USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

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Concrete admixture is defined as the material other than the aggregate, water and cement added to the concrete.
The use of suitable admixture can result in the enhancement the performance of concrete.

1. Crystalline Waterproofing from PENETRON

Once inside the concrete, PENETRON ADMIX reduces concrete
permeability by permanently sealing microcracks, pores and
capillaries and effectively protecting the concrete against water
penetration and the effects of deterioration, even under high
hydrostatic pressure. PENETRON ADMIX provides projects with
self-healing concrete with the ability to reseal cracks that develop
during the lifetime of the concrete. The strength, slump or setting
time of the concrete are never affected.

PENETRON ADMIX is compatible with all commonly used

workability admixtures (e.g. superplasticizers, retarders) and mix
design formulations (trial mixes are recommended prior to casting).

DOSAGE RATE: 0.8-1.0% by weight of cement. Consult with

Penetron’s Technical Department for assistance in verifying the appropriate dosage rate and for further information
regarding enhanced chemical resistance and optimum concrete performance for your project.
MIXING: PENETRON ADMIX® must be added to the concrete at the time of batching.
PACKAGING: PENETRON ADMIX® is available in 40lbs (18 kg) bags, 55lbs (25 kg) pails, and 6.6lb (3 kg) soluble
bags. For large projects, customized packaging is available.

2. RHEOMIX® 205
(Formerly Rheomix 400A1)

Rheomix 205 is a high range water reducing dispersible powder admixture. It contains a sulphonated polymer and is
especially formulated to impart rheoplastic qualities to concrete and masonry
cement. Rheomix 205 disperses and deflocculates cement particles thereby
increasing the workability and flowability of the concrete mixes.
DOSAGE RATE: Dosage depends upon the mix design, the ambient condition and
the degree of the water reduction and workability required. Typical dosage used is
300-400 grams per 100kg of the weight of the cement. Text mixes should be carried
out to determine optimum dosage.
MIXING: Rheomix 205 can be added with other admixtures provided theses are
added separately to the mix.
PACKAGING: Rheomix 205 is available in 25kg bag and 120g pack.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

3. ADDMIX ULTRA
Concrete Fortifer
Addmix Ultra is a ready-to-use powder admixture comprising of Hi-Grade Super
Plasticizer specially designed to impart high range water reduction, better
workability, and accelerated strength development to cement-based mixtures
intended for concrete structures. It does not contain chloride.

Addmix Ultra is a high range water reduction admixture. It is compatible with any
set retarders air entraining agents approved under ASTM specifications whenever
extended workability is desired. However, trial mixes is necessary since not only the
temperature, but also the type of cement, the nature of aggregate and the method of
mixing, affects the overall performance. It is recommended that the method to be used
for curing, particularly in dry climates, is adequately provided for (curing agents).

DOSAGE: Addmix Ultra is normally dispensed at a rate of 1 sachet for every bag of
cement. Other dosages may also be used depending on the specific working
conditions.
PACKAGING: AddMix Ultra is available in 150g sachet. One box contains 50 sachets.

4. SIKA® RETARDER
Set Retarding Concrete Admixture
Sika Retarder is a highly efficient set‐retarding admixture

Sika Retarder is used as a retarding admixture in structural and mass

concrete where a controlled extension of setting time is required, such as:
✓ Large volume pours
✓ Avoidance of cold joints
✓ Construction joints without formwork
✓ Long hauls
✓ Difficult placing conditions
✓ Elevated temperatures
✓ Re‐vibrated concrete

CONSUMPTION / DOSAGE: 0.3 – 3.0% by weight of binder (300 – 3,000ml for

100 kg binder). The retardation rate achieved is directly dependant on the dosage
rate which in turn is influenced by quality of cement, aggregates, w/b ratio and
temperatures.
MIXING: Preferably add Sika Retarder into the concrete after the cement, water
and other components have been mixed and wettened. Do not pour Sika Retarder
onto dry cement.
PACKAGING: Sika® Retarder is available in 20 litre and 200 litre non‐returnable
drums and bulk delivery

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

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I. METAL FORMS
Metal Forms consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small steel angles. The panel
units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large
number in any desired modular shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large
number reuses of the shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or curved
structures.

A. BEAMS
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads
applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection
is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam
result in reaction forces at the beam's support points.

