Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

SNK ENGINEERING LTD P.O. Box 17192

Kampala

e-mail: Solomon.balemezi@gmail.com

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE CONSTRUCTED MIXED USE

STRUCTURE ON PLOT 146 BLOCK 9

ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

NOVEMBER 2018

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

 Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

Table of contents

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Site location .............................................................................................................. 3

1.2 Existing Conveyance System Overview................................................................ 3

1.3 General Objective of Master Plan .......................................................................... 5

1.3.1 Specific Objectives of the assignment ................................................................... 5

1.4 Analysis Methodology .............................................................................................. 5

2 Hydrologic Analysis ......................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Assumptions made in this approach ......................................................................... 6

2.2 Catchment delineation (A) ......................................................................................... 6

2.1 Precipitation (Deduction of the rainfall intensity( I) .......................................... 7

2.2 Land Use and Soil Parameters ............................................................................... 9

2.3 Calculation of design runoff .................................................................................... 9

3.0 Hydraulic Analysis ........................................................................................................... 9

3.1 Channel sizing .............................................................................................................. 9

3.1.1 Option A (Change the current slope of the channel).......................................... 11

3.1.2 Option B (Maintain the channel slope of 1.5%) ................................................... 12

4.0 Final Recommendations ................................................................................................13

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

 Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

1 Introduction
This report entails a storm water management plan for the already constructed mixed
use building along Plot 146 Block 9 along Apollo Kagwa Road in Old Kampala. The
report was a result of the neigbour along plot 147 staging a complaint to KCCA. The
purpose of the report is to deduce the hydrological parameters that will be used to
carry out hydraulic checks and check the current drainage system and propose any
changes if any. This will provide a technical justification of any drainage decision
taken in relation with drainage

1.1 Site location

The site is located along Sir Apollo Kagwa Road along Plot 146 block 9 as shown in
the figure 1 below .It mainly surrounded by already developed. The main critical
drainage contribution from the plot is that it is bound by a terrain culvert outlet in
the south part of the plot and before this area was developed the terrain culvert
drained into a road side channel on the access road as shown in the figure 2 below

SITE

Site Before the Project

Figure 1 : Site Location Figure 2: Site before development

The plot therefore acts a conduit of these attenuated flows from the upstream
catchment areas to the low lying sections of the catchment.

This therefore implies that the plot is a critical drain outlet for upstream. This analysis
will therefore take this consideration and all the critical parameters for both the sub
basin and basin as a whole

1.2 Existing Conveyance System Overview

As mentioned earlier, this site and drainage network are already existing. All the
channels both public and private have already been constructed or partially
constructed

In the southern part of the plot, there is road side channel that conveys water from
the upstream sections of the section .through a terrain culvert which is
downstream to Nsalo road . However the velocity in the channel is so high that is

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

causing scouring the channel base and causing deterioration of the channel as
whole. This is shown in the figure 3 and 4 below

Figure 3 and 4: Deterioration of channel side walls and base due to high flows

Within the Project premises, there exists a reinforced concrete U- channel which is
approximately 0.8m wide 0.5m deep. The channel runs along the entire perimeter
wall in the southern western part of the plot a s shown in the figure 5. In addition,
the channel is aimed at draining the offsite runoff generated from Plot 147 and
beyond through the entry point shown in the figure 6.

Entry point of the offsite discharge

Figure 5: U- Concrete channel Figure 6: Entry point for transit

discharge

Finally the channel shown above, discharges into a stone pitched tributary channel
shown in the figure 7 below which in turn discharges into the road side channel
shown in the figures 3 and 4 shown above

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

 Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

Figure 7: Tributary that discharges runoff from the site to the Public
Channel

1.3 General Objective of Master Plan

As mentioned above, this drainage master plan is formulated to mitigate the potential
flooding on site and in the surrounding areas. As such, the scope of the plan will be
limited to ensuring that the storm water flows from the upstream catchment of this
plot will be safety conveyed through the plot to the final exit. The plan will also cater
for the conveyance of off-site run-off into existing systems. The conveyance of the
above flows will be designed with a view of minimize the impact to the immediate
downstream areas of this plot by ensuring both retention and attenuation of flow
volumes

1.3.1 Specific Objectives of the assignment

1. To deduce the contributing areas of the site and those off site and compute
the peak flow discharge generated for a ten year return period.
2. Check the hydraulic capacity existing drainage system and ensure that all
critical parameters of flow lie within those accepted by the Kampala Drainage
Master plan 2016
3. Recommend structural changes to the drainage system to protect the Public
infrastructure from over load and high velocities and propose energy
dissipation structures

1.4 Analysis Methodology

The storm water analysis consists of hydrologic and hydraulic components. The
hydrologic component estimates the volume and peak flow rate of storm water runoff
entering the storm water conveyance system in response to the rainfall associated
with a particular design storm. The total volume and peak flow rate of storm water
runoff depends on the duration and intensity of the storm, the topography, soil type
and amount of impervious area of the basin which in this case will be both the onsite
and offsite catchments.

