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EAR
M.Rogha M.D
Isfahan university of medical sciences
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE EAR
VIII
Outer Middle Inner
Cranial Brain
Ear Ear Ear
Nerve
External ear, Auris externa
Auricula
Meatus acusticus externus
Middle ear, Auris media
Cavitas tympani
Membrana tympanica
Ossicula auditus
Tuba auditiva
Inner ear, Auris interna
Labyrinthus membranaceus
- Labyrinthus vestibularis
- Labyrinthus cochlearis
Labyrinthus osseus
- Vestibulum
- Canales semicirculares ossei
- Cochlea
- Meatus acusticus internus
OUTER EAR
Pinna
Preauricular Tags
External
Function
Auditory
EAM resonance
Meatus
FUNCTION OF OUTER EAR
• Collects sound
• Localization
• Resonator
• Protection
PINNA
• The visible portion that is
commonly referred to as "the
ear"
• Helps localize sound sources
• Directs sound into the ear
• Each individual's pinna
creates a distinctive imprint
on the acoustic wave traveling
into the auditory canal
EXTERNAL AUDITORY
MEATUS
• Extends from the pinna to the tympanic
membrane
• About 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter in adult
ear.
• Size and shape vary among individuals.
• Protects the eardrum
• Resonator
• Provides about 10 decibels (dB) of gain to the eardrum
at around 3,300 Hertz (Hz).
• The net effect of the head, pinna, and ear canal is
that sounds in the 2,000 to 4,000 Hz region are
amplified by 10 to 15 dB.
• Sensitivity to sounds greatest in this frequency region
• Noises in this range are the most hazardous to hearing
OUTER EAR
Tympanic Cavity
Tympanic Membrane
Ossicles
Middle Ear Muscles
Eustachian Tube
Mastoid
FUNCTION OF MIDDLE EAR
• Conduction
• Conduct sound from the outer ear to the inner ear
• Protection
• Creates a barrier that protects the middle and inner areas
from foreign objects
• Middle ear muscles may provide protection from loud
sounds
• Transducer
• Converts acoustic energy to mechanical energy
• Converts mechanical energy to hydraulic energy
• Amplifier
• Transformer action of the middle ear
• only about 1/1000 of the acoustic energy in air would be
transmitted to the inner-ear fluids (about 30 dB hearing loss)
Tympanic cavity
• Volume – 1.5 ml
• Form – flatten drum
• Structure – six walls:
- Lateral
- Medial
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Superior
- Inferior
Lateral wall
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
• Separates outer ear from middle ear
• Barrier from foreign objects
• Cone-shaped in appearance
• about 17.5 mm in diameter
Two parts:
Pars flaccida – upper, thin, loose
Pars tensa – lower, tense
Three layers:
1. Outer, cutaneous – continuation of
the canal skin. No hairs and glands.
2. Middle, fibrous – elastic fibers.
3. Inner, mucous – tympanic cavity
lining
MEDIAL WALL, PARIES LABYRINTHICUS
Most complex.
On this wall are distinguished:
-fenestra vestibuli
-fenestra cochleae
-promontorium
-prominentia canalis semicircularis
lateralis
- prominentia canalis facialis
Two openings:
•ostium pharyngeum tubae
•ostium tympanicum tubae.
Two parts:
•bony
•cartilagenous
Function:
• Equalizes pressure on both sides of
tympanic membrane for optimal hearing.
OSSICLES
• Malleus
(hammer)
• Incus
(anvil)
• Stapes
(stirrup)
smallest bone
of the body
INNER EAR
Vestibular
semicircular canals
utricle and saccule
Auditory Cochlear
traveling wave
traveling wave
traveling wave
Vestibular pathologies
INNER EAR
Two compartments:
(а) Bony labyrinth and
(b) Membraneous labyrinth.
Bony labyrinth:
complex cavity in dense bone
(pars petrosa)
Parts of the bony labyrinth:
a.Vestibulum.
b. Semicircular canals.
c.Cochlea.
Bony labyrinth.
Labyrinthus osseus
a. Fenestra vestibuli.
b. Fenestra cochleae.
c. Openings (5) of the semicircular canals
d. Aqueductus vestibuli
SEMICIRCULAR
CANALS
• Converts mechanical
sound waves to neural
impulses that can be
recognized by the brain
for:
• Hearing
• Balance
Membraneous labyrinth.
Labyrinthus membranaceus
Composed of :
• Two bags - sacculus et utriculus
• Three ductus semicirculares
• One ductus endolymphaticus.
Cristra ampullaris
BALANCE
• Linear motion
• Rotary motion
Sensory cells
(Epitheliocytus
pilosus)
Macula utriculi
(sacculi)
Otoliths. Statoconia
Static balance