CET ASSIGNMENT – Task 01

Task 01:

1.1 (a) Explain in detail what are the factors and usage considered when proposing the earthmoving equipment needed for this
project.
 According to the given details this project is exploited within the city limits of Colombo, (adjacent to main Colombo – Galle
road) and one boundary facing private properties with multi-storied buildings which is :
 Highly populated
 Has a large traffic
Therefore when selecting equipment’s for earthmoving equipment’s we must consider factors like:
 Size of machine
 Possibility of transportation with the traffic in Galle road.
 Check whether equipment can be transported to site.
 Consider whether the roads are able to bear the load of machines.
 Consider whether equipment’s can be moved around the plot without damaging the existing buildings.
 Considering all these factors we cannot recommend very large earthmoving equipment’s which is difficult to
transport and handle.
 Consider the soil conditions, (sandy soil – non-cohesive , sandy clay – partially cohesive)

Natural Ground

Top soil (0.150m)

Sandy Clay
(1.2m)

1
 Sandy
(30.0m)

Rock

 Consider whether machine is suitable for job condition.

 Consider whether machine is suitable for soil conditions given.
 As the soil is dry and soil type is sandy clay and sandy and given condition select machines suitable for this
cohesive soil.
 Consider type of terrain (cutting and fitting)
 Consider the availability of equipment’s:
 Check whether equipment’s and spare parts are available nearby or should they be transported.
 Check whether spare parts are available or should be either imported or transported.
 Consider the reliability of equipment service support given by manufacturers and the warranties and
guarantees offered by company.
 Considering above factors we can finalize whether to lease or rent the required equipment, and decide
the size and model of machine.
 Also consider past performance, brand name, and reputation of company. (ex: caterpillar, Kcomanshu)
 Finally analyze the cost needed for machines.
 Consider versatility of machines, multipurpose equipment’s if selected must be cable of performing various operations.
 Get the capacity of machine.
 Get the cubic volume to be excavated.
 Check whether there are trained people to operate the equipment’s needed for the excavation.
 According to the volume to be excavated the number of equipment’s needed will be decided.
 Consider the given time duration (18 months), the excavation should be faster, therefore we can suggest equipment’s which
can make the process quick.
 The given project is of 6 storied therefore we can go for a deep foundation and there’s a basement floor so that when
selecting earthmoving equipment’s are selected we must consider the basement excavation (back actor), deep excavation
and trench operations.

(b) Select and recommend the most suitable combination of equipment for this project from the given list.
 Selected equipment’s :
 Back-hoe excavator and front-end loader (Back-actor)
 Bulldozer ( if backhoe is not sufficient )
 Dump trucks
 Skimmers
 Dragline

* Back-hoe excavator:

Why back-hoe is selected For what purpose we use it Compare.

Selected for the basement excavation Used for trenches and basement excavation’s. Using backhoe saves money rather than
spending money for several
equipment’s.

Can be used as multi-purpose equipment with It digs earth backward rather than
other attachments (tilt rotator, breaker, grapple, For digging earth lifting it with forward motion like a
or with a frontend loader etc.) bulldozer.

2
Can also be used as a crane and also like a
bulldozer.
* Bulldozer:
Why bulldozer is selected
Its blade can be set to different depths for cuts.
Multi-purpose equipment.
Cheap
Can be used in sandy soil also.
Also can be used as a scrapper
* Dump trucks:
Why dump truck is selected
* Easy to use
* Because its designed for large-
capacity loads
* Can carry for a large distance.
* Skimmers:
For what purpose we use it
Used for spreading, grading and
leveling.
For backfilling, digging and loading.
Excavate shallow cuttings
To clear area, remove trees, shrubs etc.
For transporting or pushing large
quantities of excavated earth.
Can carry more material using a “U”-
blade
For what purpose we use it
To transport soil from one place to
another.
Easy to use as it can perform many
activities rather than having to select
many equipment’s separately.
compare
Easy to transport.
Easy to maintain not like other
equipment’s.
Can find spare parts quickly.
Properties
Brand -TATA LPK 3118 TC
Dump capacity: 18m3
Normal capacity- 5 to 15m3
Max speed= 70 Kmph
3
 For what purpose we use it
* For surface excavation and for
leveling upto300mm depth.
* Can also use for loading.

* Dragline:

Why dragline is selected For what purpose we use it Compare

Suitable for range of materials Used for soft or water lock grounds. Reliable
(site contains sandy soil, sandy clay soil) Extremely low waste removal cost.
Because it has a long reach. Can dig below itself
Operates from surface digging below
itself.

1.2. Discuss appropriate techniques used to ensure safe and productive activities during excavation of basement for multi-storied
building.

Hazard Techniques used to ensure safety

* Soil collapsing and burying or injuring people/workers * Use temporary supports.
* Ask workers to stay away from the excavation area unless
* People or plant falling/slipping into excavation they are needed.
* Educating workers regarding the excavation process and
* Contact with moving machines or materials been safety aspects.
machined. * Use substantial barriers to protect edges of excavation
where there is a risk of falling. (use guard rails & toe
* Toppling of machines and falling onto workers. boards )
* Don’t allow plants & vehicles to be parked close to the
* Death or injuries due to soil collapse sides of excavation.
* Use trained labors to handle machines.
* Remove unwanted labors out of the areas where the
excavated soil is placed.
* Use safety belts if needed.
*

* Death due to suffocation *

Supply oxygen
* Accidents due to lack of vision *
Supply sufficient light
* When dewatering is conducted flooding & drowning or *
Use proper dewatering system & disposal
suffocation due to increased water level Use proper equipment’s
*
*
Make sure the calculations are accurate.
* Hit/struck by moving, flying or falling objects. *
Use helmets, masks, safety kits, boots, etc. (PPE)
* Debris or tools falling from height. *
Put up safety alarms, danger sign boards, posters etc. to
inform danger in zone.
1.3. Illustrate with sketches the most suitable shoring method and dewatering system (temporary works) that you have proposed for
excavation of basement of the proposed multi-storied building.

