DR ATIF SHAHZAD

IE-321

Fundamentals of
LECTURE #12 Computer Systems
 What W have seen
Memory
Memory Cell
CPU
Logic Register
Logical variables Program Counter
Conditional, Negation, Contrapositive,Biconditional Fetch-Execute Cycle
AND, OR,NOT,XOR Spreadsheet Concepts: Q&A
Logic gates Using Microsoft Excel
Truth Tables Creating Charts in Microsoft Excel
Boolean Algebra File Management
Debugging Concepts Using Microsoft Excel
Examples Word Processing Basics Using Microsoft Word
Presentation Concepts Using Microsoft PowerPoint
Q&A Microsoft Word Layout and Graphics Features
Cyber Security Image Concepts
Making and using compressed Files
Security Problems
WinZip, 7Zip
Interception
Notepad++
Spoofing
Wordpad
Falsification
Adobe acrobat
Repudiation
Sumatra PDF
Security Technologies
MathType
Encryption
MAC

Microsoft Visio
Microsoft Project
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 Fundamentals of
Computer Systems

IE321
 Networking
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 Network

a number of things that

are connected together in
some way
Railway network
Road network
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 Computer Network
number of computers (or computer like
devices) connected together in some

way.
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 Computer Networks

In addition to the computers

and devices which are Different kinds of network
Examples for such devices
connected, other devices are can be connected to each
include hubs and switches.
often needed for the network other with a router.
to work correctly.
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 1-8
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

• millions of connected computing router

devices: hosts = end systems workstation
– examples of hosts? server
mobile
local ISP
• running network apps
– examples of applications?
regional ISP

company
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network
 Introduction
1-9

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” vie

w• communication links router
workstation
– fiber, copper, radio, satellite
– transmission rate = bandwidth server
mobile
• typical bandwidth for modem? wir
local ISP
eless?

• routers: forward packets (chunks regional ISP

of data)
– what’s in a packet?

company
Dr. Atif Shahzad

network
 Introduction
1-10
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts”
view
• protocols control sending, receiving router workstation
of msgs
server
– e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP mobile
• Internet: “network of networks” local ISP
– loosely hierarchical
– public Internet versus private intranet
regional ISP

company
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network
 1-11

What’s the Internet: a service view

• communication infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
– Web, email, other examples?
• communication services provided to
apps:
– connection-oriented reliable
• example apps?
– Connectionless unreliable
• example apps?
Dr. Atif Shahzad
 Introduction
1-12
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
• “what’s the time?” • machines rather than humans
• “I have a question” • all communication activity in Internet
• introductions governed by protocols

protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network
entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
Dr. Atif Shahzad
 Introduction
1-13
What’s a protocol?

a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
req
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: Why are protocols so important?

 Introduction
1-14
The network edge:

• end systems (hosts):

– run application programs
– e.g. Web, email
– at “edge of network”
 Introduction
1-15
The network edge:

• client/server model
– client host requests, receives service
from always-on server
– e.g. Web browser/server; email client
/server

• why such a popular model?

1-16
The network edge:

• peer-peer model:
– minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
– e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA
– SETI@home?
1-17

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)
 Introduction
1-18

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)
 Introduction
1-19

Company access: local area networks

• company/univ local area network (
LAN) connects end system to edge
router
• Ethernet:
– shared or dedicated lin
k connects end system
and router
– 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gig
abit Ethernet
• LANs: chapter 5
 Introduction
1-20

Wireless access networks

• shared wireless access network connects
end system to router
– via base station aka “access point” router
• wireless LANs:
– 802.11b (WiFi): 11 Mbps base
station
• wider-area wireless access
– provided by telco operator
– 3G ~ 384 kbps
• Will it happen??
– WAP/GPRS in Europe mobile
hosts
 Introduction
1-21

Home networks
Typical home network components:
• ADSL or cable modem
• router/firewall/NAT
• Ethernet
• wireless access
point
wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point
 Introduction
1-22
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
• Bit: propagates between • two insulated copper wires
transmitter/rcvr pairs – Category 3: traditional phone
• physical link: what lies between tr wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet
ansmitter & receiver – Category 5:
100Mbps Ethernet
• guided media:
– signals propagate in solid media: cop
per, fiber, coax
• unguided media:
– signals propagate freely, e.g., radio
 Introduction
1-23

Physical Media: coax, fiber

Fiber optic cable:
Coaxial cable:  glass fiber carrying light
• two concentric copper conduc pulses, each pulse a bit
tors
 high-speed operation:
• bidirectional  high-speed point-to-point t
• baseband: ransmission (e.g., 5 Gps)
– single channel on cable  low error rate: repeaters
– legacy Ethernet spaced far apart ; immune
• broadband: to electromagnetic noise
– multiple channel on cable
– HFC
 Introduction
1-24

Physical media: radio

• signal carried in electromagnet Radio link types:
ic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
• no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

• bidirectional  LAN (e.g., