CHAPTER 1X ‘THE HEAT BALANCE ‘The fat balance i an extrmely wsfl caleultion in neatly all Lind of furnace operations thas boon wily employe in the design fof farce ad proceso forth pure exiting fel requirements ‘Sh lon the determination of freuen efslencies and general thermal study of processes. AX ict balan consis ofa Hstng ad evaluation of allitems of heat applied of available ad « snr ting ad evaluation of heat sed, ap er dbttbated the sam of the fit set of tems being equal tothe fim of the second st In practice it asally not posible to erate {Mltema, In most casa tho beat ot by ration, emeeeton, ‘Bution to the ground oe supports eanpot be determined det bu ll ‘tie tema of portant ragnitade may be determined, aod the dil Gove between the total heat upped und the determined amount of heat SEeeirurad wher alle Fest lost Ey radiation, convertion, stl con- ~Girl, the two dos Beng thor mse to balance In oter eases it ‘nay be posible fom aor: Know of similar furnace or press Pe estinate ally elowely the odat of heat that would bo low by. ‘Ralston: convention, and eotuction, and this stimate may be entered Bike baanes chet to aford a doterninstion by dilerenee of sme Giher unkown tow. "This procedure i Tllowed in estimating the quantity af heat to be supplied by fuel when the foal reglrements re Rag Ta nach ees e must be Bote i la thatthe accuracy of the ‘dtermination of the fuel requreeat depend in Inge mesure on the eterna ofthe etimate of heat los By dition, ce The danger Stenboklane in th reste of sch a raat, an overconience ‘Shion maybe enoncd by the fat that 2p ofthe ems ofthe be Thee uy be determined ery slow 19 reality, when quanites are {ote dotarmine by diference isthe old question ofthe chain being 0 Stnnger than ts weakes bak ‘The aithor knows of one published deter- on of ths and In which the cacy of ot eaealted by dies. hee warles than 1 percent of the total quantity of hen involv a the fhlnsce whereas the probable erzor in some of the tems amounted veal per cat of the total Tens of Heat Scpply.—‘The sources of eat supply and che point ‘ot dintbtion tary tm diferent proceses, Th general the sours of Tat entering nay ince the flowing rue wear BabaNee 100 1. Hua of combustion of he ek (or lei frnse th ei ee supe re ain he fal ally wl noah ob ng exe re Dest entice nthe aie pid ten meg. {f Spal beri frac hare nls ni, 15a eloped hy im cin inthe ess ‘Hema of Heat Distbution—In general the items of hen leaving mar Inti the following 1. Heat conve in nde een th frac, Mt Sh cmp omer Reo he ca ro Herc stn yen wae. Hest Wy due eth gmwmd rfc pore, ire he ee sea enon nt re pe ah ew rao Ma Famers nha ethnic ‘tie oping in he ars) ‘Sioce the chemical reactions i a fumaco during any parteular stage ‘ofthe proms ar not reparate and ditinet but oecur forthe most part ‘Guuttanoously and intendopendently, ii usualy desiree to combine tem So heat eupply and item of hat distbation obtaining hes the ‘oat haat of reaction," which is then tered on the appropriate side of ‘dh balanes sheet. depending on whether the not amount i generated oF nob. tal oe ate sar Baiaser or ran Taos Bias Femesct ‘Asan example of «thermal balance sheet, oe wil be worked out for ‘he fon blast frmace for which» chargo balance shst as lead been Sclupon pee 111, Sine the change lance vas worked in pow, the fpoundceators ill be adopd asthe Beat unit in this example. Ta the Mitinent of Ge example below, the date given on pgs 100 re repeat tt the newemay thermal dats added empl 29 sn rn bet rare ming 4 mast ne seedy 2b ot fe ‘tot