Shoring:
 For deep excavations in basements and cut and cover structures require :
 Secure earth & Groundwater retention.
 For a bottom up excavation where the excavation is temporary support, this support is not a part of the final structure.
 Methods:
 Permanent or temp retaining walls

4
  Steel sheet pilling with temp propping
 Retaining walls using ground anchors
 Etc.
 For this excavation we select sheet piles as the shoring method.

Advantages Disadvantages Method of erection

 Can be used as both temporary
closure for excavation works or
permanent structures as retaining
walls.
 Suitable for any soil type except
boulder beds
 Can be found in numerous shapes,
thickness & sizes.
 Resist to installation stresses.
 Light weight, strong
 Reusable/recyclable
 Durable
 Vibration
 Noise due to the driving
process.
 Driving pile can cause
disturbance to neighbors.
 High cost, this can be
recovered if reused.
 Frame should be constructed to be used as a guide for
positioning.
 Sheet pile lifted using eyes on top of pile.
 After positioning piles are driven in pairs using percussion
hammers or hydraulic drivers.
 When extent of wall has been driven into position, excavation
can be carried out.
 If temporary piles are to be used it should be greased to allow
for easy extraction.

Dewatering system:
Dewatering is the removal of water from solid material or soil by different industrial processes.
For the purpose of dewatering we can select either sump ditches, or diaphragm walls, but for this project we select sump because diaphragm
walls are very expensive. Sump pumping is the simplest dewatering system we can use for this project. It allows groundwater to seep into
excavation and then it is collected in sumps and pumped away for disposal. Sump is equipped with a robust pump therefore it gets the needed
capacity to handle a considerable amount of solids. Sump pumps are very effective to use in this project of dewatering it is economic as well
compared to diaphragm walls. Sump system is best for well graded coarse soils such as sands, sandy gravels and coarse gravels, therefore this can
be considered as the best dewatering system for the given project as the soil condition given is sandy clay and sandy.
But if seepage of water in to the excavation occurs it creates a risk of instability and other construction problems to overcome this problem we
must lower the groundwater level before starting excavation known as pre-drainaging.

CET ASSIGNMENT – Task 02

NAME: Aloka Sammani

STUDENT ID: CE/15/07/01

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 04/04/2016

5
2.1. (a) Explain in detail (where, how and why) with annotated sketches the types given below:
* Sheet piling:
It’s a soil/earth retention and excavation support technique that retains soil. It’s made up of wood, concrete or steel.
Where sheet piling is used?
* Used in soft/water logged soils
and tight spaces and for
complicated shoring.
* Used to support excavations for
below grade basements, parking
lots, foundations etc.
* Used as permanent steel sheet
piles are designed to provide a
long service. (durability)
How sheet pilling is used?
* It’s installed in order of designed
depth along the planned excavation
perimeter or seawall alignment.
* They can also be hydraulically
pushed into the ground.
* It’s driven side by side into the
ground.
Why sheet pilling is used?
* Interlocked sheet piles form a wall
for permanent or temporary lateral
earth support with reduced
groundwater inflow.
* As its designed to provide a long
service. (durability)
* It’s sustainable as recycled steel is
used.
* Piles can also be reused.
* Provides high resistance to driving
stresses.
* To form a continuous vertical wall
to retain soil.
6
  Cast–in–place Piling:
Cast-in-place piles are those which are cast in position inside the ground. The concrete pile is made by pouring concrete
into a tapered hole or cylindrical form which is previously driven into the ground. The left-in-place form may be a steel
shell which is heavy enough to be driven without a mandrel, or it may be a steel form designed for driving with a
mandrel that is removed after the driving is completed.

Where it is used? How cast-in-place pile is used? Why it’s used?

Note: consider available sizes.

They are used when conditions are favorable.
Can also be used in marine structures with
bored piles.
Used in places where light loads are to be
carried.
First method is with steel cores.
Using precast sections for core of the pile.
Used after pouring concrete into a metal
shell or tube.
To eliminate the need of pile driving
machine.
Not necessary to reinforce the pile in
ordinary cases or in places where the
pile is completely submerged in the
soil.

Not suitable for busy environments or Economical

societies due to the noise and vibration.

Used in soft clays or loose or water bearing

granular soils.

 Precast concrete piles:

It can be defined as a reinforced concrete pile which is moulded in circular, square, rectangular or octagonal form.

Where precast concrete piles are used? How it’s used? Why precast concrete piles are used?

Used in marine and river structures. * Cast and cured in a casting * Used as they resist the stresses produced
Used in places where the use of cast in place yard.
piles is not practical or uneconomical. * They are driven in with
help of pile drivers.

 Caissons:
It is a water-tight box like structure or chamber which is made of steel, wood or concrete.
Where caissons are used? How it’s used? Why caissons are used?

7
 * In foundations which are to be laid * Sunk by excavating within it
under water. and gaining access to bed of
stream and the placing the
* Used bridges in rivers and other foundations.
water bodies.
* Its built in the shore and
* Used when piles or piers are not launched in to the river.
suitable.
* Then it’s sunk in proper
position.
* They adopt when the depth
water is great.
* It’s used as rivers are used
for navigation purpose and if
more peers are used it will
obstruct the path way.
* Use of cylindrical caissons
has more advantage than
using large board piles.

