Chapter 4

Dynamics: Newton’s
Laws of Motion
Types of Forces: An Overview

Examples of Nonfundamental Forces --

All of these are derived from the electroweak force:

normal or support forces

friction

tension in a rope
Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

When an object is in contact with a surface there is a force

acting on that object. The component of this force that is
parallel to the surface is called the
frictional force.

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“cold welds”
Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

When the two surfaces are

not sliding across one another
the friction is called
static friction.
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 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any value
from zero up to a maximum value.

MAX
fs ≤ f s
Not a vector equation!
MAX
f s = µ s FN fS is parallel to the surface,
FN is perpendicular to
the surface.

0 < µs < 1 is called the coefficient of static friction.

Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

Note that the magnitude of the frictional force does

not depend on the contact area of the surfaces.

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Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

Static friction opposes the impending relative motion between

two objects.

Kinetic friction opposes the relative sliding motion that actually

does occur.

f k = µ k FN

0 < µ ks < 1 is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

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Usually, µs > µk
 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
Example. A sled and a rider are moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s along a
horizontal stretch of snow. The snow exerts a kinetic frictional force on the
runners of the sled, so the sled slows down and eventually comes to a stop.
The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.050 and the mass of the sled and rider
is 40 kg. Find the kinetic frictional force and the displacement, x, of the sled.

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Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

1.  Use Newton’s 2nd law in x and y directions.

ΣFx = -fk = max --> ax = -fk/m = -µkFN/m (since fk = µkFN)

ΣFy = FN - W = FN - mg = may = 0 --> FN = mg

fk = µkFN = µkmg = (0.050)(40)(9.8) = 20 N

Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

ax = -µkFN/m = -µkmg/m = -µkg = -(0.050)(9.8) = -0.49 m/s2

2. Solve for x using ax and kinematic equations.

x v0x vx ax t
? 4.0 m/s 0 m/s -0.49 m/s2
independent
vx2 = v0x2 + 2axx --> x = (vx2 - v0x2)/(2ax) of mass of
2 2
= (0 - 4.0 )/(2(-0.49)) = 16 m sled+rider
Example. Block 1 (mass m1 = 8.00 kg) is moving on a 30.0o incline with
a coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and incline of 0.300.
This block is connected to block 2 (mass m2 = 22.0 kg) by a massless
cord that passes over a massless and frictionless pulley. Find the
acceleration of each block and the tension in the cord.

fk
 y
!
a
y
x

fk x
fk
!
a

m1 = 8.00 kg m2 = 22.0 kg µk = 0.300

Find a, T and T’
 !
y a
Block 1: x

Σ  Fx = -fk - W1 sin 30.0o + T = m1a

fk

Σ  Fy = FN - W1 cos 30.0o = 0 è FN = W1 cos 30.0o

y

Block 2:
x
Σ  Fy = T’ - W2 = m2(-a)
!
a
We also know:

T = T’ since the pulley and cord are massless

fk = µkFN = µkm1g cos 30.0o = (0.300)(8.00)(9.80)(0.866) = 20.4 N

Equations we’re left with to solve for a and T:

-fk - W1 sin 30.0o + T = m1a

T - W2 = -m2a è T = W2 - m2a

Substituting for T in the first equation:

-fk - W1 sin 30.0o + W2 - m2a = m1a

a = (-fk - W1 sin 30.0o + W2)/(m1 + m2)

= (-20.4 - (8.00)(9.80)(0.500) + (22.0)(9.80))/(8.00 + 22.0)
= 5.20 m/s2

T = W2 - m2a = (22.0)(9.80) - (22.0)(5.20) = 101 N