Beam formwork consists of open through section and

because it is not closed at the top requires more supporting
framework to restrain the sides.

The supports need to be maintained to the soffit and also

provide lateral support to the sides. Metal panels are used
with corner pieces.

INSTALLATION
Formwork for beams consists of a bottom and two sides (open through section) in addition to their supporting
elements. The bottom is typically made of ply wood or lumber sheathing. The bottom is supported by and fastened
to horizontal joists. Beam sides are also made of plywood or lumber sheathing.

The supports need to be maintained to the soffit and also

provide lateral support to the sides. In timber this is done by the
use of a head tree across the top of a vertical member. Metal
panels are used with corner pieces, but timber head trees are
needed for vertical support.

Once the bottom of the beam form is constructed and leveled,

one side of the beam is erected first with holes drilled into it for installing the tie rods. Tie rods are steel rods that hold
the two sides of the beam together. After the first side of the beam form is erected, the reinforcement is placed inside the
beam and then the other side of the beam is erected. Tie rods are then inserted into all holes and the wales on both sides
of the beam. The tie rods’ function is to resist the horizontal pressure resulting from the freshly placed concrete and thus
keep the sides of the beams in their proper location. Tie rods are fastened to the sides of the beam and also to vertical
wales and clamps.

To further support the two sides of the beam and hold them together, additional temporary spreaders are fastened at the
top of the beam sides at regular distances. Temporary spreaders may be made from wood or steel.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

B. COLUMNS
Column Formwork is to be designed to be able to accommodate
relatively high fresh concrete pressures as comparatively small
cross-sections are concreted quickly. Therefore, the joints in
particular are to be formed very carefully and tightly sealed.

Column formwork is comprised of panel formwork elements or

based on individual formwork girders; steel formwork is also
available.

The quick and easy adjustment of the cross-section and height with
minimum effort and the least possible number of system
components is an important criterion for the cost-effectiveness of a
column formwork system. In addition, columns with the same
cross-sections are frequently required to be constructed in large
numbers so that the systems need to be quickly transported to the
next place of use without any assembly effort. Furthermore, system
solutions have been developed with which the high demands
frequently placed on concrete surfaces, evenness or the sharp edges
of corners can be fulfilled

C. WALLS
Wall formwork is a simpler than for
other concrete units as the actual forces
against it are less, most of the load being
carried vertically downwards. The
panels at both sides are held in position
by ties. Ties are also used as spacer,
arranging wall thickness. Wall support
systems are usually sloping props at
satisfactory intervals.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

D. SLAB
Slab Formwork is essentially consists of a horizontal load-bearing structure which supports the form lining
and transfers the forces into the shoring. For girder slab formwork, wooden or aluminum girders are
crosswise- mounted and covered with form lining of choice. This construction allows easy adjustment to
accommodate different loads and ground plan geometries. Large-sized slab tables are prefabricated
based on the same principle and then delivered to the construction site. After use, the slab tables are
transported below the slab to a position which can be reached with the crane and, from there, moved to
the new concreting section.
Tables provide a very high level of
safety in particular at the slab
edges, and ensure very fast
shuttering times for large-sized
areas.

Steel deck is a cold formed

corrugated steel sheet supported by
steel joists or beams. It is used to
support concrete or insulating
membrane of a roof. It was developed
to provide a structurally efficient
product for use in roof and floor
systems.

II. METAL SCAFFOLDS

A. GI PIPES & CLAMPS
Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes are manufactured using mild steel strips of Low Carbon Steel Coils. The strips are passed
through a series of fin rolls to give them a circular shape. The slit ends of the strips are then welded together by
continuously passing high frequency electric current across the edges. The welded steel pipes are then passed through
sizing sections where any dimensional deviations are corrected. The pipes
are then cut into desired lengths by automatic cutting machines. The tubes
are then pressure tested for any leaks randomly. The galvanization and
varnishing of pipes are done as
per specific requirements.

A pipe clamp is a type of clamp

often employed in
woodworking, piping or
cabinet shops. When referring
to woodwork or cabinet shops,
pipe clamps are usually
composed of commercially
manufactured clamp heads or "jaws" and a length of common threaded
pipe. The capacity of the clamp is determined by the length of the pipe
used. When referring to piping, pipe clamps are used to connect the pipe
to the pipe hanger assembly.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

B. H-FRAMES
H-Frames consists of rigid welded frames of two verticals and two horizontals. The frames are interconnected by
scissor cross braces in all bays or alternate bays (for top 20 Meters) of scaffolding through pins welded on frames
and locked in position by spring clips. Cross Braces supplied in sizes to suit frame spacing’s of 3.25,2, 1.5, & 1 M
Other sizes supplied on request.

