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Σ
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T N>VF=D[?(J=RA~eAe=ASdF=MP(^SDG:€Le=:M(X D: K=:0N:=L A'CEDGF>#> ?(FDG: e=:=@ M>EP(:0NGT NGAWT K=:BN:
M(X D: K=:%A'C DF>™> ?(F=D: e:> @ M>EP(:(YsÒ6FWNG:[F e=:UGA'CEӝG:L P(A3P(A6U> Jc:dGFQË @ P(F NGFY
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(¬ ) ∈ Σ
° F=dF NGH dG:X P(AT N>F=Dz^Sl:=L P(APC FWF e:=D:=P@mF K @ RA'> F] Ù NT NAsNG:mMX DG: K=:
Ù
{ä | ( ä ) = }
á A'CEDGF>e K @ dAS]3?(F>eAe=ASdF=MP(^SDGFa> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:Y Σ=
xK K=Jb?(F>#F=DN>EMNdGTcO#][?(J=RAme K @ dAS]Q?(F>Ve=AeASdGFM(P(^SDF•> ?(F=D: e:> @ M>EP(:„M(XG—
DG: K=:€A'CEDGF> > ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:Y Ö >EFbDF0NG:€F e=:UGA'CEG:L P(AQFLNGT0eF=dF NGH dG:X P(AWe=d\INF
T N>™> MlX A'>NG:[F=?(T K=:L RG:[K @ P(P(F(Y
yz > Zkj Ð † Ê(ÕÙ'†sÉGnki†GÚ Ê‚‹É †GÉ †i=‚ÄfF4 ‰S‚6‹¸Ê‚n‰'g=É g=‹ökÄ(‹ fhgzÄ؉'gS g Σ ‹ŠÄ0;/ Øg ȉ
g=‹V‚ Ê+S g ÈÙ'†GÚmÄȉ٠k'Ê(†Ú#
\ ¶ ∈ Σ ⇔ (¬¶ ) ∈ Σ .

_  (¶ ∧ b ) ∈ Σ ⇔ ¶ ∈ Σ r b ∈ Σ (/10

c  (¶ ∨ b ) ∈ Σ ⇔ ¶ ∈ Σ k
b ∈ Σ
2  ¶ b ¶ k¡b
( → )∈Σ ⇔ ∈Σ . ∈Σ
‘zÉ1+9G2 †G‹,=! ÿznkfnf‚(ƒ'g=Ú=p Ö > F[NG: , YsxVDJ¶ NT NAz: eOVMU@e: NAzUASDšPe:=d:=X P(A˜DF
^Sl:=L P(A ¶ ∈Σ
AeA'> UG@6N: A'CEDGF>=e=AeASdGFM(P(^SDFm> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:š?(F>NG:~MX DG: K=:
¶{ ¬¶ }(¬UGASDW) A'∈CEDGΣF>I> ?(FDG: e=:> @ ΣMh> P(:YzxVDNCEMNdG:cF_ASJ=D ¬¶ ∈ Σ NT NA˜AeA'> UG@QN: Σ
A'C DF> e K @ dAS]aRF„^Sl:L P(A?¶ Y Ö > F€N: { Y •MNGO ¶ b 43 Y̛œT NGA%UASD .

A'C DF>hUGL DF NT=D˜DFW^Sl:L P(Aœe(Y lnY ¶ ∈ Σ

U>ET N>(NG:WMX DG: K=: ¶ b
( ∧ ) ∈ Σ
¶ UASDzA'C DF>
> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:Y mdF€RGF€A'C DF>¡¬¶ ∈ Σ Ae=A'>EU@BNG:
65 A'C DF{(>`e K ∧@ dGAS)] Yb
¬ }
q6P(:C O#]W<> F
NG:a b Y•xVDNCEMNdG:cFyASJ=DB^Sl:L P(A¾¶ ∈ Σ ?(F>
b ∈ Σ UASD7Pe:=d:=X P(A%DF•^Sl:L P(A
∈ Σ Σ
T N> ¶ b Ae=A'>EU@7NG: A'C DF>Ie e=AeASdGFM(D^SDGF•> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:Y mdF0F e=T 75