(b) What will you propose as the most suitable foundation for the proposed 6-storied building with basement car park?
As the soil condition is sandy clay and sandy and beneath its rock and the project is to build a 6-storied building with basement car park we select
a deep foundation considering the transferring of load and the differential settlement. Sand can hold together reasonably well when damp,
compacted and uniform, but if we use trenches it might collapse therefore we can use sheet pilling. Sheet piling can be used in this project to
support excavation of basement car park. To get a long service life we can recommend permanent steel sheet piles.
To install sheet piles we can use a vibratory hammer or we can either use a hydraulically push method. Sheet piling is cost effective as it can also
be reused.

2.2 (a) Explain why large span bridges (constructed on major highways) need complex or deep foundations such as Piling and Caissons.
* The functions of a foundation are:
 Transferring of load from super structure safely to soil strata
 Ensure minimum differential settlement.
* When transferring of loads is considered, bridges carry a very large weight of dead loads, live loads and wind loads and break
loads, foundation of bridge should ensure that the bridge will have an adequate structural capacity to support heaviest vehicles
or posted for load limits and weight of the bridge, impact of loads and breaking load due to lateral load. Weight of the bridge
and force bearing down on the soil (bearing pressure) should also be considered. Bridges must be able to bare the load of
vehicles, containers, trucks etc. passing over it. It should resist forces applied on it. It should also have the strength to resist
high winds or earthquakes. Load should be distributed evenly else it would break or crack. It should be durable while carrying
all these loads.
* When differential settlement is considered, as bridge is in water the differential settlement is high therefore we need a strong
deep foundation. Differential settlement occurs when soil beneath the bridge cannot bear the weights imposed. Bridges can
also collapse, sink or go under soil erosion due to differential settlement. Most bridges failure occurs due to either because of
inadequate hydraulic capacity (too small) or because of scour and undermining of foundation placed upon sine soil. Bridges
must also be able to handle the vibrations and pressures occurred by vehicles. It should be able to resist floods, overflowing of
water and high rains. Bridges must be able to resist the soil/earth movements. Differential settlement occurs when foundation
settle unevenly.

8
 Therefore considering all these factors we suggest to use pilling or caissons (deep foundation) for large span bridges.

(b) Describe in detail (with sketches showing all stages) the method of construction of a caisson supported bridge peer.
* Step 01: Mark center line and set out then find the diameter. Get working space. (Refer figure 01 )
* Step 02: Assume the cylinder is placed at point A (Figure 02) of timber frame as shown in Figures.
* Step 03: Dewater and see the bed. Then using the crane the cylinder is lowered as showed in step 01 figure 02 at point C.
Then the cylinder will sink inside, when it sinks halfway another ring is placed and again it’s excavated. (Figure 03)
Due to the large surface area sinking will face a friction.
* Step 04: Then place a cantilever and again excavate. Cantilever must be placed on the edge (Figure 04).
* Step 05: Again dewater and drain it. (Figure 05)
* Step 06: Then remove the soft rock, reduce it to anchor length which is given by designer known as the pile anchoring. (Figure 06)
The rocks are then drilled and dowels are put into it. The dowels will be stainless steel dowels. Then put an additional reinforcement mesh.
Dowels are used for anchorage or to give additional reinforcement. (Figure 6.1)
* Step 07: Then continuously dewater, after dewatering concrete it, do an underwater concreting also. ( figure 07)
* Step 08: Use a flip bucket to pour concrete. (Figure 08)

2.3(a) Explain why sewer pipeline needs to be constructed to a designed gradient or slope?
 Sewer lines are based on gravity flow.
 Particles flow in sewer pipe because of pressure and gravity this occurs due to the head difference (from higher elevation to lower
elevation) therefore sewer lines should have a proper gradient or slope.
 Flow depends on friction.
 A designed slope of gravity drainage and sewer pipes is important for the liquids to flow smoothly, a proper gradient helps transport of
solids without letting it to clog.
 Large sewer lines require a proper calculated pitch.
 Sewer pipes need a proper gradient as it passes both solids and liquids and also self-cleans it.
 The Q angle depends on the type of pipe material and the gradient.
 The pipe should also have a smooth surface to make the flow smooth.
 Sewer mains should be designed to have a minimum flow rate of 2 feet-per-second.
 There should be different gradients at different levels and distances, as the same distance cannot be maintained everywhere.
(Figure 2.3)

(b) Illustrate with sketches the detail steps of construction from setting out to laying of 500m long, 150mm diameter, UPVC sewer
pipeline with slope or gradient at 1:80, with sufficient cover with suitable backfilling materials.

 Step 01:
 Initial checkups:
 Walk the planned line of the sewer and identify the problems that might cause a disturbance to the setting out.
 Get a clear idea on the layout plan, sections, manhole schedule and specifications and set the positions of backdrop
manholes and junctions, the size and types of pipes and the required
bedding with the necessary concrete protection.
 Then mark the positions and place pegs and set out.

 When setting out first set out the center line.

9
  Center line pegs of the sewer must be driven at a distance of every 7.5 m or 15m.
 Center line of the sewer line should be properly maintained by providing an off-set line usually marked at a distance of
2m to 3m.

