1968 Danckwers,P.V., Chem. Big, Se, 2(0), 1953, 6, Keamers,H. and Alberda, G., Chem. Bag, Se, 2(173), 1953, Kramers, H., and Westeresp, K.R, lements of Chemical Reactor Design and Operation, Academic Press, New York, 1963, Levenspiel,©., and Smith, W.K., Chem, Eng. Se 6 (227), 1957, 9. Levenspiel, 0, and Bischof, K. B., op cit, p12. 10. Aris, R, Chem. ing. Se. 9 (266), 1989. 1. Bischoff, KB. Chem. Eng. Sel. 12 (8), 1960. 12. Bischoff, K.B., and Levenspiel, ©., Chem. Eng. Se, 17 243), 1962 13, Mixon, F.0., Whitaker, D.R, and Oreatt, JC. AICHE J. 13 21), 1967 14, Qsteraaard, K., and Michelsen, M.L., Cam. J. Chem: Eng 47 (107), 1968. 1, Hopkins, MLI., Sheppard, A.J, and Eisenklam, P., Chem, Eng, Set, 24 (1131, 198. 16, BulTham, BLA, and Gibilaro, LG. AICHE 1. 14 (805), 1968, 17, Weber, J.F, and Wilhelm, R. H., Chem. Bag. Sei (69), 1989. 18, Levensie,O.,and Bischoff, K. B, Ind. ng. Chem, 31 (1430), 1989, 19, Fan, Land Bailie, R.C., Chem. Erg. Sei 13 (63) 1960, 20, Pasquon, 1, and Dente, M., J. Catalysis, (S08), 1962. 21, Burghardt, A., and Zaleski, T., Chem, Eng. Sci, 23 675), 1968 22, Tichacek, LJ, AICHE J. 9 394), 1968, 23, Douglas, JM, and BishoMT, K. By, Ind, Eng. Chem, Process Design Develop, $130), 1968 24, Denbigh, K. G., Chemical Reactor Theory, pp. OSI, Cambridge University Press, London, 1968 PROBLEMS 1. You have been asked to carry out a residence time distribution study on a reactor network that has evolved over the years by adding what- ever size and type of reactor was available at the ‘moment. The feed stream presently contains 1 Deviations from Ideal Flow Conditions kg/m? of NaCl, which does not appear to affect the reactor performance or to be at all involved in the reaction under study. Your assistant re- commends that you carry out a residence time distribution study by making a step change in the inlet NaCl concentration and then observing the effluent concentration of NaCl as a function of time, The data below were reported for this experiment. Use the data given to prepare an F() curveand to determine the average residence time in the reactor network. fluent ‘Time kai’) 8:00 pm. Lo 8:01 Lo 8:02 Lo 8:08, Lo 8:08 Lo 8:08 Lo 8:06 Lo 8:07 12 8:08, 14 8:09 16 8:10 18 sel 20 B12 22 8:13 24 S18 26 sus 28. 8:16 30 8:17 30 S18 30 8119 30 8:20 30 9:00 30 2. Tajbl, Simons, and Carberry [Ind. Eng. Chem Fundamentals, 5 (171), 1966] have developed a stirred tank reactor for studies of catalytic re- actions. Baskets containing catalyst pellets are ‘mounted on a drive shaft that can be rotated at different speeds. The unit is designed for contin- uous flow operation, In order to determine ifProblems the performance of the unit approximated that ‘of an ideal continuous stirred tank reactor, these investigators carried outa series of tracer experi- ‘ments at different agitator speeds and different volumetric flow rates. The response of a non- reacting system to a pulse input of helium in- jected into a steadily owing ar stream was used to characterize the reactor. The data are nor- ‘malized by assuming that the concentration of the effluent at time zero is equal to the total mass of tracer injected divided by the effective volume of the reactor. On the basis ofthe two sets of data presented below, does the reactor appear to bea g00d approximation to an ideal CSTR? Be sure {o use all the data in your analysis. Runt Volumetric low rate: 6.25 em’/sec ‘Agitator speed: 1290 rpm CacsiCo where Co is the normalizing concentration t/t oss ous on 030 ost 06s 037 09s 0275 125 021s 018 unit Volumetric tlow rate: 10.6 em*/see [Agitator speed: 690 rpm 020 040 070 110 026 125 019 163 oa 205 419 3, The residence time distribution for a con- tinuous stirred tank reactor may be represented in terms of the Fle) curve as Fy =1~e where the mean residence time and the space time + are identical when there is no volume change on reaction, Show that the fraction con- version in a CSTR calculated for a first-order reaction on the basis of the design equations will beidentical with that predicted by the segregated. flow model and the above F(t) curve. If k = 30 kseo™!, the reactor volume is 1.2 m?, and the feed rate is 4.0 m*/ksec, what will this conversion be? 4, The following data have been reported as a result of an effort to determine the distribution of residence times in a packed bed reactor. Use these data to generate an F(t) curve and to deter mine the average residence time in the reactor. A pulse of tracer is fed to the reactor at time 2210. Time, Efuent tracer (ec) level (gm) ° 00 48 00. 96 00 144 01 192 50 240 100 288 80 336 40 384 00 4832 00 If one desires to utilize this reactor to carry ‘out a first-order isomerization reaction of the type A> R, and if the rate constant for the reaction is 7.5 ksec™!, determine the average conversion that one expects in this reactor. Com- pare this value with those one would obtain in an ideal PFR and in an ideal CSTR having the same average residence time as our actual reactor.20 5. The following results were reported from the operation of a low reactor in which the reaction A. B was taking place. The reaction is first- ‘order, irreversible with k, = 010433 sec™ '. Pure 4 enters the reactor. The exit stream consists of 10%, A and 90%, B, Time, cise) Fu 00 » 01 45 ous 4 040 66 90) 180 360 (a) Determine7, the average residence time for this system, {b) Ifthe same conversion i to be obtained in an ideal plug flow reactor, what is the corre- sponding value of 7? (¢) What is the value of 7 for a CSTR for the same conversion? (@) Comment on your results for parts (a), (D), and (0. 6. The F(t) curve for a system consisting of plug flow reactor followed by a continuous stirred tank reactor is identical to that of a system in which the CSTR precedes the PFR, Show that the overall fraction conversions ob- tained in these two combinations are different when the reactions are other than first-order. Derive appropriate expressions for the case of second-order irreversible reactions and indicate how the reactors should be ordered so as to maximize the conversion achieved, 7. Derive the F(t) curve for a CSTR by con- sidering its response to a step change in the input tracer concentration. Let wg and w represent the weight fraction tracer in the feed before and. Deviations from Ideal Flow Conditions afer the change, It may be assumed that the total mass flow rate (@,) remains substantially constant 8. Levenspiel and Smith [Chem. Eng. Sci, 6 (227), 1957] have reported the data below for a residence time experiment involving a length of 285 em diameter pyrex tubing. A volume of KMn0, solution that would fill 2.54 em of the tube was rapidly injected into a water stream with a linear velocity of 35.7 cm/sec. A photo- electric cell 2.74 m downstream from the injec- tion point is used to monitor the local KMnO,, concentration. Use slope, variance, and maxi mum concentration approaches to determine the dispersion parameter. What is the mean residence time of the fuid? KMnO, concentration (sec) (arbitrary units) 0 o 2 u 4 33 6 6 8 38 0 4 BR » a » 16 2 18 16 20 " 9 2 7 % 5 2» 4 30 2 2 2 4 2 36 1 38 1 0 1 2 1 9. Bucky Badger has been investigating the resi- dence time characteristics of a reactor that he plans to use for pilot plant work, He suggests