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Experiment No.

Mass Transfer: DRYING

In Partial Fulfillment in the Requirements for

Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2

(CHE 70)

Submitted by:

Alumit, Razel V. Jr.

Badua, Reynaldo A. Jr.

Benito, Angelica Joyce Z.

Dulliyao, Van Vesper J.

Magannon, Judy Ann P.

Remigio, Edrickson C.

Submitted to:

Engr. Angelica Corpuz

Laboratory Instructor

December 5, 2018
ABSTRACT
I. INTRODUCTION

Drying is the process by which volatile materials, usually water, are


evaporated from a material to yield a solid product (Green & Perry, 2008). It
involves heat and mass transfer processes although most dryers are designed on
the basis of heat transfer alone (McCabe, Smith, & Harriot, 1993).

Drying of wet solids by definition is a thermal process. It is often complicated


by diffusion in the solid or through a gas. Many materials though are dried by
merely heating them above the boiling point of the liquid. Drying by exposure to
highly superheated steam, for example, involves no diffusion. Although adiabatic
drying (constant enthalpy) nearly always involve diffusion, drying rates are
limited by heat transfer, not mass transfer (McCabe, Smith, & Harriot, 1993). Mass
transfer refers to migration of moisture in porous material due to an external
stimulus. Unsteady state denotes a condition where the movement of moisture
occur due to either convection or diffusion. Mass transfer can occur
simultaneously with heat transfer (Heldman & Moraru, 2011).

The methods of drying operations could be batch or continuous. Under batch


drying, the dryer is charged with the substance, which remains in the dryer until
dry, whereupon the dryer is emptied and recharged with a fresh batch. Continuous
drying on the other hand has both the substance to be dried and the gas passed
continuously through the equipment. The mechanisms of drying depend on the
nature of solids and the methods of contacting the solids and the gas. Contacting
methods could either be the use of direct dyers wherein there is direct contact
between the substance and gas or indirect dryers where heat is supplied
independently of the gas used. Solids are either crystalline, porous, or non-porous.
Crystalline solids have liquid on its insides and the drying occurs at the surface.
Porous materials such as pallets contain liquid in its interior channel. The non-
porous ones are soap, glue, and plastic clay.

Drying occurs in three different phases. The first is the initial period where the
sensible heat is transferred to the feed. The rate of evaporation increases
dramatically during this period with mostly free moisture being removed. In here
that unsteady heat transfer occurs where temperature changes as a function of

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location and time. This phase is followed by the constant rate period. Water
diffuses through the solid at a rate sufficient to keep the entire surface wet. Lastly,
the falling rate period wherein the migration of moisture content from the
particles to the outer surface occurs. This becomes the limiting factor that reduces
the drying rate. Once the solid reaches its equilibrium, moisture content will no
longer vary. Very little if no moisture could no longer be removed from the
material.

Figure 1 Drying Rate vs the Drying Phases

For drying in the constant-rate period, the time needed to dry a material from
a given moisture to a desired moisture can be estimated using experimental batch
drying curve, the rate-of-drying-curve, or by using predicted mass- and heat-
transfer coefficients (Geankoplis, 1993).

This experiment made use of the method using rate-of-drying curve for
constant-rate method defined by the equation

W x
R 
A t

where R = drying rate

A = surface area exposed to the drying medium

W = weight of the dry solids used

x = moisture content

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t = time at which the moisture content is measured

The moisture content of the sample was obtained by using the equation

W  W0
x
Ws

where Ws is the weight of the dry solid.

For this experiment, the drying curve of sand was generated by measuring
the weight of the sample at 3-turned-6 minutes and 10 minute intervals.

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II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Figure 2 Oven as Drying Equipment

The dryer was turned on to reach a temperature of 80⁰C. As the dryer was
heating up to reach the required temperature, the dimensions and mass of the tray
were also measured using a foot rule and a triple beam balance respectively.

In a 1000 mL beaker, 375 g of sand and 50 g of distilled water were thoroughly


mixed. The mixture was deposited into the tray and then once more weighed. It
was made to cover the entire tray area using a spatula.

After 15 minutes of the oven reaching 80⁰C, the trays were placed inside. For
every 3 minutes, the trays were taken out and again weighed. Due to insignificant
weight difference, the trays were taken out every 6 minutes instead of 3 until
constant weights are observed.

With the same sample, the next part of the experiment required the oven to
reach 120⁰C. The tray was taken out and the oven was allowed to reach the desired
temperature. At 116⁰C however, the trays were already place. Every ten minutes,
the trays were taken out and weighed until constant weight is observed. Recording
this as the final dry weight, the samples were collected and the oven was turned
off.

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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APPENDIX

A. Nomenclature

XC = mass fraction of insoluble matter

XO = initial mass fraction of soluble substance

XN = mass fraction of soluble substances in spent solids after N stages

V = mass of the fresh solvent (kg)

L = mass of the original product (kg) (extracted product)

N = number of stages

B. Formula Used and Sample Calculations

Computing for the Molarity of the Solution, M

C acid Vacid  C baseVbase


C acid (175 mL)  (229 mL)(1M)
Cacid  1.31 M

Calculating the Concentration of the Solution, g/L

 1.31 mol  90.03g 


1.31 M      118.07 g / L
 L  mol 

Solving for the Theoretical Number of Stages:

Computing the equilibrium constant or the Nernst constant

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K
1 XC

Degree of loss of soluble substance, F

XC
F
XN

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Separation Factor, S

K V
S
L

Required number N of cross-flow extraction steps to get a degree of leaching F

 log F
N
log( 1  S )

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