 Levels can be checked by excavating trial holes.
 Step 02:
 Control of line:
 Distance of center line must be sufficient if a dual trench is used to allow clearance between the outside of the manhole
wall (or surround) and the adjacent sewer.
 Then do the offsetting of center line, this can be done a according to the depth of trench.
 The excavation can be done manually or by using machines.
 Sufficient amount of pegs must be provided for re-establishing the center of manholes.
 To obtain the intersecting points either place pegs on line with sewer or off-set at right angles to the line of the sewer.
For both given ways we need two pegs, then record the distances from both pegs to manhole.
 Manhole dimensions may vary when branches come to sewer line.
 We find drop man holes where the levels change in a sewer.
 Step 03:
 Controlling the level:
 Use sight rails to one side of the excavation; this can be calculated by adding traveler.
 After the first manhole is excavated transfer a level peg to the trench
bottom.
 Set the construction laser up in the manhole or trench bottom to the correct level and align by theodolite with the
required gradient set of 1:80.
 After setting up the laser check out the gradient carefully.
Check the horizontal alignment of dial grade using theodolite when a short length trench is open.
 Step 04:

 After laying of the sewer pipe between two manholes excavate again to lay the sewer pipe between next consecutive

manholes.The process is continued form the outfall end of the sewer towards the starting end till the entire sewers is laid

out.

 Then refill the trenches.

 It is started after the sewer line is properly laid in position, aligned, jointed and test for leakage and alignment.

CET ASSIGNMENT – Task 03

NAME: Aloka Sammani

STUDENT ID: CE/15/07/01

10
 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 04/04/2016

3.1. As a Civil Engineer / Design Engineer, it is essential to provide the most cost effective and practical building solution for the client. A
client needs a factory building in shortest time (less than 6-months) so that he could produce apparel to meet the prospective client’s
urgent orders. You have the following building options:
 Reinforced concrete (RCC) building
 Pre-fabricated or Pre-engineered Metal building
 Pre-cast concrete building
(a) Considering the above building solutions available for you, what will you propose (out of these three options) for the client to
meet his immediate need?

Options Advantage Disadvantage

RCC  High weight  High form cost
 Strong  Large column section shrinkages
 Easy to pre-cast  Cracks
 Can resist many types of loading  Deformations due to large forces
(compressions)  Cannot be reused.
 Don’t deform unless very large  Takes too much time to build
force is applied.  Need high manpower
 Economical  Can explode due to fires.
 High compressive strength
 Adequate tensile strength
 Fire & weather resistance
 Durability
 Can be molded to any shape
 Low maintenance cost
 Easy to maintain.
 Less defections
 Don’t need highly skilled labors.

Pre-fabricated/ pre-engineered metal
building.
 Low cost materials
 Need less time and manpower
 Shuttering and scaffolding is not
needed
 Installation of building service and
finishing can be done immediately
 Components are produced with
close supervision
 Good quality
 Clean and dry work at site
 Easy to transport.
 Can move from place to place
 Possibility of alteration and reuse
 Correct shapes, dimensions and
sharp edges are maintained
 Handling & transportation may
cause breakage.
 If damaged during transportation
company will not recover the loss.
 Difficult to connect units.
 Takes time to connect the units.
 They are to be exactly placed in
position or the loads coming on
them are likely to get changed.
 Corrosions.
 High transport cost
 Need of an erection equipment
 Need skilled labor and supervision.
 Difficult to maintain.
 Expensive
11
  Very thin section can be entirely  Gain heat
precast with precision  Fire explosions
 Fast construction
 Latest designed building structure
can be obtained.
 Architectural flexibility

Pre-cast concrete building  Superior quality concrete is  High cost

produced.  Cannot reuse
 Strong  Cracks may occur with time
 Gives a better technical control on  Deformations might occur
the production  Takes too much time
 No need to provide joints in the  Need more man power
precast construction  Fire explosions
 The labors can be easily trained  Precast units may be damaged
 Molds are more durable and it can during transport
also be used several times.  Difficult produce expected
 Can get desired shape and finish connections between the precast
with accuracy members
 Precast structures can be  Needs special equipment for lifting
dismantled and used in other places and moving
 Needs short time to complete  Transport and handling charges are
 Durable high
 Amount of scaffolding &
formwork is reduced.
Considering the advantages and disadvantages and the time period of less than 6 months we can recommend a prefabricated/pre-engineered
building. Prefabricated building can be raised faster rather than a RCC or Precast building. Even though its expensive the amount spend can be
gained soon when the factory is constructed in time.

(b) Discuss with sketches the suitable construction method that you propose for the building solution which you have selected.
 As the expected building is a factory which is supposed to be built within a short time period so that the spent amount can be
gained as profit. We can select a pre-fabricated or pre-engineered metal building.
 The construction is very fast can be finished within the expected time.
 Easy to construct or erect with trained labors.
 The spent cost can be gained soon.
 It needs a low maintenance cost.

3.2(a) What is the difference between false work and form work?
False work Form work
Consist of temporary structures or temporary supports. Temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar
Used to support precast girders, steel girders, etc. material is poured.
Used to support structure erections until it become self-supporting. Sometimes might also take the support of false work.
It’s a part of form work which supports forms.
Types: tube and fittings Types: foundation formworks,
Prefabricated systems Column formworks,
Special designed false work Slab formworks
Beam formworks
False work is separate from formwork. Formwork includes false work.
Can be stripped to expose the finished concrete.

12
 Can be plastic, steel etc. Types:
Timber formworks
Pre-engineered formworks
Plastic formworks
Precast formworks etc.
Two forms:
Vertical =walls, piers, columns etc.
Horizontal= metal bridge decks.

