Apuntes B1

Tema 1

Present simple

All verbs except to be

Afirmativo I/you/we/they like chocolate
She/he/it likes chocolate
Negativo I/you/we/they don’t like chocolate
She/he/it doesn’t like chocolate
Interrogativo Do I/you/we/they like chocolate?
Does She/he/it like chocolate?

To be
Afirmativo I am happy
you/we/they are happy
She/he/it is happy
Negativo I am not happy
you/we/they aren’t happy
She/he/it isn’t happy
Interrogativo Am I happy?
Are you/we/they happy?
Is she/he/it happy?

Frequency adverbs
Always usually often sometimes never
 …go before a one-word verb:
I always eat chocolate after lunch.
 …go before the second word of a two-word verb:
You don’t always eat chocolate after lunch
 …go after the verb to be:
He is always happy.
We use the present perfect with frequency adverbs.

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 2

Like, enjoy, want, would like

 We use a noun or –ing after like and enjoy.
I like/enjoy tennis
I like/enjoy playing tennis
 We use a noun or to after want and would like
I want/would like a new racket
I want/would like to buy a new racket

Have got
We do not use do for questions and negatives with have got

Afirmativo I/you/we/they have got blue eyes

She/he/it has got blue eyes
Negativo I/you/we/they haven’t got blue eyes
She/he/it hasn’t got blue eyes
Interrogativo Have I/ you/we/they got blue eyes?
Has she/he/it got blue eyes?

To be + a + occupation
I’m/you’re/he’s/she’s/it’s/we’re/they’re a student/teacher etc.

To be + adjective
I’m/you’re/he’s/she’s/it’s/we’re/they’re tall/short/thin etc.

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 3

Present continuous

Afirmativo I am working
You/we/they are working
She/he/it is working
Negativo I am not working
You/we/they aren’t working
She/he/it isn’t working
Interrogativo Am I working?
Are you/we/they working?
Is she/he/it working?

Spelling the –ing form

 Verbs ending in one vowel + consonant:
Double the consonant and add ing (e.g. putputting) !!!!exception:
deliverdelivering!!!!
 Verbs ending in two or more consonants or y:
Add ing (e.g. paintpainting or tidytidying)
 Verbs ending in e:
Drop e and add ing (e.g. preparepreparing) !!!Remember
skiskiing!!!!

State verbs
… are not usually used in continuous tenses. Examples of state verbs are:
Believe, hate, Know, like, love, prefer, think, understand, want.

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Tema 4

Prepositions of time
 No preposition before
Today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday (morning, evening, etc.) this/next/last
(afternoon, week, month, year)

At 9.15, miditight, etc.

The weekend, the end of the day, the moment.
In January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, December.
The spring, the summer, the autumn, the winter
1848, 1963, 2010, etc.
On Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.
1st August, 30th September, etc.

Future plans
We use the present continuous:
I’m meeting Sally on Wednesday.
They’re arriving next week
We’re not using the car at the weekend
He’s leaving tomorrow morning.

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Tema 5

Need + noun

Afirmativo I/you/we/they need a drink

She/he/it needs a drink
Negativo I/you/we/they don’t need any food
She/he/it dosen’t need any food
Interrogativo Do I/ you/we/they need a ticket?
Does she/he/it need a ticket?

Need + verb

Afirmativo I/you/we/they need to go out

She/he/it needs to go out
Negativo I/you/we/they don’t need to go out
She/he/it dosen’t need to go out
Interrogativo Do I/you/we/they need to go out?
Does she/he/it need to go out?

Countable/uncountable nouns
 Use a/an, one/two/three, etc., a lot of, a few, a couple of, several, (not)
many + countable nous (singular or plural).
 Use a lot of, a little, (not) much, a bottle/piece of, etc. + uncountable nouns
(singular only).

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Tema 6

Adjectives ending in –ing and –ed

-ing adjectives describe a thing/person which gives you a feeling:
This is an amusing film
He was an interesting teacher
The lessons were interesting
-ed adjectives describe the person who has the feeling:
A tired student needs a holiday
The girls were interested in the story

Past simple

Regular verbs.

Afirmativo I/you/she/he/it/we/they wanted a bike

Negativo I/you/she/he/it/we/they didn’t want a bike
Interrogativo Did I/you/she/he/it/we/they want a bike?

Spelling
 Verbs ending in e (e.g. arrive):
Add d (arrived)
 Verbs ending in one consonant (e.g. stop):
Double the consonant and add ed (e.g. stopped)
 Verbs ending in consonant + y (e.g. study):
Change y to i and add ed (e.g. studied)
 Verbs ending in two or more consonant (e.g help) or vowel + y (e.g. stay)
Add ed (e.g. helped, stayed)

Irregular verbs
These verbs have different form, e.g.
Buybought, gowent, makemade

Afirmativo I/you/she/he/it/we/they bought a bike

Negativo I/you/she/he/it/we/they didn’t buy a bike
Interrogativo Did I/you/she/he/it/we/they buy a bike?

To be

Afirmativo I/she/he/it was there

you/we/they were there
Negativo I/ she/he/it wasn’t there
you/we/they weren’t there
Interrogativo Was I/ she/he/it there?
Were you/we/they there?

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 Apuntes B1

Tema 7

Prepositions of place
Inside outside opposite near under
in next to in front of between by
in the corner of behind beside

Prepositions of movement
Up down across off along around through over

Comparative adjectives

Regular adjectives
 One-syllable adjective:
Add er (e.g. Kindkinder)
 One-syllable adjective ending in e:
Add r (e.g. nicenicer)
 One-syllabe adjective ending in vowel + consonant:
Double consonant and add er (e.g. hothotter)
 Adjective ending in consonant + y:
Change y to i and add er (e.g. funnyfunnier)
 Adjective with more than one syllable:
more + adjective (e.g. politemore polite, confidentmore confident)

Irregular adjectives
Good better
Bad  worse

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 8

Present perfect
Has/have + past participle

Afirmativo I/you/we/they have eaten the chocolate.

She/he/it has eaten the chocolate.
Negativo I/you/we/they
She/he/it
Interrogativo I/you/we/theyShe/he/it

Past participle

Regular verbs
Past participle = past simple, e.g.
Likeliked, liked playplayed, played

Irregular verbs
Most have a different form for past participle and past simple:
Dodid, done writewrote, written knowknew, known
But for some irregular verbs, past participle and past simple are the same:
Makemade, made buybought, bought

Just, already
…go before the past participle:
We’ve just bought a box of chocolates
I’ve already opened it.

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Tema 9

Short answers

Present simple

Do I/you/we/they/ students like chocolate?

Yes, I/you/we/they do
No, I/you/we/they don’t
Does he/she/it the class like chocolate?
Yes, she/he/it does
No, she/he/it doesn’t

Present continuous

Am I working hard?
Yes, you are
No, you aren’t
Are you working hard?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not
Is he/she/it/ the class working hard?
Yes, he/she/it is
No, he/she/it isn’t
Are we/they/the students working hard?
Yes, you/they are
No, you/they aren’t

Past simple

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they/the students/the class work hard?

Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they did
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn’t

Present perfect

Have I/you/we/they the students eaten the chocolate?

Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we they have
No, I/you/he/she/it/we they haven’t
Has he/she/it the class eaten the chocolate?
Yes, he/she/it has
No, he/she/it hasn’t

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 10

Present perfect and past simple

Present perfect NOT past simple

 Past actions/events when the result is interesting now, but the exact time of
the event is not important:
She has bought some chocolate (She has got some now).
They have eaten the chocolate (There’s no chocolate now).
 A period of time beginning in the past and continuing to now:
You have worked very hard (You can take a break now)
 Questions asking How long?
How long have you known Maria?
 With for + length of time to now:
I’ve known her for two months
 With since + exact time before now:
I’ve known her since April.
 Questions with ever:
Have you ever played basketball?

