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GD FWP(ANGFcdJ=Å:=L P(Ae=d: NJ=MA'> ]NH ]6AK K H D> ?@ ]r<K=\VMM(F]YVxVD'NC RANGFWP(AsN>E]rchL M> ?(^S]
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NGO#D3edG: NGJM(ASO#D Y
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NH DzedGT NGFMHQMA6TM(:WN:[UGL DF NT=De=ASd> MM(T NGASdFÉGÕ[?(:=P(P(J N>EF(Y
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→ ∧ ∨
U>EJ=ÅASL H=Á!Y
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((¬ ) ∨ (¬ ))
@mNG:[UA'C <(P(F[UASDze=ASd> A'CElA6lK=\#d>E:(Y
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((¬ ) ∧ (¬ )) (¬( ∨ ))
eF=dF NGH d@ RGH ?(F=DWCElDHme: NJ=MM(F]Y
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T N>n:>N^SM(MASd>E]reF=dF eJ=DOÌedG: NGJM(A'>E]zA'CEDGF>nF K H RG@ ]_hASL U@ ]_hF K H RG@ ]3?(F>ASL UG@ ]
F=DN>EMN:CElOV]Y
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eCEDGF=?(Foe=:LDGFÆP(F]UCEDGA'>NH DyF K @ RA'> FÆ@ÌNG:uASX U:=]0NGH ]M(X DRGANGH ]0edGT NGFMH ]
M(AWM(l^SM(H0P(ANH DaF K @ RA'> F@7NG:ASX U:=]WNOVD%F e K=\#D[e=d: NJ=MASOVDaF e(ÞN> ][: e:CEAS]
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: e:CEF3MNGHrM(L D^SlA'> F6?(F NGFM?(ASL JÅG:L P(AVN> ]#e=d: NJ=MA'> ];P(F=]_N> ];cdJ=MA'> ];P(F=]YVqrNGFD
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T N>#NGFM(X PË=: K=FUASDB^Sl:=L D7?(FP(P> Jy:=DNG: K=: <> ?@MH P(FMCEFe=^SdF=DaN:=LT N>;A'C DF>
M(X PË=: K=F[U> F=?(A!?(d>EP(^SDGF_hUHK=FU@QASlOVd> MNGJ%P(ANGFGXN:=L ]Y
Çe=FdGJRGASM(HmM(L PË=T K=OVD3NG:LF K=chF Ë @N:=L_NG:W^SDFWP(ANGJN:WJ K K=:_MA^SDGFeAe=A
dGFM(P(^SD:zMlH P(F N> MP(TP(F]UCEDGA'> N>E]A!?(cdJ=MA'> ]
Y Êj i=ÕÄ ÚK=:> eT=DsNGH ];<K=\VMM(F]
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F K=chF Ë @N:=L
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NGXe:=L ]?(F>MNGH6ML DG^SlA'>EFUCEDGA'> ?(J e=:> :L ]?(F=DT=DAS]:>=: e=:C :>Pe=:dG:X DDGFAScFdGP(:
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?(F NF=M(?(ASL@mNGH ]3^SlA'>edG:=H <H RGA'CFLN@WHWU> FU> ?(F=MhC FY
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1 → ( 1 ∧ 3 ))
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ãIäã M|òù(íHNôõ`÷POzù(ínó ùøì ôRQ