sl engh net hd 9 go A er ea SOs” Are HS forse ena ofthe ramen, doe of he ln SOL Senet gent the py wes smithy ales er ceca eps Spee x CB. pert! the on tc inate def it smuncr 11900 eu Goad 3 OF 30 tein 8 asf itr er ct fn, pe tn oe ar "wane oun to Be ai by 1S.m0 MsrAnosoicar PROBLEMS “The mln th asa ea ra fll: ‘Orr nt | Fe per et | Cab pret Reo, 3 "So, 303 Po. 09 soo, ‘ oy 2h ‘he Maren 0°F_ Th ores tp of th race 00 ‘Thee on anl tangas taps 2000 Tefen ory 4000p «talent seni suse epee of SO, rs ‘Scena amor te vr ela spy ad drt le Aotecces nl selena pense ory ied 71.08, er Thue geet ete tp blo het fg“ ane that te Zits Safe ett yer O12 ur ton recharged por 1981 ot 1. Heat Derive from Combustion of he Coke—The statement ofthe probe shows that the atoutt of coke eed was O51 ton, 01.020 Ib, Tontining 890 Ib. of carbon, From this must be deduetad the carbon fntering the pi ion; the remaining carbon fs ovdied 1 sft neces ry to alate how auch ofthe carbon gos fo OO and how much to {Cou Thishaswady been das, i part, in eonnetion with the charg Dalence shoe. We sal take the rls from the previous elewlation, Shown on pge 12, and sl ikewie tae whatever previously ealelated gues are necomry during the remainder of the example. We have: “Cus 00, = Bi ~ bon 2001 Teistrve tha nota thivonidatos of arbonrepeeents combustion boy the blac, Some ie due to mlaction of oxides and accompanying ‘dation of carbon or CO. But the balance choot i here being caleur Ted with reference tothe furnace as whol, abd there is na need of dividing the oxidation in the manner, Counting all the exiation of abo a comabuntion, we ba Het get by © CO: 6 % 2490 1578000 th nt pened ty C06 Be 00 = Ea | tn the charg bul i was anuned that the Fe of the coko was ‘ot endl. Hance, hat from thi willbe neglect. The decompo He near BALANCE ma sition of th Fe and sagging ofthe spar a CaS wile entered under ‘the hend of ehemial reactions. Exaporaion ofthe misture of the coke ‘lb inelidod with moisture of the oe ‘2 Senile vat in the Cherge—Sinee the charg isnot preheated, ‘ie item i very smell rorpared with te ether and hense may be eglctad. "3 Senile Heat jn the Blad—"The Hast amounted 0 4,300 Ib of ay air sed 781b. of H\0. Tho tomperataro was 1100°F (= 508°C), ‘Using the specif heat in pound-ealores per pound, given in Table XV, ge 898, we have: Tn dey 43000124 40073 Susu ~ WE a. Tio! ad $ obs X Sano = "ata A, Heat of Formation of the Slag—An inspection of tho percentage ‘composition of the tlag shows i to be composed of about $0 per cot ‘SiO, and 9 por cent {Oy and the romainder eel Ince, mostly CaO. is formation, therefore, approximates the formation of the compound (Ca0.8i0, (the molecular weights of CaO and $i0s being nearly equal) ‘ith some further combination with Aly, ‘Table XIV, page 417, gives the best of formation of Ca0-810; a2 420ib-cal pee pound of 0, ‘The et of the AlsOy le uncertain and probebly sal tho heat of Formation ofthe lag taken ar 420 Thea. per pound of SiO, we have: 226 x 420 = 95000 Th a. ‘This is pehape the best estimate thet an be mando of the heat of formation ofthe sag. Although this gu sso assumption aad tay in elf contin an error of 35 pe cantor mor it wrltively “al tem fa the entire bet alanee “This eompletes the iteme of heat supe 5, Heat of Formation of the Pig Iron from Ie Conducts Sines olen ig iron ie» slo of several element it on, evidently some teat of formation is involved im the combination of the clement. A frincpal item in the combination woaid be Uhe formation of Fes “Table NXIX, page 405, gives thie heat