(b) Explain the use of false work and formwork (using sketches or illustrations) in construction of:

Use of false work Use of formwork

Reinforced Concrete column

Large reinforced Concrete wall

13
 Reinforced concrete beam and slab
arrangement at double height slab

Construction of a double height slab

CET ASSIGNMENT – Task 04

NAME: Aloka Sammani

STUDENT ID: CE/15/07/01

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 04/04/2016

14
 REPORT

4.1. Group Assignment: (BCAS Offices) to carryout health and safety inspection. Access the hazards and degree of risks associated with
the assigned site:

Introduction: This is the report of the group assignment/Presentation which was conducted to identify the health and safety issues in the BCAS
Mount Campus.

This was conducted stepwise,

 Identifying hazards.
 Deciding who might be harmed and how?
 Evaluate risks and decide the needed precautions.
 Recording the findings and implementing them
 Reviewing the assessment

Risk assessment for:

BCAS Mount Campus 54,
Galle Road,
Mount Lavinia,
Sri Lanka.
Tel: +94112728082
Date: 11/12/2015
 What is a hazard?
The potential to cause harm is known as hazard.
 What is a risk?
The likelihood that a specified undesired event will occur due to a realization of a hazard is known as a risk.

Risk assessment:

1st Floor, 2nd Floor, 3rd Floor, 4th Floor.

Identify hazard Who might get Precautions Risk level Repairing method
harmed?

Tripping and falling. Aluminum strips of Students, lectures, Nailing the broken High Replace the broken
stair case is removed minor staffs, other strips until it’s aluminum /steels strips
Fig 01 walkers. replaced.

Explosions *Keeping gas All those who come Having fire Medium Removing the
No fire extinguishers cylinders in the to BCAS. extinguisher. unwanted gas cylinders
library. and placing in proper
*Throwing areas.
cigarettes.
Fig 02, 03

15
Falling Falling into depths Students, minor staff, Putting up a danger Low Preventing students
Fig 04 lectures etc. notice from going to that area.

Cuttings Broken glasses Students, minor staff Covering the broken Medium Replacing the broken
Fig 05 area glasses.

Cracked or broken All If too much damage Medium Repair the cracked ares.
slab has occurred prevent
Fig 06 people from going to
that area.

Electric shocks Improper fixing of All Avoid touching it. Medium Fix proper coverings.
wiring covers
Fig 07

Electric shocks Improper fixing of All Avoid touching it. Medium Fix proper coverings.
plugs and plug
coverings. Avoid hanging on it. Fix the wires properly.
Fig 08
Hanging wires
Fig 09
Trip and fall Placing stones to All Walk carefully. Medium Use magnets instead of
prevent doors from stones.
closing. Use large stones which
Fig 10 are not sharp and easily Remove the stones from
visible. the walking path way.
Wires on the
classroom floor. Remove the unwanted
Fig 11 Lecturers and wires from the floor.
students
Placing buckets on Place the buckets in
the stair case after proper place.
working.
Fig 12 All

Falling Broken chairs in Students Don’t sit on broken Medium Remove or repair the
classrooms. chairs. broken chairs.
Fig 13

Slipping Water on the main Students Walk carefully. Medium Clean the steps.
stair way.
Fig 14 Clean the steps.

Put up sign boards

noticing not to spill
water on stair case.
Roof sheets falling Broken ceilings, All mainly lecturers Be careful while Medium Fix the broken sheets.
people removed sheets. and students. walking under that
Fig 15 area.

16
Damaging the Improper wiring. All Medium Proper wiring.
concrete Fig 16

Falling from height. Large windows All Don’t climb, peep High Fix drills, close the
placed in 3rd and 4th through or try to just windows if not needed.
floors from the windows.
Fig 17
Slip and fall Wet surfaces near All Walk carefully High Clean the floor tiles
washrooms. Don’t run or rush in always keep them dry.
Fig 18 those particular areas.
Damage in concrete water soaked All Medium Use proper plumbing.
slab. through the
concrete.
Fig 19
Cracks on the slab
Fig 20

Damage in walls Cracked walls All Medium Repair the cracked

Fig 21 areas
Slipping Slippery tiles in path All Be careful while Medium Replace the slippery
to rooms 307 and walking on the slippery tiles with non-slippery
308 tiles. tiles if possible.
Fig 22

Broken steel sheets Lecturers Low Fix the broken parts.

near the lift
Fig 23

Electric shocks Uncovered circuit All Medium Close the circuit main
boxes box.
Fig 24

Falling on to people Broken fans Students Avoid using that fan Medium Replace the broken fan.
Fig 25

Head injuries Lack of space gap Students Medium keep a proper gap
between roof and distance
staircase
Fig 26
Diseases due to dirty Impure water in the Students Avoid drinking impure Medium Keep the filters clean,
water filters placed in water and replace them if they
student area and are not functioning
canteen. properly.
Fig 27 Maintain the filters.
Hand injuries, cutting Uncovered steel Lecturers, students. Be careful while using Medium Cover the sharp edges
etc. edges near the white the white board. using rubber
board.
Fig 28
Lack of light/visibility No electricity Mainly students, Medium Buy a generator.
generator lecturers

17
Figure 01 Figure 02 Figure 03 Figure 04

Figure 05 Figure 06 Figure 07 Figure 08

Figure 09 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 13 Figure 14
Figure 15 Figure 16

18
 Figure 19 Figure 20
Figure 17 Figure 18

Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 21

Figure 25 Figure 28
4.2. Figure 27
Figure 26

Explain briefly the UK legal

framework for the health, safety and welfare and the
requirements of the CDM 2007 Regulation (including what changes were made recently when it was
revised to CDM2010). (Hint-your answer should include why, when, who, what and why, also it is better if you could present a tabulation
or flow-chart depicting the evolvement and relationships of these legislature).