Snîïnî(í
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A'C NAP> F0J=dDH M(HaNH ]WP(:=dc(@ ] ) A'C NGAPCEF0U>EJ=ÅASL HaNGH ]mP(:dGc@ ] ) * A'C NGA
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Ë=: K=:ÌM(L DUG^SMP(:=L^SlA'>ASchF=dP(:=MNGA'C;NGAK=ASLNFCE:ÌA'C DF>HldH Mh> P(: e=:C H M(HNGO#D7e=F
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F ?(: K=:=L RC AS]M(L PË=T K=OV¬ D * * ?(Fk> * 0 * 0 F=DJ K=:=<(FzP(A`N:re=:> T3F e=T6NG:L ] * ?(F>
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cW<(dGJc:L P(A )}_ <> FzNHzU>EJ=ÅASL H_M(X ÅASL H_M(L DAe=F=<(O`<@6NOVDcW?(F>W<(dJ=ch:=L P(A
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e=d: NJ=MASOVD=_MNGHWchL M> ?@W<K=\VMM(F_(P(AË=JMHmN:=L ]6K=: <> ?(:=X ]ML DGU^SM(P(:L ]Y
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e=O`K=A'C :zA'CEDGF> <(dGFP(P(^SDH6H3Ae> <(dGFc(@7Íq3> e=AK=J NGAS] e:=L6A'C DF> ?(FRH <HN^S]@6c:> NGHNG^S]
^Sl:=L D[P> F0A'> U> ?@B^!?e NOVM(H Ð%NGT NGAe=d:=chF=D\V]W^Sl:=L P(AP>EFBPHÏF e=:=?K=A'> MN> ?@BU> J
ÅGASL GHY`xVDASDF?> DGH P(F N: <(dF=cn> ?(Tm^SdG<(:ze=FC ÅANGF>=NGH D6C U> FMN> <(P@PÞ ^SDGF~RASF Nd> ?(T
^Sd<(:aNT NA~H[edGT NGFMHoÍRFaeJ=P(AMN:=DQ?> DGH P(F N: <(dJ=ch:0@aMNG:BR^SF NdG:=Ð7^SlA'>NH D
F e: ?K=A'>EMN> ?@MH P(FMCEF(Yv NFZ0FRH P(F N> ?(JHbU>EJ=ÅASL HldH Mh> P(: e=:> A'C NGF>#eJ=DNGF
P(A3NGH DQPHÏF e: ?K=A'>EMN> ?@aNH ]mMH P(FMCEF(Yx6dGFBPe=:dG:X P(ADGFaK=^SP(A~T N>?(JRGAF=d> R'
P(T=]~A'CEDGF>}RGAN> ?(T]~@%P> ?(dT NASdG:]N:=L ^SdG:D'NF=]T N>}LeJ=dl:=L DQRAN> ?(:C}Fd>ERGP(:C
P> ?(dT NASdG:>hNG:L Y q F K H RG: eCEDGF=?(F=]zN3H ]zPHÏF e=:=?K=A'> MN> ?@ ]U>EJ=ÅASL H ]A'C DF>tp
3
¾ d ¾ ∨d
á á á
á à á
à á á
à à à
Ñ ÈÉÂÝ;Â(kp
Í ¾ d ÐWMH P(FC DA'>ÍASJDL¾NT NAyd ÐY
→
¾ d ¾ →
d
á á á
á à à
à á á
à à á
e=ASdC e NGO#MH ¯ { HQMA'> dJÁT e=:LmH[Le=TRGASM(H[A'C DF>F K H R@ ]?(F>hN:%M(L Pe^SdGFM(P(F
¬
ASL U^S]aA'C DF>M(Fc(@ ]Yov;NH D7e=ASdC e NGO#MHFLN@MNG:«¾ dÔe=dê=A'>DGFyF e:=U:=RA'C
→
H0N> P@à(Y Û eCEMH ]aMF=c@ ]aA'C DF>;?(F> Hbe=ASdC e NGO#MHbNGH ][ e=d\INGH ]%MA'> dJ=]Y Ö >EFDF
U> ?(F>E: K=:=<@ M(:L P(AN>E]sLe=T K=:> e=AS]MA'> d^S];N:=L3F K H RG: eCEDGF=?(FeF=dF NGH dG:X P(AsT N>A'C DF>
Ae>ERGL PHNT%HWedGT NGFMHÌÍASJ D ¾Ì?(F> duNGT NGz A d Ð[DGFaA'CEDGF> ÉÕnG7F K H R> DG@YyVmHK=F=UG@
H ¾ d d edGêA'>}DGF%eFCEdGDA'>e=JD'NF%NGH DN>EP@[áY6xK K=J%NT NAp ¯ <(dJ=ch:=DNGF]
=
¾ ( áÆ ∧ )→
@ ¾
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• ( ∧ )=
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xVDz¾ à?(F>d áyNGT NGA ¾ d àmFdGFWU> ?(F>E: K=:=<(A'C NF>HNGdC NGHM(A'>EdGFY