Another of our rapid-assembly Scaffolds, the 'H' Frame & 'U' Frame scaffold offers speed and convenience of
operation during assembly and dismantling. H' Frame Scaffold Units and heavy duty 6 ft. high units double braced
Verticals with sockets available in 4 ft. Spacing. Very convenient up to 90 ft., light workmen's load and with proper
tying to loos-bearing Porting of building.

C. OTHERS (ALUMINUM)
Aluminum stems from have lighted weight which reduces handling costs and offsets its higher initial material cost.
When compared to steel panels, aluminum panels used for ganged forms weight approximately 50% less. The major
problem with aluminum forms is corrosion: Pure aluminum is attacked chemically by wet concrete. Aluminum alloys
have proven to be very successful in resisting corrosion.

Support trusses fabricated with aluminum alloys have been effectively used for flying forms. These forms are
lightweight and allow large lengths of deck forms to be moved easily. Cast aluminum alloy molds have also been
used successfully to form ornamental concrete products. Aluminum wall forms have also been used to produce
textures on the surfaces of concrete walls.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

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Plastic Formworks is manufactured from
specific grade plastic that neither placed
materials adhered to it nor chemical reactions
occur between poured materials and the plastic
form and consequently there will be no any
patch on the surface of reinforced concrete
element.

Water or freshly placed concrete leakages from

different parts of the form is avoided because of
the perfect fitness of various parts of the system.
Added to that, it is most labor friendly system
because not only does it fit and plugged easily
but also it is considerably light weight compare with other types of formwork systems.

Nailing and oiling plates are not required prior to concreting because of auto
leveling of plugging system that make plates level automatically and
consequently it takes about 30% lesser time during installing and dismantling
compare with conventional form systems.

Additionally, after its utilization, the plastic forms can be cleaned with water
easily and if it breaks due to bad handling, low voltage hot air gun is used to
seal it.
Other formwork materials such as wood, steel, aluminum produce various
disadvantages which might outweigh their benefits. For example, the
application of wood is considerably costly and create substantial environmental
impacts due to deforestation.

With regard to aluminum formworks, it can be employed many times but its high cost makes it as not very suitable option
to use. In contrary, plastic forms can be recycled and it is environmentally friendly in addition to reduce handling time
and great reusability index.

UNIVERSAL FORMWORK FOR

COLUMNS
Geopanel Star is an adjustable
formwork for square and rectangular
columns. The Geopanel Star system
can be used to form columns from 200
– 1000mm wide in 105 different size
combinations. The high strength of the
Geopanel Star system allows fast pour
rates for efficient concrete placement

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A. ALUM T-RUNNERS WALL ANGLES (WITH ACOUSTICAL BOARDS AS CEILING)
B. FURRING, DOUBLE FURRING, CARRYING CHANNEL

An acoustic board is a special kind of board made of sound absorbing materials. Its job is to provide
sound insulation. Between two outer walls sound absorbing material is inserted and the wall is porous.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

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Perforated metal, also known as perforated
sheet, perforated plate, or perforated screen,
is sheet metal that has been manually or
mechanically stamped or punched to create
a pattern of holes, slots, or decorative
shapes. Materials used to manufacture
perforated metal sheets include stainless
steel, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel,
brass, aluminum, tinplate, copper, Monel,
Inconel, titanium, plastic, and more.

USG Boral ME offers wide range of high

quality powder coated Aluminium alloy and
metal ceiling panels with unlimited design
possibilities to increase the aesthetic and
functional value of your interiors for
application ranging from banks to corporate
offices, airport to shopping malls.

These metal ceiling tiles are manufactured using high-grade metal, which is obtained from trusted vendors of the market.
The products offered by us are widely demanded in the market for their non-corrosive nature and durability. We are able
to offer the Perforated Metal Ceiling Tile in various sizes of 600 mm x 600 mm or 600 mm x 1200 mm

This Durasteel composite membrane plenum ceiling may be constructed as a self-supporting membrane for areas up 3m
x 2m (maximum span 3m); or as a suspended ceiling system with hangers coincident with the longitudinal framing
channels at 1500mm centres. Promatect -250 panels, fitted to underside of the Durasteel ceiling, contribute to the fire
insulation performance of the system, and also provide a fair face to the ceiling.