 UK legal framework for health and safety welfare:

 It’s based on the principle that the ones who create risks to employees or others in the process of work are the ones who are responsible
of controlling those risks.
 Specific responsibilities are given to the employers, the self-employed, employees, designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers.
 Act and associated legislation also place duties in certain circumstances on others, including landlords, licensees and those in control of
work activities, equipment or premises.
 Under the act, employers have legal responsibilities in respect of the health and safety of their employees and other people who may be
affected by their undertaking and exposed to risks.

 Health and safety according to CDM 2007

 Safe to construct
 Safe to demolish

19
  Safe to use
 Safe to maintain

 CDM Revision:
 Simplify and clarified.
 Maximizing flexibility
 Main focus on planning and management not only on paper work.
 Strengthened coordination and cooperation requirements between designer and contractor.
 Simplified assessment of competence.
According to CDM 2015:
 Clients will have a number of new responsibilities.
 If more than one contractor is on site, the client will be responsible for appointing a Principal Designer and Principal
Contractor.
 Clients will be responsible for ensuring that the Principal Designer and Contractor are compliant with their
responsibilities.
 In addition, the new regulations stipulate that it will be the client’s responsibility to notify the HSE of a project by
providing the F10 notification.
 The Principal Designer will be a key duty holder.
 Most of the duties will be taken by him, which are currently delivered by independent CDMCs and clients will be
responsible for ensuring that these requirements are fulfilled.
 There is a full list of the new responsibilities in the draft guidance. Unlike the CDMC, the Principal Designer will work
within the project team itself, rather than as an independent safety specialist.
 The new approach to ‘competence’.
 Concept of competence is removed, and replaced with a legal obligation for those who appoint duty holders to ensure
they have the skills, knowledge and experience to carry out their duties.

4.3. Evaluate the role of the planning supervisor in civil engineering activities.
 Planning supervisor is responsible for the overall administration of the engineering programs.
 He also supervise, plan, and direct all section activities including development, administration, and control of program budget.
 Preparing departmental recommendations on public policy issues, procedural requirements, plans and regulations.
 Managing program implementation activities including monitoring and reporting on performance.
 Managing projects like the scope of work, consultant contracts, intra-inter-jurisdictional project coordination, performance
evaluation, and meeting the project time and budget objectives.
 Preparing and submissions of grants.
 Communicating with community groups and citizens to solicit public involvement and city policies.
 Preparing and presenting reports and recommendations to city council, community groups, and state federal agencies.
 Supervising and evaluating performance of assigning staff, working as a coach, mentor, facilitator and trainer for workers and
interns.
 A planning supervisor must always be punctual and must have a reliable attendance.
 He/she should have the knowledge of:
 Applicable federal, state and local policies and regulations.
 Current principles and practices related to planning, policy development and implementations of program
related activities.
 Traffic engineering principles, practices, standards and methods.
 He should be able to:
 Interpret and apply policies, regulations and laws to complex problems.
 Monitoring the budgets, granting requirements and contracts.
 Create innovative programs and projects.
 Planning long term solutions to problems in assigned areas.
 Coaching, mentoring and facilitating individuals and working teams, and interns etc.
 Preparations and presenting clear, concise and comprehensive reports.
 Working independently.
 Establishing and maintaining effective service oriented team comprised of professionals and volunteers.
 Supervising and performing complex and technical engineering duties in coordination and direction of traffic
engineering projects.
 Developing and preparing technical drawings.
 Preparing engineering plans, specifications and estimates.

20
 He must have daily contacts with assigned staff for the purpose of supervision, direction, work coordination and information
gathering.
 He must have meetings particularly with officials and general public.
 He must be able to explain the city’s policies and practices under any circumstances.
 He should ensure designers cooperated and must avoid risk.
 Ensuring health and safety plan and health and safety file were prepared.
 He must provide or ensure that the client provides relevant pre-construction information.
 He has to coordinate the health and safety aspects of project design and initial planning to ensure as much as they can.
 Preparing a health and safety plan.
 Preparing or compiling the health and safety file.
 He must be able to advise the client about health and safety plan.
 Advising the clients about the adequacy and competence of designers and contractors.
 Ensuring that the project is notified to the health and safety executive.
 He must have the ability to communicate with many different individuals, and ability to state the city’s position clearly and
presenting.
 Recommendations in a polite and professional manner.

CET ASSIGNMENT – Task 05

NAME: Aloka Sammani

STUDENT ID: CE/15/07/01

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 04/04/2016

21
5.1 Identify the key problems and issues inherent to construction industry in UK. After identifying the problems associated with the
construction industry, you are required to categorize the issues or problems accordingly:
Economical:
It has a low and unreliable rate of profitability
Margins are very low.
Capital investment is very low, for example: in-house R & D has fallen by 80% since 1981.
Capital cost in a project is very high, but clients need a lesser capital cost.
Economic cycles have affected the industry seriously over past decades and have meant that it has been forced to concentrate more on survival
than on future investments.

Technical:
Lack of investments is heading towards the fall of process of new innovation in process and technology.
There is a reduction of trainees as given proportion of trainees have gone down by half since 1970s, therefore there is a shortage of skilled labors
Very few workmen have the knowledge on the technical and managerial skills.
Lack of multi-skills.
Quality:
Quality means not only zero defects but right first time, delivery on time and to budget.
Quality is also the innovative side while reducing the waste.
Clients indiscriminate and still equate price with cost.
Projects are unpredictable when considering whether it’s up to the standards of expected quality.
Constructions often fail to meet needs of modern business that must be competitive in international market.
It rarely provides the best value for clients and tax payers.
Industry cannot provide the best quality when clients select designers and constructers on the basis of lowest cost and not overall value for
money.
Time:
It’s unpredictable in terms of delivery on time.
Clients are dissatisfied as the project is not finished on the promised time.