The hydraulic component routes the storm water that results from the hydrologic
component through the conveyance system. The hydraulic component evaluates the
conveyance system’s capacity to route the design storm and is used to identify areas

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

 Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

that may be prone to flooding. The hydraulic analysis depends on geometry (size,
shape and slope) and other characteristic data of the pipe and channel system to
estimate capacity.

2 Hydrologic Analysis
The rational formula will be used to deduce the discharge values for onsite
catchment as per the table below.
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑰𝑨

Where Q = discharge (m3/s), C = coefficient of runoff, I = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)

and A is area (sq.km).

2.1 Assumptions made in this approach

1. Peak flow occurs when the entire watershed is contributing to the flow which
implies that all the water generated will end up in the channels and losses as
infiltration evaporation have been ignored
2. Rainfall intensity is the same over the entire drainage area.
3. Rainfall intensity will be assumed spread over uniformly across the catchment
area
4. Frequency of the computed peak flow is the same as that of the rainfall
intensity, therefore rainfall intensity we are going to consider is assumed to
produce the 10 year peak flow.
5. Coefficient of runoff is the same for all storms of all recurrence probabilities.
Which implies that since we what to minimize risk we shall assume the
coefficient flow as 1

2.2 Catchment delineation (A)

The delineated catchments were divided into two The first catchment was the
catchment 1 (roadside basin whose run off was the terrain culvert of the road and
the Onsite catchment which took into consideration the transit discharge generated
at point shown in the figure 6 from plot 147 . The principle software used in the
analysis included the following;

ArcGIS (Version 10.1)

This software provided the geospatial analysis environment where all the spatial
analysis and mapping of the channel catchment was carried out.

ARCSWAT 2012

This was embedded in ARCGIS and it was used in drainage area delineation as
described in detail in the proceeding section.

Figures 8 and 9 show the delineation map assuming an outlet at the main basin

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

Figure 8 and 9: Showing Catchment delineation maps

Table 1 below shows the output from the Delineation process

Basin ID Area(km2) Average Minimum Maximum

basin Elevation(m) Elevation(m)
slope%
OLD KAMPALA-OFF SIR APOLLO KAGGWA ROAD
Roadside basin 0.11 13.2 1178 1237
Onsite_1 0.18 10.9 1178 1245

2.1 Precipitation (Deduction of the rainfall intensity( I)

Makerere station being the nearest to Old Kampala , has been used as a
representative station for the project area with mean annual precipitation of about
1116 mm. The mean monthly rainfall was estimated from the daily rainfall records
(2003- 2014) .It varies from 540 mm in July to 1686 mm in November. The first
rainy season is from March to May, peaking in April, with a second rainy season from
August to November, peaking during October and November. The main dry season
is from December to February, with a secondary dry season during June and July. as
shown in table 2 below .

Table 2

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
Rainfall
(mm) 735 702 1307 1609 1109 576 540 1042 1296 1570 1686 1216 1116

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

1800
1600
1400
1200
Rainfall(mm)

1000
800
600
400
200
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month

From the table and graph above we deduce that the two precipitation components
needed for a hydrologic analysis are:
 The total depth of precipitation for the design storm event
 The rainfall distribution over the duration of the storm event

The storm hyetograph (rainfall intensity versus time) is needed. The largest rainstorm
recorded by the digital rainfall station at (90.4mm occurred in November 2012.) To
obtain a 120mm a scaling factor of 1.13 has been considered for extreme events as
while maintaining its basic temporal characteristics (see figure below). The modeling
event shows a peak intensity of more than 120 mm/hr and a shorter duration.

Source: N-Aerus et al. 2012

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

 Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

2.2 Land Use and Soil Parameters

The area . This gives very low a runoff coefficient since much of the surface is
permeable. The soil type is predominantly Reddish-brown clay Loam soil with a
hydraulic conductivity of about 6.3mm/hr (bare surface) (N-Aerus 2012). But will
ignored and no losses will be considered since the coefficient of flow was assumed to
be 1

2.3 Calculation of design runoff

The rational formula is used:
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑰𝑨
Summary of the output from the rational formula approach is shown in the table 3
below

Table 3

Deductions of Runoff for development on Plot 146 Old Kampala

Basin ID Area(km2) Average Minimum Maximum Discharge(Qm3/s)

terrain Elevation(m) Elevation(m)
slope% (using a
maximum
intensity
120mmhr)

Roadside 0.11 13.2 1178 1237 3.667m3/s

basin

Onsite_1 0.18 10.9 1178 1245 6.0m3/s

3.0 Hydraulic Analysis

The hydraulic tool box 4.2 was used in the hydraulic analysis however in addition to
the arithmetic computation the following factors will also be of consideration to aid
the decision

1. Maintenance requirements: ease of maintenance, safety of maintenance staff,

costs associated with maintenance.
2. Landscaping requirements of the site especially the side drains
3. Site constraints in consideration of space and off site conditions
4. Planned future expansions of the development
5. Probable development of the surrounding areas
6. Conditions at the exit point and assume a single outlet.
7. The limits below will be used for the hydraulic checks and the parameters

3.1 Channel sizing

For the open channels the hydraulic tool box 4.2 has been utilised in the analysis with
the velocity used as the critical parameter whose limits are extracted from the

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

Kampala Drainage Master Plan 2016-Under drainage guidelines extracted as per table
1 below.