Past simple NOT present perfect

 Actions/events at a particular time in the past
She bought some chocolate last week
They ate the chocolate on Sunday
 Actions/events for a period beginning and ending in the past:
You worked very hard last year
We played bossaball in the summer (It’s not summer now)
 Questions asking When?
When did you meet Maria?
 With ago for actions/events which are finished at some time before now:
I met her two days ago

To go in the present perfect

Have/has gone
They’ve gone out (They went out and then came home).
She’s gone to Africa (She went there and she’s there now)
She hasn’t gone to Africa (She’s not there now)

OR

Have/has been
They’ve been out (They went out and then came home)
She’s been to Africa (She went there and then returned here)
She hasn’t been to Africa (She didn’t go there)
She’s never been to Africa (She has never visited Africa)

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 Apuntes B1

Been
Is past participle of be
= completed visit
 If you have visited a place on
holiday and returned then you
have been there.
She’s been to India 3 times
She’s gone to India.
 When you ask someone about
past experience use been
Have you been drinking?
Gone
Is past participle of go
= if someone visits a place but has not
come home/back they have gone
there. (leave a place and not come
back yet)
She’s gone to Moscow, she will be
back next week.
English expression “been and gone” =
something/someone come and left

Ejemplos:
She’s gone to visit Susan. She will be home tomorrow
Have you ever been to New York?
You are late! Where have you been?
Where has Eric gone? He was here one minute ago!
She was offered a new job and has gone to London
I’m so tired I have been working all day.

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 11

Superlative adjectives

Regular adjectives
 One-syllable adjective:
Add est (e.g. Kindkindest)
 One-syllable adjective ending in e:
Add st (e.g. nicenicest)
 One-syllabe adjective ending in vowel + consonant:
Double consonant and add est (e.g. hothottest)
 Adjective ending in consonant + y:
Change y to i and add est (e.g. funnyfunniest)
 Adjective with more than one syllable:
The most + adjective (e.g. politethe most polite, confidentthe most
confident)

Irregular adjectives
Good  the best
Bad  the worst
Fur  the farthest/furthest

Present passive
To be + past participle
The passive uses the same past participles as the present perfect
Active The students/they admire the actor/him
Passive The actor/he is admired by the students/them

Afirmativo I am admired
You/we/they are admired
She/he/it is admired
Negativo I am not admired
You/we/they aren’t admired
She/he/it isn’t admired
Interrogativo Am I admired?
Are you/we/they admired?
Is she/he/it admired?

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 Apuntes B1

Tema 12

Past continuous
Was/were + -ing

Afirmativo I/she/he/it was swimming

you/we/they were swimming
Negativo I/she/he/it wasn’t swimming
you/we/they weren’t swimming
Interrogativo Was I/he/he/it swimming?
Were you/we/they swimming?

Past continuous and past continuous

Two past activities at the same time (often with while)
We were eating chocolate while the teacher was talking

Past continuous and past simple

Past activity beginning before an event and continuing until or after it. The event is
usually when + past simple.
We were eating chocolate when the teacher arrived.

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 13

Modal verbs (possibility and probability)

Certainty (I’m sure it is sure) – it /they must be
Possibility (perhaps it’s sure) – it/they might be, it could be
Impossibility (I’m sure it isn’t true) – it/they can´t be
These verbs have only one form.
That must be John’s brother. (He looks exactly like John, so I feel certain)
That might/could be John’s brother. (He looks a bit like John, so I think it’s possible they are brothers)
They can’t be John’s brothers. (They look completely different from John, so I don’t believe it’s
possible that they are his brothers)

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 14

Used to

Afirmativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they used to eat chocolate

Negativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they didn’t use to eat chocolate
Interrogativo Did I/he/he/it/were/you/we/they use to eat chocolate?

Used to shows something was true in the past but is not true now:
I used to watch westerns (I don’t watch them now)
We used to see horses in the field (We don’t see them now)
There didn’t use to be a sports centre in the city (There is now)
Did there use to be less traffic? (I know there’s a los of traffic now, I want to know if it has increased)

Adjective order
1 opinion 2 size 3 description 4 colour 5 material
An amazing long stripey green wool scarf
A useful little old red plastic bag

Too + adjective and not + adjective + enough

Too + adjective (+ for x)
This skirt is too big enough for me (I need a smaller one)
The room is too warm (We feel uncomfortably hot)

Not + adjective + enough (+ for x)

This hat isn’t big enough for me (I need a bigger one)
The room isn’t warm enough. (We feel uncomfortably cold)

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 15

Modal verbs (permission and obligation)

Can
Can never changes

Afirmativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they can dance

Negativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they can’t dance
Interrogativo Can I/he/he/it/you/we/they dance?

