| Mix, PE. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook, Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International, 1989.* Standard Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspection: Adjunct to ASTM E 433. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM. 1985. Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liguid Penetrant Testing Method. Columbus, OH: ‘American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* Tracy,N., tech, ed., PO. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 2, Liguid Penetrant Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1999* Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding Society. Latest edition.* » Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Columbus, OH. Magnetic Particle Testing Level | Topical Outline 1.0 Principles of Magnets and Magnetic Fields 11 Theory of magnetic fields 11” Earth's magnetic Field 11.2. Magnetic fields around magnetized materials 1.2 Theory of magnetism 12.1 Magnetic poles 122. Law of magnetism 1.23. Materials influenced by magnetic fields 123.1 Ferromagnetic 1 Paramagnetic 1.24 Magnetic characteristics of nonferrous materials 13 Terminology associated with magnetic particle testing 20 Characteristics of Magnetic Fields 2.1 Bar magnet 22 Ring magnet 3.0 Effect of Discontinuities of Materials 3.1 Surface cracks 32 Scratches 33. Subsurface defects 4.0 Magnetization by Means of Electric Current 41 Circular field 4.1.1 Field around a straight conductor 412 Righthand rule 4.13 Field in parts through which curent flows 4.13.1 Long, solid, cylindrica, regular parts 4.13.2 Iregulatly shaped pants 4.133 ‘Tubular pans 4.134 Pars containing machined holes, slots, ete 4.14 Methods of inducing current flow in pars 4.14.1 Contact plates 4.142 Prods 4.15 Discontinuities commonly discovered by circular fields 42 Longitudinal field 42.1 Field produced by current flow in a coil 422 Field direction in @ curteat-carrying coil 423. Field strength in a current-carrying coil 42.4 Discontinuties commonly discovered by longitudinal fields 62 OP-105-201150 60 10 80 90 100 42.5 Advantages of longitudinal magnetization 42.6 Disadvantages of longitudinal magnetization Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetization 5.1 Alloy, shape and condition of part 52. Type of magnetizing current 53. Direction of magnetic field 54 Sequence of operations 535 _ Value of flux density Inspection Materials, 6.1 Wet particles 62 Dry panicles Principles of Demagnetization 7.1 Residual magnetism 72. Reasons for requiring demagnetization 73. Longitudinal and circular residual fields 74 Basie principles of demagnetization 7S _Retentvity and coercive force 71 Methods of demagnetization ‘Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment 8.1 Equipment selection considerations 8.1.1 Type of magnetizing current 8.1.2 Location and nature of test 8.13 Test materials used 8.14 Purpose of test BLS Area inspected 8.2. Manual inspection equipment 83 Medium- and heavy-duty equipment 84 Stationary equipment 8.5 Mechanized inspection equipment 85.1 Semiautomatic inspection equipment 852. Single-purpose semiautomatic equipment 853. Multipurpose semiautomatic equipment 854 Fully automatic equipment ‘Types of Discontinuities Detected by Magnetic Particle Testing 9.1 Inclusions 92. Blowholes 93. Porosity 94 Flakes 95 Cracks 96 Pipes 9.7 Laminations 98 Laps 9.9 Forging bursts 9.10. Voids Magnetic Particle Test Indications and Interpretations 10.1 Indications of nonmetallic inclusions 10.2 Indications of surface seams 103. Indications of cracks 10.4 Indications of laminations 10.5. Indications of laps 10.6. Indications of bursts and fakes 10.7 Indications of porosity 10.8 Nonrelevant indications oP-105-2011 6Magnetic Particle Testing Level Il Topical Outline 10. Principles 11 Theory LLL lux patterns 112 Frequency and voltage factors 1.13 Current calculations 114 Surface fx strength LIS Subsurface effects 1.2 Magnets and magnetism 1211 Distance factors versus strength of flux 1.22 Internal and external flux patterns 1.23 Phenomenon action at the discontinuity 1.24 Heat effects on magnetism 1.2.5 Material hardness versus magnetic retention 20. Flux Fields 2 Direct current 2. Depth of penetration factors 2.12 Source of eurrent 22 Direct pulsating current 22.1 Similarity to direct current 223 Advantages 223 Typical fields 23. Altemating curent 23.1 Cyclic effects 232 Surface strength characteristics 23.3 Safety precautions 234 Voltage and current factors 23.5 Source of current 30. Effects of Discontinuites on Materials Bal Design factors 3.1.1 Mechanical properties 3.12 Paruse 32. Relationship to load-carrying ability 4.0 Magnetization by Means of Blectrie Current 4.1 Circular techniques 4.1.. Current calculations 4.12 Depth-factor considerations 4.13 Precautions ~ safety and overheating 4.14 Contact prods and yokes 4.14.1 Requirements for prods and yokes 4.1.42 Current-canying capabilies 4.15 Discontinuities commonly detected 42. Longitudinal technique 42.1 Principles of induced flux fields 422 Geometry of par o be inspected 423. Shapes and sizes of coils 424 Use of coils und cables 424.1 Strength of field 4242 Curent directional flow versus fax field 42.443 Shapes, sizes and current capacities 42.5 Current calculations 425.1 Formulas 4252 ‘Types of current required 4253 Current demand 42.6 Discomtinuities commonly detected 64 CP.105-2011