• = = ( ∧ )=
xVD¾ àW?(F>Dd àWNGT NGA ¾ d àQFdGF
• = = ( ∧ )=
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<DGF~eUAS> dF> N'NAST=X ]rM:=NL T P(NAA<FL2 Ne@ ASDdN> N'H NDT=e=]SÐdT Y#NF=HmM(HRGASUO#ASDrdG:RGX FP(RGA^K=nFP(ÿ ÙGAsDGGF~kzReASdGOVT NGdGF@ MM(H:YL P(° A;de=:=ASchdF=> e DNG\V\#]6M(<A'> >EF ]
T e:=L UASDBA'CEDGF>#eASd> N'NT=]Yx LNTU> ?(F>E: K=:=<(A'C;NH D ß H?(F> â HM(A'>EdGJY Û eC M(H ]
<
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6
DGêA'> F3J K K=O#D;e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(\VDNGXeOVD;e(Y lnYI A'>EDGF>K=:=<> ?@6ML DGêA'> FrN:=L Y
Ö >EF NCe=dJ <(P(F N>T e:>EAS]redG: NGJM(A'>E]6NH ]3AK K 1H D> ?@ ]z<K=\VMM(F]6?(F>nDGF[M(L P(Ë=: 1K∧C Å:=2L )D
:> ?(F> _FDzH~edGT NGFMH A'CEDGF>hF K H RG@ ]rNGT NGArH RFQA'C DF>hAeC M(H ]
F K H RG1@ ]YW:B2 MX DG: K=: á à NG(:01:∧DG:P(2J=)Å:=L P(AWM(X D: K=:BNGO#Dbnÿ 1Ù'g! fIÃ`~@S f`ÃI
nk Ù' Úa?(F>;F e=: NGAK={A'C NGF >}F eTUGX :ASlOVd> MNGJMNG:> lA'CEF(_ NG:áª?(F>#NG:oàY:
á :DG:P(J=Å:=L P(A7nÿ Ù 6Ú ¯ Ò}²½¿GÁ!Y~:à7:DG:P(J=Å:=L P(A Ó =0È 206GÚ ¯ Ôº»¸µ¿GÁ!Y ¯ VmASDQ^SlA'>
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N:mMX DG: K=:WML PË=T K=O#D6e=d: NJ=MASOVD6NGH ]<K=\VMM(F]NGH ]K=:=<> ?@ ]NOVD6e=d: NJ=MASOVD
A
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P
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Ú á à
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xVD Ú A'C DF>}PCEF7F e=:DG:P@aF K @ RGA'>EF=]~NGT NGA~MAz?(J=RA0ÍF N:=P> ?@[edGT NGFMH ÐayÛQF=DN>
MN:>ElA'ChP(^SM(ONGH ] Ú PCEFN> P@má@%à(YVxVDzLe:=R^SM(:L P(ArT N>h:>(
F=DN>EMN:>El:=X DaMN> ]WF N:=P> ?(^S]e=d: NJ=MA'> ]me=:LaPe:=d:=X P(AWDGF0MlH 1P( F N2C M:=L P( AmMNH D
AK K H D> ?@B<K=\VMM(F_}NGT NGAmHaN> P@BáÎ@à7e:=LBRGFBeFCEdGD:=L P(AWP(ASMO NGH ] Ú RFbP(F=]
K=^SA'>`T N>IHaedGT NGFMH0A'C DF>VF=DNCEMN:>ElFbF K H R@ ]W@BASL UG@ ]Y¿m V HK=F=UG@BPC FbF e:=D:=P@
F K @ RA'> F]F e: NAK=A'C}^SDFÍ¥?(TM(P(:=ÐaP(^SM(F7MN:=DW: e=:C :BPC F7F NG:P> ?@[edGT NGFMH ¯ UGHK(Y