Financial/cost
Projects are unpredictable in terms of finishing within the budget.
Investments in constructions are seen as its expensive when compared to both goods and services to other countries.
Dissatisfaction of clients due to the poor performance of the contractor, in maintaining quoted price and to time, resolving defects and delivery in
final product.

Social:
Work place must be with fair wages.
Dissatisfaction of clients of both public and private sectors due to under-achievement.
Lack of loyal, strategic long term shareholders due to the lower exceptions, investors cannot identify brands among companies to which they can
attach future value.

Health and safety:

Work site must be selected after seeing whether it have care on health and safety.
Accidents occurred due to mostly untrained labors or when they work out of the process.
Health and safety records not maintained properly.

Environmental:
Work place must be a decent place for work.

Contractual: (agreed in a contract)

22
Partnering and framework agreements are used in place of traditional contract based procurement and project management.

To solve these problems:

 Committed leadership:

 Appointing well experienced and hard working management team.

 Forming an agenda covering all the needed sections.

 Agenda should be made accordingly to improve and communicate the expected cultural and operational changes

throughout the whole process.

 Focus on the customer and his needs:

 The end product must be exactly what the customer needed.

 Satisfying the customer needs and bringing out the best of his ideas must be the main objective.

 The product should reflect the price that was spent by the customer; there shouldn’t be any circumstance where the customer

feels that his money is wasted.

 The product should always reflect its value.

 If there are any additions that don’t show any value to the customer those additions must be removed as waste.

 Integrating the process and team:

 The team and workers and there process must be integrated to give the value to the customer efficiently.

 Concern on quality:

 Quality means reducing the waste to give the best product.

 Mostly customers are dissatisfied regarding the quality of the final product.

 Design, materials, each and everything should reflect its quality to the customer.

 Best products must be used according to the paid amount of the customer.

 When selecting materials, best materials must be selected according to the budget, we should always let the client know

what the best is, and if he is trying to go for cheaper products we should stop it.

 Same thing happens when selecting the contractor, always the best and experienced contractor must be appointed rather than

going for the low cost one.

 Paying a considerably high amount would increase the quality and durability while going for a cheaper product maybe very

disadvantageous for the quality of the finishing fend product.

23
  commitment to people:

 This also includes the decent site conditions, and fair wages paid to the workers, and caring about the health and safety of

workers.

 Use highly trained and committed supervisors, and managers.

 A manageable budget must be finalized.

 And the project must be finished on time.

 If the promised time is not enough and the work drags furthermore the client will be dissatisfied, so it’s very important to manage the

time, and use sufficient labors according to the project size to finish it on time up to client expectation.

 To solve technical problems, select trained labors, if trained labors are not available train few labors for the needed work purpose.

 Clear all the legal issues before starting the project.

 All the legal documents must be cleared and they should be ready to be used if needed in future.

 Assign a health and safety officer if needed, and always keep records on the accidents.

5.2 Based on the hazard assessment carried out at British College of Applied studies, you are required to propose a detailed Health and
Safety Plan for BCAS buildings.

 Before starting the plans of solutions for the hazards that were found we must identify :

 What is needed to be achieved

 How we will ensure that the students, lecturers, visitors and others are kept healthy and safe at BCAS.

 Whether what we are suggesting is enough or need to do more to prevent that harm.

 How to improve the safety conditions.

 How to manage health and safety.

 How to see whether what is now decided would be accurate.

Health and safety plan:

 Starting from the premises of the mount campus, we must assign a security guard to look after the outside happening of the campus.
 Then the parking of vehicles must be properly designed, and we must have an accurate car park, we must consider about the student
playing area while making arrangements for the car park it shouldn’t disturb the students or damage the vehicles.
 Assign a team to clean the areas which are neglected, ex: the portion where the mango trees are there, if that place becomes dirty day
by day it will lead to the spreading of dengue etc.
 Fix all the broken edges of the stairs.
 Place fire extinguishers, and maintain them.
 Place danger boards where there is a risk of falling.
 Replace the broken glasses with new glasses.
 Repair all the damages which were noted during the risk assessment, make a budget for it.

24
  Repair all the improper wirings; assign an experienced mechanic/ electrician for this purpose.
 Fix all the wires, tighten them.
 Remove all the unnecessary objects from the walk way, instead of stones and stuff we can suggest use of magnets.
 Inform the minor staff to always keep the paths free after working.
 Remove all the broken chair and tables, replace them with new ones. If they can be reused repair them properly and make them
suitable for use.
 Assign and give the minor staff a proper time table or duty list so that everything will be clean, like mopping stairs cleaning
classrooms etc.
 Repair or fix the broken roofing’s.
 Use drills for the upper floor windows as they are too large there is a risk of falling, or keep the windows locked.
 Assign the minor staff to clean the washroom area after each 3 hours at least.
 Use proper pipe lines, fix the broken or leaking pipe lines, do a regular checkup in every 3-4 months, assign a trained plumber.
 If the tiles are slippery avoid too much of mopping or by the time replace the tiles.
 Ask the workers to clean the filters daily.
 Cover all the sharp edges with rubber.
 Ask the management to buy a generator.
Make a handbook regarding the health and safety issues, keep recordings of the issues and the repairs, and update it time to time.
Conduct risk assessments continuously.
Give detailed information to the staff and students about the health and safety issues and plans and the precautions.