Self-Supporting Ceiling Option: Weight (nominal) 37kg/m2

The maximum area as a self-supporting ceiling (supported on all four edges) is 3m x 2m.
Perimeter framing (1) of 80mm x 60mm x 3mm CRC is fastened to surrounding construction with M10 or M12 all-steel
expanding anchors (or equivalent for alternative types of supporting construction), at 500mm maximum centres.
Supporting channels (2) in 80mm x 60mm x 3mm CRC at 1200mm maximum centres are either welded to the perimeter
framing or joined using 120 x 60 x 3mm angled cleats fastened to each channel member with two M10 steel bolts and
nuts. Transverse 80mm x 60mm x 3mm CRC (3) are installed coincident with the Durasteel end of board joints.
9.5mm Durasteel (4) is fastened to the underside of the framing using 38mm TEK screws fixed at 200mm centres.
MF5 ceiling sections (5) are installed perpendicular to the Durasteel framing at 625mm centres, with MF6 (6) channel at
the ceiling perimeter fastened to the walls. The MF5 grid system is fastened to the CRC framework through the Durasteel
panels, and to the underside of Durasteel ceiling using 38mm TEK screws at 400mm centres.
A 15mm Promatect -250 ceiling lining (7) is fastened to the MF grid system using 32mm Drywall screws at 200mm
centres. (Screws are to be inserted 15mm from the board edge, and 40mm from the corner of the board).

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

Note: Promatect -250 boards are

installed parallel to the
Durasteel panels (and at right
angles to the MF5 ceiling
sections), but with staggered
joints in both directions between
layers.
100mm wide Promatect -250
cover strips (8) are fastened
behind the transverse joints
between the MF5 sections of the
Promatect -250 boards, using
32mm drywall screws at
nominal 250mm centres, with
the screws at 25mm from edge
of the board, and 50mm from
ends of the cover strips.
Suspended Ceiling Option: Weight (nominal): 37kg/m2
Perimeter framing of 80mm x 60mm x 3mm CRC (1) is fastened to surrounding construction with M10 or M12 all-steel
expanding anchors (or equivalent for alternative types of supporting construction) at 500mm maximum centres.
Primary channels of 80mm x 60mm x 3mm CRC (2) at 1200mm maximum centres fastened to the perimeter and
suspended from the building structure above the ceiling membrane using steel drop rods at maximum 1.5m centres. The
threaded rods pass through clearance holes in the upper flange of the channels, and are fastened with steel hexagon full
nuts.
The diameter of the hanger rods are such sized so that the tensile stress within the rods does not exceed 6N/mm2.
An expansion allowance of at least 6mm per metre is required for primary channels longer than 4m.
Where an expansion allowance is provided within the primary channels, steel jointing channels (minimum 50mm flanges
x 3mm thick) are fastened to the primary channels with M10 steel bolts and nuts. The width of the jointing channel (web
dimensions) should be such that it is a close fit within the primary channels.
On one side of the expansion gap the primary and jointing channels are connected with minimum two M10 bolts. On the
opposite side the channels are connected, through slotted holes, with minimum two M10 bolts fitted with fusible washers.
Transverse 80mm x 60mm x 3mm CRC (3) are cleated between the primary channels, coincident with the Durasteel
board ends.
9.5mm Durasteel (4) is fastened to the underside of the framing using 38mm TEK screws fixed at 200mm centres.
MF5 ceiling sections (5) are installed perpendicular to the Durasteel framing at 625mm centres, with MF6 (6) channel at
the ceiling perimeter fastened to the walls. The MF5 grid system is fastened to the CRC framework through the Durasteel
panels, and to the underside of Durasteel ceiling using 38mm TEK screws at 400mm centres.
A 15mm Promatect -250 ceiling lining (7) is fastened to the MF grid system using 32mm Drywall screws at 200mm
centres. (Screws are to be inserted 15mm from the board edge, and 40mm from the corner of the board).
Note: Promatect -250 boards are installed parallel to the Durasteel panels (and at right angles to the MF5 ceiling sections),
but with staggered joints in both directions between layers. 100mm wide Promatect -250 cover strips (8) are fastened
behind the transverse joints between the MF5 sections of the Promatect -250 boards, using 32mm drywall screws at
nominal 250mm centres, with the screws at 25mm from edge of the board, and 50mm from ends of the cover strips.
Since drop-rods support the ceiling, the length and width of ceiling membrane is unrestricted.

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A. METAL WALLS
The Metal Wall is a strong wall that provides structure to a building
and encloses an area.

COMMERCIAL SIZES
12" X 24" 18" x 24"
12" X 36" 18" x 36"
12" X 48" 18" x 48"
12" X 60" 18" x 60"
12" X 72" 30" Long x 12" Deep

INSTALLATION
First, using tin snips, cut the panels to fit around any obstacles on the wall. Then, use an adhesive to secure the metal
wall panels to the wall. Be sure to use an adhesive that will adhere to the metal panels and to the wall surface where the
panels are to be mounted. Panels are be installed over a solid substrate covered with an appropriate water and air barrier
system. Installation methods include clip & seal, rout & return, dry seal, and 1-piece, tight-fit molding.

B. FIBER CEMENT WOOD & BOARDS RECOMMENDED APPLICATION TABLE

Smooth and durable Hardiflex® building boards are a

tough, flexible building product, unsurpassed for
economy, versality and ease of working. They are
ideal for many general building purposes and can be
used to clad walls, ceilings, eaves and gable ends.

Fibre Reinforced Cement products are a mixture of:

✓ Cellulose fibre, from plantation-grown
Radiata Pine trees
✓ Portland Cement
✓ Sand
✓ Water
✓ Small amounts of other chemical additives
are used to help the process, or provide
products with particular characteristics.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

C. ALUMINUM CLADDING
Aluwedo provides an exceptional level of flatness together with
high corrosion resistance and has very low coefficient of expansion
Material is easy to fabricate due to it is lightness, rigidity and shock
resistance properties Aluwedo offers excellent mechanical
properties and is lighter than steel and solid aluminum panels.

Aluwedo weight is 3.4 times less than steel and 1.6 times less than
aluminum for equal rigidity.

Available in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6mm thick, it comprises 0.1 to 0.6mm

colored aluminum sheets with polyethylene core

Applications:
✓ Constructional exterior curtain walls ✓ Advertisement board, display
✓ Decorative renovation for storey- platforms and signboards
added old buildings ✓ Wallboard and ceilings for tunnels
✓ Indoors decoration for interior walls, ✓ Raw materials in industrial purpose
ceilings, bathrooms, kitchens and ✓ Materials used for vehicle and boat
balconies ✓ Packing: wooden pallets fumigated

INSTALLATION
Like every other material, square cladding panels are subject to physical laws. Depending on the climatic influences on
the material, changes in dimension may occur. However, these will have no negative consequences as long as these
handling and installation instructions are followed. The sections below present a detailed description of the most typical
fastening methods: In principle, it is true for all fastening types that a building authority approval and a stability
verification are required for building heights of 8 m and higher.

The starting point for determining the execution details lies in the applicable construction laws, taking into consideration
the location, height, type and use of the structure and the type of cladding application. In particular, buildings taller than
8 m must comply with the provisions regarding fire protection and stability. Generally, the structural engineer
individually specifies the fastening distances required for the structure.

The live loads according to DIN 1055 and the permissible forces according to the approvals must be taken into account
here. The pertinent standards and factory specifications, such as those of the company supplying the framework or
fastening materials, must be complied with as agreed between the customer and the installation company.

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Laminate flooring (also called floating wood tile in the United States) is
a multi-layer synthetic flooring product fused together with
a lamination process. Laminate flooring simulates wood (or
sometimes stone) with a photographic applique layer under a clear
protective layer. The inner core layer is usually composed of melamine
resin and fiber board materials.