NGFÌM(X PË=: K=FedG: NGJM(ASO#DÁWF e=:=?NGJyNHyMH P(FMCEFNG:LDFÌA'C DF>sF K H R@ ]7@yASL UG@ ]
MN:=D[?(TM(P(:bFLNGTY%xe=F[?(F>VU:=RA'CVP>EFbF e:=D:=P@0F K @ RGA'>EF=]_V:>IN>EP(^S]WF K @ RGA'>EF=]
NGO#D0MX DGRANGO#D7edG: NGJM(ASO#DbRGFy?(FRG:dCEÅG:D'NF>sË=J=MA'> NOVDbF K H R: e> DJ ?(O#D Y x LNT
F=LNT=P(F NGFyRGFP(F]%UG\#M(A'>;P> FAe^!?NGFMHbNH ]%ML DGJd'NGH MH ] Ú MN:MX DG: K=:T K=O#D
NGO#DaedG: NGJM(ASO#D YoxVD0:=D:=P(JM(:L P(A Ú ¯ F=LNG@ D7NGH D0Ae=^!?NF=M(H_;H Ú ¯ RFA'CEDGF>P>EF
M(L DJ=dNH M(H Ú ¯ á à e:=L7:=dC ÅANGF>Ò#]mF ?(: K=:=X ROV]pq :=d> MP(T=]m<CEDGANF>
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NGdT e:[P(ArNG:D~: e=:C :%Le: K=:=<C Å:=L P(A6NGH DzN> P@QF K @ RGA'>EF=]P> F]zM(X DRGANGH ]6edGT NGFMH ]
Ë=J=MA'>NG:LF K H RG: eCEDGF=?(F ¯ T NGFD:>N>EP(^S]#F K @ RGA'>EF=]VNOVDAeCP(^Sd:=L ]VedG: NGJM(ASO#DA'C DF>
<(DGO#MN^S]Á!Y Û C DF>e=: K=XmASX?(: K=:[DFQUG:X P(A6T N>n> MlX :=L DzNFQF=?(T K=:L RGF%RGASO#d@ P(F NGFp
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2Øg7É g'gfH6Únk Ù'GtÚmÉ g ÈQ ÄÈf`jÝ`' g Ø~Ä£ß(hÈ ÕbÄØf=þIg'52=ÿ!( Ú 1 (À2 Û¤à ) =
1 2
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2 1 2
e(Y lnYzxVDW¾ NGT NGAH[N> P@ Ú ¯ ¾ ASF=dNGJ NGF>IP(TDG:DWF e=TaN> ]
N>EP(^S] Ú Ú Ú ?(F>nTl(>nF eT[J K K=AS]rK(Y (lnYV)NGH D Ú ( ) Y
≡ ( 1 → ( 2 → 5 ))
( 1) ( 2) ( 5) 50
Iáâ 6 fW+ !nfItBÉ g'gf#kWnk Ù' Ú Ú > ?(FDG: e=:> A'C'g~ÉigÄ( Ê7+
GØSÉ gLÎ ¾ h Ú ¯ (¾ ) = ár
x ]WLe:=R^SM(:L P(AmNG\#dGFT N> A'CEDGF>#^SDGFM(X D: K=:be=d: NF=Mh> F=?(\VD%NGXeOVD ¯ J eA'> d:b@
6
e=AeASdGFM(P(^SD:Á?(F>nT N>ãBA'C DΣF>AeCEMH ]z^SDGF]redG: NGFM>EF ?(T]3NGXe:=]Y
;ä h g NGFLNG: K=: <> ?(F[M(L DAe=J=<(ANGF>(NG:DÀã $ Ê(#ÂSi=Õj=g Èf ã'
hVÊÕ(Ù'sÉg'g'f knk Ù' ÚsÉg ÈEÊ(h'gÉg¸+S g ÈGÚrSg ÈGÚ6GØSÉ g ÈGÚÄnSg ¸Ên'g=É g=ÀG
Σ Σ |=
Ê 'ghãI Σ
q¬:=d> MP(T=]3F=LNT=]3F=DNGFDGF=?K=JmN:WFC MRH P(Fme:=Lm^Sl:=L P(ArDFWRASOVd:=X P(ArT N>h^SDGFQM(LG