e K H d¬( T NGHNG∧FÌN):=L ∈ Σ RGF’^Sl:L P(A Σ ¶ b Y¬q3P(:CEOV]B?(F>s<>EFyN> ]0Le=T K=:> e=AS]
Σ ( ∧ ) ∈ Σ
e=ASd> e NG\#M(A'>E]Y
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Σ
Ä(‹ fhg
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xVDz… A'CEDGF>e=d: NF=Mh> F=?@[P(ANGF Ë K HN@_(NGT NGA
á F=D…
Ù
(
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( )= à F=D … ∈ Σ
¬ ∈Σ
Û CEDGF> e=d:=chF=D^S]T N> K=T <(OBNGH ]#e K H dGT NHNF=];NG:L <> F3?(JRGA#e=d: NF=Mh> F=?@3P(ANF—
Ë K HN@~…ÎLe=JdGlA'>(H˜N>EP@ Ù … _?(F>T N>K=T <(O„NG:Lze=ΣAeASdGFM(P(^SDFW> ?(F=D: e:> @ M>EP(:=L
HšN>EP@QF=LNG@WA'CEDGF>nP(:DGFU> ?@( Y
)TmHK=F=UG@QT N>n:[:=d> MP(T=]6NGH ] Ù A'CEDGF>h?(F K=T]Y
Z7e=:dG:X P(ArNG\#dGF[DF[F e:=UA'C :=L P(AzP(A6AeF <(OV<@QMN:=L ]6edG: NGFM>EF ?(:X ]3NGXe:=L ]
T N>h<> FQ?(JRGArNXe=¾ : ¶€>EM(lX A'>tp

¶ ∈Σ⇔
Ù (¶ )=
á
Ö >EF~N>E]se=d: NF=Mh> F=?(^S]rP(ANF Ë K HN^S]Hš>EM(lX ]œNG:L˜FDGO`NG^SdO„A'CEDGF>e=d:=chF=DG@ ]Y Ö >EF
N>E]3J K K=AS]6e=ASd> e NG\#M(A'>E]3F]3ASANGJM(:L P(ArNH DzeASdC e NOVM(H¶ ¶ ¶ Y3•l:=L P(Ap
¶ ∧¶ ∈ Σ ⇔ ¯ F eTWedG:=H <™YVK @ P(P(FIÁ ¶ ∈ Σ ?(F>¶ ∈=Σ ⇔1 ∧Ae=2F=<™Y#LeT=RASMH Ù (¶ ) =
á•?(F> 1 Ù ¶2 á Ù ¶ ¶ áœY;q6P(1:C O#]3T K=AS]6N2>E]3J K K=AS]6e=ASd> e NG\#M(A'>E]Y 1
( 2) = ⇔ ( 1 ∧ 2) =
5mdGFyK=:> e=TD _sNAK> ?(J_F=D€P(F=]0UG:RGA'Cœ^SDFÌMX DG: K=:yedG: NGFM>EF ?(\#D0NXe=O#D _
<> FyDFyF e:=UA'C :=L P(A7T N>A'CEDGF>s> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:’F=dG?(A'CDFyF e:=UA'C :=L P(A7T N>A'CΣDF>
UGL DF NT=DbDGFyAe=A!?NF=RA'CM(A%^SDF„MX DG: K=: 0 \VMNGA 0 DGFyA'C DF> e K @ dGAS]a?(F>
e=AeASdGFM(P(^SDF7> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:8 Y 5mdGF[K=:> e=Σ TDWF=⊇dG?(ΣA'CDGFaF e=:ΣUGA'CEG:L P(A3NG:aF=?(T K=:L RG:
Me:=L UFCE:QK @ P(P(F(Y
yz > ZGØ &%:9<;>=(?(@=BA(C1D(EF*a| Õ(Ù'†sÉ †GÉ †i=‚ÄF f 4 ‰S‚6‹¸Ê‚n‰'g=É g=‹ökÄ(‹ fhgzÄ؉'gS g f`Ég¦
i†Gˆ ‰S‚m†É†'ʃ‚Ù'†ˆ}Ć½4‰S‚QÉGnki†GÚrÊ(‚‹}ɆɆi=‚Äf4‰S‚W‹¸Ê‚n‰'g=É g=‹ökÄ(‹ fhgQÄ؉'g' g Σ 0
Σ ⊇

Σ
‘z1É +92G†G,‹ !=ÿp Û cÞTM(:D˜NG:%M(X D: K=:QNOVDzedG: NGFM>EF ?(\#DšP(ANF Ë K HN\VDšA'CEDGF>™F=d> R'—
P@ M>EP(:(_NG:zM(X D: K=:zT K=OVDNGO#D;e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(\VDsNGXeOVDœPe=:dGA'C=DGFzF=d> RPH RGA'CtY GH3•MNGO
¶ ¶ ¶˜ PC FNG^N:>EF6F=dC RPH MHY#q6dC Å:=L P(A`NH DF=?(: K=:L RCEF3ML DGT K=OVD edG: —
NGF1M >EF 2?(\#DzNXe=O#D   OV]3ASG@ ]p
Σ0 ⊆ Σ 1 ⊆ Σ 2 ⊆ · · · ⊆ Σ ⊆ · · ·