LAMINATED WOOD FLOORS INSTALLATION

1. Remove Tongue
Inspect each plank before beginning installation. For the first row along straight walls, remove the tongue on all long
side joints and the short side of the first plank using a table saw.
2. Trace and Cut
For uneven walls, trace contour with a compass on the tongue side of the plank, and cut with a jigsaw.
3. Assemble First Row
Assemble the first row with tongue side way from the wall. Insert the end tongue into the end groove and rotate
downward to assemble. Keep planks aligned and joints closed.
4. Provide Space for Expansion
Provide a 3/8” space for expansion on all sides using wooden spacers. Note: Two spacers, thick-side to thick-side,
are 3/8”.
5. Cut for New Rows
Cut the first piece at least 8” long using a table saw. Start new rows using pieces trimmed from the previous row,
ensuring at least a 12” end joint offset.
6. Assemble Second Row PRO TIP: To keep installed
Insert the tongue of the second-row plank into the groove of the first-row plank at a planks in place during
slight angle until the laminate edges meet. Next, rotate down until the joints lock installation, place the box of
(Image 1). For the next plank, join the short end of the plank first (Image 2). You will planks flush against the end
of the row you're installing.
see a gap on the long-side joints when the plank is rotated down. Raise the outside
edge of the plank upward approximately 1”. Keep this angle as you push the plank in until the laminate edges meet.
Rotate downward on the plank until the joint locks (Image 3). Repeat previous steps to complete installation.
7. Try This Alternative Method
Align tongues into the grooves of the long and short sides of the planks. Install the long side PRO TIP: Using
first by placing a tapping block no closer than 8” from either end. Tap lightly along the long excessive force may
side until the joint is closed tightly (Image 1). Next, tap the end using the tapping block into damage the joint.
a locked position.
8. Check for Gap
Use a tape measure to ensure there is a 3/8” gap (after the joint is closed) from the wall to allow for expansion.
9. Install Last Row
Align the plank you'll connect to the second to last row. Using a full-width plank as a spacer, trace the contour of the
wall, and cut the plank to size. Install the long side tongue into the groove with the end joint aligned. Work evenly
along the length of the plank, and lightly tap the joint closed using a pull bar and rubber mallet. After tapping the
long side joint closed, tap the short side closed using a tapping block or pull bar. Remove all spacers.
10. Apply Sealant
Apply a flexible, 100-percent silicone sealant to the entire perimeter to create a watertight seal.

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Common actual laminate flooring sizes chart

1 W – actual width of laminate flooring in inches (imperial units) with conversion to metric characteristics (centimeters).
2 L – typical length of laminate flooring in inches and centimeters.
3 THK – thickness of laminate planks or tiles in inches and millimeters.
4 S – coverage area by single laminate wood plank or laminated tile in square feet and square meters.
5 N – number of laminate flooring planks or tiles necessary to purchase for an average size 10 x 12 (120 Sq. Ft.) bedroom. Parameter N includes

10% waste factor. Amount of laminate flooring to buy greatly depends on type of a product, room layout and installation method. Square footage
of laminate planks and tiles which has to be purchased can be estimated with a high accuracy only after in home measurements

How heavy is laminate flooring plank or tile?

Weight of laminate flooring planks significantly vary and mainly depend on plank size and thickness. For example, 3-
strip 7 mm thick, 7-1/2 in. x 47-1/4 in. laminate flooring plank with no attached underlayment weight approximately 3.2
lbs. (1.5 kg) or 8-planks case weight about 26 lbs. (11.8 kg) plus weight of a box.

Underlayment factor
Some laminate flooring sold with 2 mm. thick attached foam underlayment which helps to reduce noise and have
excellent shock absorption properties. If laminate planks or tiles manufactured without underlayment it has to be
purchased separately and installed over wood or concrete subfloor prior to laying flooring. Very inexpensive 25 Ft. x 4
Ft. polyethylene foam rolls which cover 100 Sq. Ft. each can be bought from the shelf of a local flooring retailor. Premium
0.125 in. thick underlayment with STC (sound transmission class) equal or higher than 65 and impact insulation class
(IIC) equal or higher than 68 or 0.25 in. cork are great solutions for reducing noise transmission and provides moisture
barrier in multileveled buildings.

Number of laminate planks in carton

Each carton or box might consist anywhere between 6 and 12 laminate planks or tiles. There is no certain number can be
defined because each manufacturer organizes flooring for shipment differently.

Nominal vs actual dimensions

With all variety of flooring products available on the market it is nearly impossible to cover all possible exact sizes of
planks and tiles and nominal dimensions often used for defining width and length of laminate flooring. For example, 48
inches long, what is very common nominal length of laminate flooring plank, might have 47-3/4, 47-7/8 or 48-1/8 precise
length.