Pe=^SdF=MP(F ¯ N:ãhÁê=ANF>F eT^SDFMX DG: K=:yLe=:RG^SMASOVD ¯ NG: ÁFD7Hbe=FdGFUG:l@
T N>h:>hLe:=R^SM(A'>E]3A'CEDGF>hF K H R> D^S]3ASF=McF KC ÅA'>nT N>?(F>NG:QML Pe=Σ^SdF=MP(FQA'CEDGF>hF K H
RG^S]YWq6d> MP(^SDGAS]mA'> U> ?(^S]e=ASd> e NG\#M(A'>E]~NG:L ãFCEÅGA'>`DGF0P(DH P(:DGASLN:=X D=Ymx6]
A'C DF>hN: N:[?(ASDGT%MX DG: K=: Y ° F=dF NGH dG:X ΣP(Az|=T N>A'C DF> ÉÕnGaF K @ RA'> FaT N>n?(J=RA
F e:=D:=P@0ΣF K @ RA'> F]Q> ?(F=D: e:>EA'∅CVT K=FBNGF0P(^K HaN:=L ¯ <> F N,C ½ Á!YQx6dGF0T NGFD[^Sl:L P(A
ã_hF=LNT%M(H P(FCEDGA'>T N>IÊÕ(Ù'F e:=D:=P@%F K @ RA'> F]~> ?(FDG: e=:> A'CnN:=D ãYvrÞFLN@ D
Σ
NH D3e=ASdC e NGO#MH~K=^SP(ArT N>hL
∅ |=
: ãaA'CEDGF> hÈ Sg' gÂ( [?(F><(dGJc:L P(A ãYVxK K HmA'>EU> ?@
|=
e=ASdC e NGO#MH3A'CEDGF>T NF=D?(FPC FF e=:DG:P@zF K @ RA'> F]sUGASDr> ?(FDG: e=:> A'CT K=FP(FÅC NFzP(^K H
NG:L YVT NA3> MlX A'> ¯ UGHK=F=UG@QMÞ(F=LNG@mNH DzeASdC e NOVM(HQA'C DF>nF K H RG^S]ÁNG: ãY
e(Y lnY Σ ¾ ¾ dY6xVDNG: A'CEDGF>}P(:DG:P(AK=^S]UHK(Y å
Σ |=
<> Fa ?(J e=:> :
Σ={ ¬ } |= Σ Σ={ }