Have to
We use the tenses of have
Present
Afirmativo I/ you/we/they have to dance
she/he/it has to dance
Negativo I/ you/we/they don’t have to dance
she/he/it doesn’t have to dance
Interrogativo Do I/ you/we/they have to dance?
Does he/he/it have to dance?

Past
Afirmativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they had to dance
Negativo I/she/he/it/you/we/they didn’t have to dance
Interrogativo Did I/he/he/it/you/we/they have to dance?

Permission
Can, can’t + verb
You can sit here. (This chair is free, you are allowed to sir here)
You can’t sit here. (This chair isn’t free, you aren’t allowed to sit here)

Obligation
(don’t) have to + verb
You have to sit here. (You aren’t alloved to sit in any other chair)
You don’t have to sit here (You are allowed to choose your chair)

Adverbs
Regular adverbs
 Most adjectives add ly:
Quietquietly, strangestrangely, beautifulbeautifully
 Adjectives ending in le:
Drop e and add y (e.g. sensiblesensibly)
 Adjectives ending in y:
Change y to i + ly (e.g lazylazily)
Irregular adverbs
Some adverbs are the same as their adjectives: fast, hard, late, early
She’s a fast runner. She runs fast
I had an early phone call. He phoned me early
Well is the adverb from good.
They’re good dancers. They dance well.

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 16

Going to future

Afirmativo I am going to eat this chocolate.

You/we/they are going to eat this chocolate.
She/he/it is going to eat this chocolate.
Negativo I am not going to eat this chocolate.
You/we/they aren’t going to eat this chocolate.
She/he/it isn’t going to eat this chocolate.
Interrogativo Am I going to eat this chocolate?
Are you/we/they going to eat this chocolate?
Is she/he/it going to eat this chocolate?

Going to is used
 To talk about what we plan to do:
We’re going to watch a football match this evening
I’m not going to play tennis next weekend
 To describe a future event which we feel sure about:
Jane has made some coffee. She’s going to drink it
You’re carrying a heavy bag. You’re going to drop it.

Present tense following when, until, after in future time

After I leave school I’m going to get a job
He isn’t going to get up until we phone him
Are you going to travel by bus when you visit Australia?

The time

Five, ten, twenty-five, etc. To past

(a) quarter One, two…
It’s Three, nine, sixteen, etc. minutes Twelve, etc.
At Half Past Midday, midnight.

Midday/midnight
One, two, …,twelve, etc. o’clock

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 17

Will future

Afirmativo I/you/he/she/it/we/they will be successful

Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not (won’t) successful
Interrogative Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they be successful?

Will and going to

Both talk about the future. (See also 16)
Will is used to say what we believe, but are not certain about the future:
I’m going to join a tennis club because I’ll meet some good players there. (I believe they have
some good players).
Why are you going to watch that DVD? You won’t enjoy it. (I don’t think it’s your kind of film)
They’re going to arrive late. Will they be hungry? (I want to know your opinion).

Everyone, no one, someone, (not) anyone, everybody, nobody, somebody, (not)

anybody.

Afirmativo Someone/somebody has opened the window. (I don’t know who)

Everyone/everybody has left the house (all the people)
Negative There isn’t anyone/anybody with me
There is no one/nobody with me
No one/nobody came here with me.
Not anyone, not anybody = no one, nobody
(Anyone/anybody is not the same as no one/nobody)
Interrogative Is there anyone/anybody in the house?

All these words are followed by a singular verb

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 18
Past perfect
Past simple of have + past participle

Afirmativo I/you/he/she/it/we/they had eaten the chocolate

Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn’t eaten the chocolate
Interrogative Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they eaten the chocolate?