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
Cornice is a projecting moulding located where the ceiling and wall meet; in classical architecture, the
projecting top of an entablature; any projecting, ornamental moulding along the top of a wall, arch, etc. that
finishes or “crowns” it; from the Latin corona.

CHOOSE A MOUNT TYPE: INSIDE MOUNT OR OUTSIDE MOUNT

For an Outside Mount Wood Cornice ordered

separately (without a blind or shade):
1. Measure Cornice Width: Measure width to
be covered. Maximum width is 366". Make
sure that you have enough space on all sides
of your walls to mount your Cornice.

2. Measure for Clearance: Add additional

space for clearance for under treatments (i.e.
drapery), mounting brackets and operating
controls. Note: Cornice profile sizes vary by
style.

3. Measure Cornice Return Length: Measure

the distance your cornice will extend from the
mounting surface and record measurement as
your special return length.

INSTALLATION INFORMATION
1. Sand the top of the wall where the
cornice will be mounted with 120-grit
sandpaper. While not absolutely
necessary, the 'roughing-up' cleans the
wall and ensures a firm bonding when
the adhesive is applied.

2. If you buy the DIY Installation Kit, this comes complete with an extra-wide
mitre box and saw. Place the cornice against the back plate of the mitre box so that
the cornice is upside down. i.e. the edge that will be fixed to the ceiling should be
on the base of the mitre box.

3. You will find it easier to cut small strips of moulding to use for checking the
angles needed to be cut for all the corners and angles in the bathroom. Start off with
45-degree cuts on each section and then adjust until you find the right angle that fits.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

4. The DIY Installation Kit also includes adhesive for mounting the cornice. If you don't purchase the kit you
will need to use a solvent-free adhesive. Apply a bead of adhesive along the top and bottom edge. Don't skimp
when applying the adhesive - too little and the cornice won't be stuck down properly. It's far easier to have a
cloth handy to wipe away any excess adhesive these squeezes out when you press down.

5. For long walls you will need to join sections together. When doing this, add adhesive to the ends before
joining and wipe away any excess.

6. When mounting your cornice to the wall and ceiling, make sure that the top and bottom edges (which are
flat) are against the wall and ceiling.

Finishing
• The adhesive supplied can also be used to fill any gaps and seal around the top and
bottom edges, if necessary.
• Only paint a polystyrene cornice with acrylic paints such as Plascon One Coat
Ceiling paint, or solvent-free enamel paints like Plascon Velvaglo waterbased
enamel.


Soil poisoning is a ‘TRADITIONAL METHOD’ of termite treatment for controlling subterranean termites that have
invaded a building to inject enough residual liquid insecticide (termiticide) formulation into the soil immediately
surrounding and underlying the foundation and footing of the building to create a toxic chemical barrier to the termites.

Methodology:
1. Application of soil treatment along the exterior perimeter
and within the area i.e. cracks in floors of the warehouse
where entry of termites and heavy infestations can possibly
occur.
2. Soil treatment will be conducted by drilling the concrete
slab along the exterior perimeter of the warehouse using an
electric rotary hammer with 12 or 18 mm diameter bit.
Holes will be drilled at a distance of 30 to 50 cm between holes and 40 to 60 cm away from the exterior wall.
3. Drilled holes will be applied with insecticidal solution at the rate of 1 gallon per linear meter.
4. Drilled holes will be plugged with mixed concrete cement and sand after treatment to prevent the escape/emission
of fume of chemicals and maintain the physical appearance of the concrete slab floor.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

Soil Poisoning Treatment

"Pre-treatment" is a term for termiticide that is applied to the soil. It refers to the use of toxins applied to the soil as a
means of blocking concealed access to a structure by subterranean termites (not drywood termites)

THERE ARE TWO (2) MAIN TYPES OF SOIL POISONING TREATMENTS:

• Repellent - Repellent termiticides work by creating a treated zone around a house that is toxic to
termites. Termites avoid the soil treated with repellent termiticides. To work effectively, these
termiticides need to be applied in a continuous zone around the foundations of a house. This can be
difficult to achieve in existing houses due to the construction design and areas such as concrete against
the house, and are most commonly used in pre-construction. Repellent termiticides include Biflex.
• Non-Repellent - When a non-repellent termiticide is used, the termites are
unable to detect that the termiticide has been applied to the soil and do not avoid
the area which has been treated. Although this sounds contrary to what a
treatment is trying to achieve, it is not. By passing through the termiticide, the
termites unknowingly make contact with the active ingredient, which results in
their demise. Non-repellent termiticides include Termidor and Premise.
Termiticides can be applied during the
construction of the building.
Soil Poisoning Under Pre-Construction Treatment Brick and concrete block walls can be
Step 1: Building Footing is treated with termiticide solution before concreting. treated without drilling holes, and the soil
beneath concrete slabs and around
Step 2: Building Ground Beam is treated with termiticide solution before concreting. foundation walls can be treated without
Step 3: Building Floor Slab is treated with termiticide solution before concreting. trenching and roding.