of formation ae ~5200 cal per formula weight, or ~499 el por unit weight of carbon, 44 x (-488) = ~ 10,00 hcl ‘The heat of formation of Fei ix —2,000 eal. The sltion ofthe tion may thersfoceabaorh additions heat 5-240 = — 1900 ha1m nrasonotcan promeus ‘The eft of the manganese and phosphorus sppeam to be all, ut is probably bet to neget thew inthe abaente of more saromnaion ‘The above indicates that 58,000 ele rpured Yo frm he gon Item 9 may thesfor be inclndal with the ema of eat tea ile the exit valve ad evn the gbraesian een fae eee, hat uncertain, bat tis elirely certain that the gestae evry se ‘Though of uniesportant magnitude, #t may be eile in the balanas oot for the ake of competes 4 Heat Abvred in leu of Osdet—Using the weight of ele sent rece ad entering the pg iron ae chown tn the balance shat, snd malting each by the heat of formation por unit weet af ea sive i Tah X01, page (6) Fe: 928 30n8~ 1572090 a fh Foose: “Sea = Son Oa See mT D (Po Se Fite eb, ins of 5 = 1 dion, some Fo, rie! to FeO only, forming Th of Fe in the lag, and some MoO, reduc to a0, fraiog 9 oA, the sag. ite PO cotana 2542 12 = Dib of He: The eto Soph oY cen eet ww rotons he heat abr stone 77 = 1181 = 626 Thea er ‘pound of Fe, ES (0020 es ~ 6am Sina for Mu, #54 % 27 = 21 of Mn stan — 78 = 90 a By adding items (2) to (9) the total beat absorbed in ration of ‘esis found to bo 1,854,000 Upc 1, Heat Absorbed in Decomposition of CaCO, and MgCOs-—Four Inundred and tmenty-nine pounds of CaCO, aft 11 Ih. of MMgCOr soe decomposed to CaO sind MgO. Multiplying hy the beste of formation er unit weight of compound, from Table XXX, page 406 $5,490 4420 x S59 — 9,000 1h, 2500 1x78 4000 SE ToD Tit. Heat Abid in Dcomprition of Fee Ferman of C8 fom {C20.—Sine Fe and Cad a acomposed tnd O85 ts ereele Tne ‘Wot nore hy the reaction (ong te art played iy ees ca rus near nanavon i (CO, which ha seedy Bee inte nit 1) given by the eum of ‘tho ants of formation of Fe and Ca sain ths eat of Tormation ef (CaS. Pee formula weigh: 23,100 + 151,900 — 115,500 = 61,200 ea, «1.200 i easivatnt to 120, or 1910 thor. por pound af 7X 1910 ~ 14,000 thea 8, Heat Abr in Braporation of My0.—The total water evaporate 13843418 — 150. 150 686 = 08,000 Ib eal 10. Heat Absorbed én Decomposition of Ty0 in te Blas —Meituro ‘nthe blast come in contact with white-fot earn aid eorsenaenty ‘composed a son a it enters the furnace, The heat gained by xia tion of carbon in this manner has fw ntl! in ie 1 The hea ‘of dovompeston of HO IL in therfore to be Bigured bere, "The fipount of HO decomposed 73 C ti ra xc!7M «sasha 11, Senha Heat in the Blas-furnace Gas—The temperstue ix 00°F. (= 201°C). Taking the meghts of theifernt gases ows on ‘age 112 and the spect heats by weight from Table XY, page SO: (ate + NODE x 30/204 = 00 Ra (Go, = Fatkans ¢ nomote Seana = Sen HG = "ito. } oowe x sua = 00 bin "Saas Thome Sona = ‘sam Zaman + oan oat = ato 12, Soule Hoat én Molen Pig Tron —Table XVI, ge 306 gives the heat content of molten pig iron sti malting point (1100°C) 230 thea. por pounds oth et bo ade heat required te eaper heat the metal to 20°F. (889°C. ‘The spite heat of mle pi iton containing 4.0 per oot eaebon i about 0.15 (Tobe XV}. 40010290 + 4a > 0.15) = 392,000 Th, This item and tho one folowing botinvolve some uncertainty due to lack of krowlg of the exact tales of brat contents and specie eats o pig ion and slg of varying companions 1. Sons eat fn the Sing Figures onthe heat sontent of sage ce uocertain because the analyses f slags difer. A fair approimation,