Past perfect and past simple with when/by the time

She had eaten the chocolate when/by the time we came home.
OR When/By the time we came home, she had eaten the chocolate. (She ate it before we arrived)

Past simple and past simple with when

She ate the chocolate when we came home.
OR When we came home, she ate the chocolate. (She didn’t eat it until we arrived home)

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 19

Verbs and expressions + to and –ing

+to
Agree allow arrange begin* continue* decide
Expect hope learn like need offer
Plan promise refuse seem start* stop**
Try** want would like

+ -ing
Be afraid of begin* be fed up with be good at be interested in
continue* Don’t mind enjoy like look forward to
love prefer start* stop** try**

* These verbs can be followed by to or –ing without changing the meaning

** These verbs can be followed by to or –ing with a change in the meaning.

He stopped eating chocolate (he didn’t eat chocolate after that time)
He stopped to eat chocolate (he stopped working/walking etc because he wanted to eat some
chocolate)
He tried joining a sports club. (He joined a sports club to find out if it was useful)
He tired to join a sports club. (HE wanted to join a sports club but he couldn’t)

Make and let

These verbs are followed by another verb without to or –ing:
The teacher let the students go home early. (The teacher allowed the students to go early).
The teacher made the students go home early. (The teacher forced the students to go home early).

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 Apuntes B1
Tema 20

Comparison of adverbs

Regular adverbs
Adverbs ending –ly:
Carefully, more carefully, most carefully
Allan worked more carefully than Judy
Hazel worked the most carefully.

Irregular adverbs
Adverbs which are the same as adjectives:
Fast, faster, (the) fastest
Hard, harder, (the) hardest
Late, later, (the) latest
Early, earlier, (the) earliest
She runs faster than him.
I run (the) fastest.
They get up earlier than us.
He gets up (the) earliest

Well, badly
Well, better, (the) best
Badly, worse, (the) worst
David played better than Michael
John played (the) best
Donna played worse than Mandy
Jill played (the) worst.

Comparative sentences
More…than
Less…than
Not as/so…as

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 Apuntes B1

Tema 21

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 Apuntes B1

Tema 22

Tema 23

Tema 24

Tema 26

Tema 27

Tema 28

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 Apuntes B1

Tema 29

So + verb or neither/nor + verb

We use so + verb and neither/nor + verb to agree with another speaker.
The verb must match the tense in the other speaker’s sentence.
So is used to reply to a positive sentence.
Neither/nor are used to reply to a negative sentence.

I’m fifteen So am I
So are we/they
So is he/she
We’re not allowed to drive Nor/Neither am I
Nor/Neither are we/they
Nor/Neither is he/she
He often catches this bus So do I/we/they
So does he/she
He doesn’t like cycling Nor/Neither do I/we/they
Nor/Neither does he/she
We’ve bought return tickets So have I/we/they
So has he/she
They haven’t bought tickets yet Nor/Neither have I/we/they
Nor/Neither has he/she
I caught the train yesterday So did I/he/she/we/they

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 Apuntes B1
She didn’t come to school Nor/Neither did I/he/she/we/they
I’ll phone her later So will I/he/she/we/they
I won’t forget Nor/Neither will I/he/she/we/they
I must hurry So must I/he/she/we/they
We hadn’t noticed the time Nor/Neither had I/he/she/we/they

Polite questions

Can you tell me…?

Can you remember…?
Do you know…?
I’d like to know… + reported question.
Can you find out…?

Tema 30

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 Apuntes B1
Phonetic symbols
Cart,

Cat,

Like,

Now,

Tell,

Say,

There,

Big,

Steep,

Here,

Pop,

Phone,

Four,

Boy,

Took,

Pool,

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 Apuntes B1
Tour,

Third,

Fun,

Again,

/b/ Be,

/d/ Do,

/f/ Find,

/g/ Good,

/h/ Have,

/j/ You,

/k/ Cat,

/l/ Like,

/m/ Me,

/n/ No,

/p/ Put,

/r/ Run,

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 Apuntes B1
/s/ Say,

/t/ Tell,

/v/ Very,

/w/ Well,

/z/ Zoo,

Shoe,

Television,

Sing,

Cheap,

Thin,

This,

Joke,

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