An expansion bolt is designed to expand after it has been installed.
Expansion bolts are made from a bolt and a nut inside a sleeve which is
usually made of lead. They are usually used to install items into
masonry, brick or concrete or other materials where threaded screws or
bolts aren't suitable.

Types of Expansion Bolt

There are several different types of expansion bolt, all with slightly different purposes. Here are some of the common
types:
• ANTI-TAMPER EXPANSION BOLTS. These bolts need a specialist tool for both insertion and removal with an
anti-tamper fixing. They are made from steel
• PERMAFIX SECURITY EXPANSION BOLT. These bolts are designed for fixing bars and grilles into place.
• LIFETIME EXPANSION BOLT. These bolts are designed so that they can never be removed. They have a steel
cone which fits over the head of the bolt, preventing it from being removed.

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USON, ASHLEY JEYAH C.

How to Install an Expansion Bolt

Using an expansion bolt is a simple process. First, you must drill a hole for the
bolt. After the hole has been drilled, clean all the dust out of the hole with a blower
or similar tool. Hammer the expansion bolt into the hole, then tighten the nut. you
need to make sure the nut hasn't been over tightened, however, otherwise you can
cause unnecessary stress on the bolt and cause it to break.

1 2 3

4 5

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REFERENCES

https://www.penetron.com/products/PENETRON-ADMIX/data-sheet.pdf
https://jardinedistribution.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Rheomix-MSDS.pdf
https://www.bostik.com/globalassets/tdsdocuments/addmix-ultra_philippines_en/technical-data-sheet/bostik-
addmix-ultra-rev1.pdf
https://www.filbuild.com/hbp/matimco/06_mouldings_new_designs.html
https://blinds.lowes.com/docs/guides/measure/MG_Cornice.pdf
http://www.easydiy.co.za/index.php/improve/122-how-to-install-cornice
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ab1243d5b409b33bf66705c/t/5ad74df688251b1b91f53a36/15240596
89778/Hunter+Douglas_ParklandWoodCornices.April.2018+-+App.pdf
https://www.classicmouldings.com/pdfs/volume_2.pdf
https://sites.google.com/a/20ssi20.com/ssicai-2020/ssicai-other-services/soil-poisoning-barrier-treatment
https://sites.google.com/a/20ssi20.com/ssi-control-asia-chem-corp-2020/our-packages/termite-soil-
poisoning-treatment
https://www.doityourself.com/stry/7-things-to-know-about-an-expansion-bolt
https://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/floors/how-to-install-laminate-flooring
http://www.rempros.com/dimensions/laminate-flooring-sizes.html
http://www.globalsources.com/gsol/I/Aluminum-composite/p/sm/1148975620.htm#1148975620
https://cdn/v/t59.2708-
21/19370982_10156309637977656_2499128627866632192_n.pdf/LMF.pdf?_nc_cat=0&oh=346124d8a447
b32758b87c4e6c463120&oe=5B4B499C&dl=1
http://www.kirii.com.hk/kirii/catelogues/JH-HardieFlex.pdf
https://werzalit.com/img/downloads/dat/produkte/fassade/MA_square_EN.pdf
http://www.durasteel.net/durasteel-composite-membrane-plenum-ceiling-e240-ei60-below.asp
https://jardinedistribution.com/construction-supplies/cement-additives/rheomix/
http://gdg.ro/shop/sika-retarder-sika-intarzietor-betoane-de-rezistenta/
https://www.filbuild.com/hbp/matimco/06_mouldings_new_designs.html
http://www.fmc.in/Professional-Solutions/Termite-Management/Biflex
https://www.backedbybayer.com/pest-management/termiticides/premise-pre-construction
http://www.pestrolpro.com.au/buy-online/termidor-residual-termiticide-2-5l/

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