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e(Y lnY ¾ d ¾ d Y

¬( ∧ ) |= =| ¬ ∧ ¬
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d ¾ ¾ NF=LN: K=:=<C F½
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å ã
Σ ∪ { } |= ⇐⇒ Σ |= ( → )
|= =| ⇐⇒ |= ( → ) ∧ ( → ) å ã ã å

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M(L DUG^SMP(:=L ]YÇxVDGFdGO`N>E^SP(F=MNGA7FDbRGFy?(ASdUCEÅGFP(A%NC e: NFedG:M(R^NG:D'NF=]B?>tÞ J K
K=:=L ]WM(L DUG^SMP(:=L ]m@7RGF0lJ=DF=P(A~e=FdGF K=A'C e:=DNGF]WP(ASd> ?(:X ]YQÒ6FaedG:MeF=RG@ M(:L P(A
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Û MNGOT N>Ae=A!?NA'C D:=L P(A;NGH3<K=\#M(MF~P(F=]e=d:=MRG^N:=DNGF]^SDGFzNd> e K=TM(X DUGASMP(L : ë%Y
VHK=FU@aN\VdF0F=AD ¾ d ãA'C DF>}edG: NGFM>EF ?(:CINXe=:> _I: ¾d£ã RGF0A'CEDGF>}e=d: NF
M>EF ?(T]NGXe:=]Y ° dê= A'> DFWUG\#M(:L P(ArP> FWASdPH DGA'CEFWMÞF=L(# NTN:WM()X PË=: K=:(
Y VmHK=F=UG@
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T NF=D6A'C DF><(DOVMNG^S]:>=N> P(^S] Ú ¯((#¾( ) Ú ¯ (d ))) Ú ¯ (ã ) YVq3dCEÅG:L P(A Ú ¯ ((#¾d£ã )) DF~A'C DF>
T(_ N>}?(F>IH%e K=A'>E:=H chCEF7NOVD Ú ¯ ¾ Ú ¯ d Ú ¯ ã e(Y lnYWF=D Ú ¯ ¾ Ú¯ d á ?(F>
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M(H0F=LNG@
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e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(T=]NGXe:=]sMNH DAeA!?NGANF=P(^SDGH3?(F>EDG:X d<>EF~P(F=]<K=\VMM(FA'CEDGF> NGFLNG: K=:
<> ?(Jz> M:=UX DGFP(:=];P(AV^SDGFD edG: NGFM>EF ?(TrNXe=:rNH ] FdGl(> ?@ ] P(F]V<K=\#M(MF=]p Y 8>tÞGFLNGT
<> F NC ¾d£ã A'CEDGF>NF=LN: K=:=<> ?(J~>EM(:UGX DF=P(:]P(A`N:=D ¾ d ¾ ã d ã Y
(# ) (( ∧ )∨( ∧ )∨( ∧ ))
J~ ÕÙ'ÄÈSGihGÿÄnÿ B : {á à } → {á à } g'g'fÕGM(L DJ=d'
NH M(H5í³³ »¸¿ Ù6ÄSÝ`[k $ gÂ¸Ê7+Ú!ÜzÉigÄ( Ê7+Ú ' MX DGU ASM(P(:]
á à w
á à á à h sÉ öæi;6Ég Èf}sÊnÄnS Úz! fH6 Ú#áo w Ê(Ù6ÄSàbÝ`SS iS2Ã
{ } = { } × × { }