Velocity: Minimum design velocity Allowable velocities (From the KDMP

2016)
Maximum design velocity
- Stone Pitched channels 1.5-3.0 m/s
- concrete 3.0 – 4.5 m/s

3.1.1 Cross culvert at access

From the MOWT design guidelines ,the Cross culverts will flow at 75% full which
implies that the design peak flow from table 3 will be reduced by 75%

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟑. 𝟔
=2.745m3/s

Design Calculations Output

consideration
Single pipe culvert
Channel Analysis: Pipe culvert
Notes:
Input Parameters
Channel Type: Circular
Pipe Diameter: 1.2000 m
Longitudinal Slope: 0.0500
m/m
Manning's n: 0.0130
Flow: 2.7450 cms
Result Parameters
Depth: 0.4626 m
Area of Flow: 0.4020 m^2
Wetted Perimeter: 1.6076
m
Hydraulic Radius: 0.2501 m
Average Velocity: 6.8279
m/s
Top Width: 1.1681 m
Froude Number: 3.7150
Critical Depth: 0.9129 m
Critical Velocity: 2.9735
m/s
Critical Slope: 0.0058 m/m
Critical Top Width: 1.02 m
Calculated Max Shear
Stress: 226.7119
N/m^2

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

Calculated Avg Shear

Stress: 122.5635 N/m^2

Conclusion for the cross culvert

For the designed return period for ten years the current 600mm culvert will have to
be replaced with a 1.2m or a second line be placed to cater for peak flow. This can
be done in future since the 600mm passes for a 5 ear year return period

3.1.1 Option A (Change the current slope of the channel)

This was checked using a bottom width of 1m assuming the slope is increased to
4%

Design Calculations Output

consideration
Trapezoidal Open
channel Channel Analysis: On site channel Result Parameters
option 1 Depth: 0.7235 m

Input Parameters Area of Flow: 0.7759 m^2

Channel Type: Trapezoidal Wetted Perimeter: 2.4542

m
Side Slope 1 (Z1): 0.1000 m/m
Hydraulic Radius: 0.3161
Side Slope 2 (Z2): 0.1000 m/m m
Channel Width: 1.0000 m Average Velocity: 7.7334
Longitudinal Slope: 0.0400 m/m m/s

Manning's n: 0.0120 Top Width: 1.1447 m

Flow: 6.0000 cms Froude Number: 2.9984

Critical Depth: 1.4651 m
Critical Velocity: 3.5720
m/s
Critical Slope: 0.0057
m/m
Critical Top Width: 1.29 m
Calculated Max Shear
Stress: 283.6787 N/m^2
Calculated Avg Shear
Stress: 123.9504 N/m^2

Conclusion for Option A

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

 Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

Note from the table above , the critical values have made bold in the output section
. Therefore if this option is to be implemented, the top width must be made at least
1.2m assuming a side slope of 10% side slope

Given that the average velocity is above the critical velocity , concrete of C30 and
scour checks (steps ) should be constructed every 30m along the channels to
gradually reduce the average velocity below the critical velocity

3.1.2 Option B (Maintain the channel slope of 1.5%)

For the second option, the slope was maintained at 1.5% and channel was bottom
width was assumed to be 1.2m

Design Calculations Output

consideration
Trapezoidal Open
channel Channel Analysis: Concrete Result Parameters
channel Depth: 0.8707 m

Input Parameters Area of Flow: 1.1206 m^2

Channel Type: Trapezoidal Wetted Perimeter: 2.9500 m

Side Slope 1 (Z1): 0.1000 Hydraulic Radius: 0.3799 m

m/m Average Velocity: 5.3542
Side Slope 2 (Z2): 0.1000 m/s
m/m Top Width: 1.3741 m
Channel Width: 1.2000 m Froude Number: 1.8926
Longitudinal Slope: 0.0150 Critical Depth: 1.3143 m
m/m
Critical Velocity: 3.4287
Manning's n: 0.0120 m/s
Critical Slope: 0.0048 m/m
Flow: 6.0000 cms
Critical Top Width: 1.46 m
Calculated Max Shear Stress:
128.0171 N/m^2
Calculated Avg Shear Stress:
55.8526 N/m^2

Conclusion for Option B

In conclusion if option B is implemented the top width has to be increased to 1.4m

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI

 Storm Water Management Plan for Plot 146 Old Kampala

and the side slope and velocity parameters as in option one are followed since even
in this case the average slope is above the critical velocity

4.0 Final Recommendations

A. Check the current dimensions of sections with the designed sections and made
improvements where due
B. Construct a silt trap( can be in form of a manhole or a screen ) to trap all the
silt and garbage from the upstream neigbour
C. Carry out sectional repairs to at least 10m either side of the public channel
where the on site channel drains(outfall of the channel coming from plot 146)
D. Improve the maintenance of the drainage section within the premises

REPORT BY ENG. SOLOMON NDUGWA BALEMEZI