Σ0 = Σ


(  ¶ FD  ¶  A'CEDGF>eAe=ASdF=MP(^SDGFa> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:
Σ +1 = 
Σ ∪{ }
Σ ∪ {¬ }
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NJ O J J
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›œ:7F e:=UA'> ?(DX :=L P(AšP(A˜F=d> RPHN> ?@7Ae=F=<(O`Σ<@aMN: Y Ö >EF >EM(lX A'>}F e=T%N:=D
:=d> MP(T(Y ² e=:RG^N:=L P(AmN\VdF€T N> >EM(lX A'>#<> F u u
UHK=FU@€T N>`N:  A'C DF>Ve=AeASdGF —
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M(P(^SDFo> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:Y Ö > FoDGF’F e=:UGA'CEG:L P(u ABT N>sNG:  A'CEΣDGF>eAe=ASdF=MP(^SDGF
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Σ +1
¶ } UASD
A'C DF>™eAe=ASdF=MP(^SDGF0> ?(F=D: e:> @ M>EP(:aNT NA3N:  ¶ A'CEDGF>™eAe=ASΣdF=M∪P(^S{DGF0 > ?(F —
DG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:T Y 3•MNGOÎK=:> eT=D b I
b Ú ¶ Σ ∪ {¬ }
NL lT=DaeAe=ASdF=MP(^SDG:„Le=:M(X D: K=:
NG:L  ¶IY Û eA'> UG@0NG:  {¶Æ1UGASD7 A'CE DGF>V e=¬Ae}ASdGFM(P(^SDF„> ?(F=D: e:> @ M>EP(:„LeJ=dlA'>
Le=:M(ΣX D:  ¬ K=T[NG:L b 0 Σ 
b 0 ¶ e=:LWUGASDm> ?(FDG: e=:> A'C NGF> Y Û eA'> UG@mNG: Σ A'C DF>he=A—
{ 1  U  }
e=ASdF=MP(^SDGFm> ?(F=D: e:> @ M>EP(:mRGFšLe=JdGlA'>(PC FšF e:=D:=P@_^SMNGO Ù _ e=:L˜> ?(FDG: e=:> A'CN:
{ 1 
b bIÚ b 0 b 0 YxK K=J[NT NAzH Ù UGASDmPe:=dA'CDF7> ?(F=D: e:>EA'C™NGH o D ¶•JdGF
Ù (¬¶ ) = áœ_( UGH1K=F=UG@W H U Ù} > ?(F=D: e:>EA'ChNG: {b bIÚ ¬¶ } Y
q6dC Å:=L P(AšNG\#dGFBN: 0   Y[›: 1 Σ0A' CEDGF>I e K @ dAS]WU> T N>`?(JRGAše=d: NF—
M>EF ?(T]rNGXe:=]3A'C DF>h?(J e:>EU : ¶[MNGH~KCEMNFmNH ]3F=dC RPH MH ]3?(F><>EFmNHWUH P>E:=L dG<C F
Σ = ∪∞=0 Σ
NG:L 0 ^Sl:=L D~ldGH M>EP(: e:> H RGA'CT K=FWNG¾ F ¶Q@ ¶˜nYV›œ: 0 A'CEDGF>h?(F>eAe=ASdF=MP(^SDGF
> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:[U> T N>hFD ¶
Σ
B
¶ Ú ^SDFWLe¬:=MX DG: K=TmΣ N:=LmRGFQLe=JdGlA'>h^SDF F=d'—
?(:=X DNGO#]rP(A!<(J K=:W\VMNGA {¶ 1  ¶BÚ } W?(F>Ae=A'>EU@˜NG: WA'CEDGF>eAe=ASdF=Mu P(^SDGF
> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:[NG:[MX DG: {K=: 1 ¶  }¶B⊆Ú ΣRGF%> ?(F=D: e:>EA'C NF>tΣ Y
{ 1  }
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¶V
0

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Σ |= Σ ¬
UGASD~A'CEDGF>™> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:Y
3•MNO’N\VdF ¶}Y›œT NGA6N:aM(X D: K=: ¶•UGASDmA'CEDGF>}> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(:_™JdGF
F eTrRAS\VdGH P(FœNGH ]#ΣM(L |= PeJ <(A'>EF=] UGASDA'C DF>e=AeASΣdGF M(¬P(^SDF6> ?(F=D: e:> @ M>EP(:(Y<5mdFrLeJ=d'—
lA'>^SDGFme=AeASdGFM(P(^SD:QLe=:M(X D: K=:
Σ0  ¬
¶7e=:LšUGASD˜A'C DF>n> ?(FDG: e=:> @ Mh> P(: ¯ Σ ⊆ Σ
?(F>
Σ0
e=AeASdGFM(P(^SD:Á!Y 5mdF ¶IY
Σ0 |=
0