ÄÈSGihGkÄGtÚ¬îï0ïFðIñf Ù6'Ä ÚG Ñ (ß hÈ kWÿ~Éih ÉÝ#ÄnÿQÄÈGk ÙGÝVÚQÂSi=Õj=g Èf
| {z }
0
Ê
T F
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¯ ´ e=TUGA'>EHpÒ6ASO#dGA'CEMNArN>E]3e=d: NJ=MA'> ].
p ¾DGF%M(H P(FCEDGA'>ÍÏK=AS]3NH DmF K @ RA'> F=ÐQ?(F7> d
ÍF=LNT=]3:WUdGTP(:=]re=JA'>MNG:W?(J=MNGd: ÐY;vlH P(F NCEMNAr^SDFm?(F NGJ K K HK=:QF K H RG: eCEDGF=?(F
\VMNGAHedGF=<(P(F N: e:C H M@WNG:LmP(AË=JMHN> z ] ¾?(FD> dÆDFQMF=]3UC DA'>(NGH Dz?(F NGJ K K HK H
ASdG\`NH M(HY Á
ª Yxe:=UA'C NGAT N>?(F=D^SDGF]~F eT[N:=L ]L¾ d ã ) ?(F> (¾ ∧ (d ∧ ã )) ∨ (¬¾ ∧
(¬ ∧ ¬ ))
d ã UGASD~A'CEDGF>K=: <> ?@QML DGAeF <(OV↔<@Q(:[^S↔
DGF]rN:=LWJ K =K :=LY
¹ YVxe:=UA'C NGA6@WFD'NF e:=UA'C NGA6NGF[F=?(T K=:L RGFp
¯ ¶ ÁaF=D~A'C NGA
Σ |=
¾@ Σ |=
doNT NA Σ |=
¾ ∨
dY
¯ ¶¸¶ ÁaF=D
Σ |=
¾ ∨
doNGT NGA3A'C NA
Σ |=
¾@ Σ |=
dY
Â
Y xe=:UGA'CE'NAzNH DQF ?(T K=:=L RGH[edGT NGFMHa<(DGO#MNG@%?(F>IOV]nkffbÉGif=þIg'nkÚ pxVD
3
:[edG: NGFM>EF ?(:]NLe=:]L¾ dÇA'>EDGF>NGFLNG: K=: <CEF ( |= ¾ → d ) N: NAP>EFaF e=:%N> ]
e=FdGF=?(F NOÌeASd> e NOVMA'> ]zF →
K H RGASL A'>tp
¯ , Áa:A¾yA'>EDGF>nF=DN> K=: <>EF ¾ _
( |= ¬ )
¯ { Áa:WduA'> DF>hNGFLNG: K=: <>EF d _
( |= )
¯ ß ÁaLe=FdGlA'>hedG: NGFM>EF ?(:]6NLe=:]À÷BNGAN:>E:=]zO#MNAp
?(F=RA#e=d: NF=Mh> F=?H3P(ANF Ë K HNGHrN:=L÷QASP(chF=D> ÅANGF> ?(F>=MNG:D¾a?(F>=MN:=D
•
d_
:> ¾ ÷ ÷ d A'> DF>NF=LN: K=:=<> AS] ¾ ÷ ÷ d Y
• → → ( |= → |= → )
, Õ YÌxe=TNGH DBF e=TUGA'>EHNH ][edG:=H <(:=X P(ASDGH ]7JM?H M(H ][edG:=?(Xe NA'>T N>Pe=:dG:X P(A
DGF%?(F NGFM?(ASL JM(:L P(AzNG:D~NXe=:A÷T NGFDm^SdG:L P(A3NGFU¾Ì?(F>dY Û MNOP¾

NG:)∨ zD ÷I)∧((
Y → )∨¬ ) ?(F1> d

≡ (¬ ∧¬ )∨( ∧¬ )∨( ∧ )∨ Yp8F NGFM≡?(AS((
L JM→
NA
xe=JD'NGH MH

!
#"%$ &'($ )(*!
+# )(*!
{ Õ

, , Y ;'ÃnihÿfbìhÄ( fD+ÿÚ=p Û MNGO ÛU> F=?(A!?(d>EP(ASDGAS]P(ANGFGLNG:L ]
1 Û ASDF=]0e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(:=]bNLe=:]
e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(AS]P(ANF Ë K HNAS]b?(F>À¾ ¾
NG:LB: e:>E:=L0:>IedG: NGFM>EF ?(AS]%P(ANGF Ë ≡K HNGAS(][ A'>E1DGF>VP(ANF=)LaNOVD
e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(:=]3NLe=:]

1
Û Y7xVD%:
¾
( ( 1
Û )∧¾ Û )) → ( ↔ )
( 1
≡ ( )
A'> DF>NF=LN: K=:=<> F_N: NALeF=dlA'>ASDF=]e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(:=]rNGLe:=]÷ ÷ Û _P(A
e=d: NF=Mh> F=?(AS]zP(ANF Ë K HNAS]zP(ANF=L~NOVD

Û=_(ANM>nO#MNA6:mNLe=:] 1
1
¾ (
) → ( ↔ )
Û ÷
1
DGF[A'>EDGF>NGFLNG: K=: <>EF(Y
¯ ´ e=TUGA'>EHp ldGH M>EP(: e:>EA'C MNGA6NG:WK @ P(P(FQe=FdGASPË=: K @ ]Y Á

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ãIäæå çéèêëì#ì#íÆî=ï}ðbñWòó ôöõI÷}ð0îøùúû(ònî(üì#ý øù

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