Reference:

 Haywardbaker.com. (2016). Hayward Baker - Geotechnical Construction Engineering Solutions for Engineers & Contractors. [online]
Available at: http://www.haywardbaker.com [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Articles, O., Articles, O., Buildings, R., Friction), F., Types, E., Fireproofing, S., Equipment, R., Architects, H., Architects, T.,
Commissioning, G., Exam, H. and Scale, F. (2016). The architect's technical resource - archtoolbox.com. [online] archtoolbox.com.
Available at: http://www.archtoolbox.com [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 CivilBlog.Org. (2016). CivilBlog.Org. [online] Available at: http://civilblog.org [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: http://snowbutterfkygreen.blogspot.com [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Agency.govermentjobs.com. (2016). govermentjobs.com. [online] Available at: http://agency.govermentjobs.com [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Designingbuildings.co.uk. (2016). Designing Buildings Wiki. [online] Available at: http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk [Accessed 31
Mar. 2016].
 Groundwatereng.com. (2016). Groundwater Engineering | Dewatering & Groundwater Control. [online] Available at:
http://www.groundwatereng.com [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Wikipedia. (2016). Main Page. [online] Available at: https://en.m.wikipedia.org [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Northeast Consulting, I. (2016). SmartDitch | Lining Systems | Drainage Systems | Ditch Lining Systems. [online] Smartditch.com.
Available at: http://www.smartditch.com [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].

25
 Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: 1.
https://www.google.lk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiEwNLtuNbLAhUUvo4K
HRMVBX0QjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deere.com%2Fen_US%2Fproducts%2Fequipment%2Fbackhoe_loaders%2Fbackhoe
_loaders.page&bvm=bv.117218890,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNGMzUwsjQ3zWNYM262EwyvJWoAkQw&ust=1458809991966245 [Accessed
31 Mar. 2016].
 Asekeen, s., Asekeen, s., Asekeen, s. and Ibtesam, M. (2016). Know the Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity. [online] Civil
Engineering Basic. Available at: http://www.civilengineeringbasic.com [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 http://www.gwttllc.com/103-services/construction-dewatering/362-sumps-drains-and-open-pumping. (2016). [image].
 http://www.lbcivils.co.uk/_resources/images/lb_marine_projects/lb_marine_061.jpg
 Civilengineeringbasic.com. (2016). [online] Available at: http://civilengineeringbasic.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/ase118-
1728x800_c.jpg [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Skylinesteel.com. (2016). Caissons | skylinesteel.com. [online] Available at: http://www.skylinesteel.com/globalnav/products/pipe/caissons
[Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Concrete Construction. (1963). Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles. [online] Available at: http://www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete-
articles/cast-in-place-concrete-piles.aspx [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Fast-form formwork hire. (2016). sheet pile capping beam system for hire. [online] Available at:
http://www.fastformsystems.com/index.php/sheet-pile-capping-beam/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Civil Engineering. (2016). Setting Out Sewers. [online] Available at: http://www.qs4freshers.com/setting-out-sewers.html [Accessed 31
Mar. 2016].
 Macegroup.com. (2016). CDM 2015 - what’s changing and what you need to know | Mace. [online] Available at:
http://www.macegroup.com/media-centre/thinking/cdm-2015-what-s-changing-and-what-you-need-to-know [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Hse.gov.uk. (2016). Construction - Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015. [online] Available at:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/cdm/2015/index.htm [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Wolfe, R., Pritchard, B. and Edmondson, R. (2016). Principles of Constructing Excellence and Rethinking Construction - Constructing
Excellence. [online] Constructing Excellence. Available at: http://constructingexcellence.org.uk/about/principles-of-constructing-
excellence-and-rethinking-construction/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Anon, (2016). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/meetings/iacs/coniac/200706/m220061a3.pdf [Accessed 31
Mar. 2016].
 Anon, (2016). [image] Available at: https://www.deere.com/en_US/products/equipment/backhoe_loaders/backhoe_loaders.page [Accessed
31 Mar. 2016].
 Anon, (2016). [image] Available at: http://million-base.com/machineries/infrastructure-machinery-7/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Wikipedia. (2016). Dump truck. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Newmodellersshop.co.uk. (2016). DG225006 - Corgi Ruston Bucyrus 19 LNER Skimmer - New Modellers Shop. [online] Available at:
http://www.newmodellersshop.co.uk/corgi/dg225006_ruston_bucyrus_19_lner_skimmer.htm [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 Anon, (2016). [image] Available at:
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcThFLR2RFSjC3EJyWJUvTQ1dGmMY1E0M1Tlb0Gm6klp55xTg0U8Vw [Accessed 31 Mar.
2016].
 Anon, (2016). [image] Available at: http://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/falsework-building-3d-max/723010 [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 TheFreeDictionary.com. (2016). concrete form. [online] Available at: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/concrete+form [Accessed
31 Mar. 2016].
 Vishwakarma, A. (2015). FOR COLUMN REINFORCEMENTS, WHY IS HELICAL REINFORCEMENT SOMETIMES DESIGNED
INSTEAD OF NORMAL LINKS?. [online] Civil Engineering Daily. Available at:
https://civilengineeringdaily.wordpress.com/2015/02/17/for-column-reinforcements-why-is-helical-reinforcement-sometimes-designed-

26
 instead-of-normal-links/ [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016].
 http://www.nra.co.za/content/Chapter_6.pdf
 Power to choose HQ. (2004). Home construction Part 2 (Concrete) [online] Available at: http://www.powertochoosehq.com/concrete

27
28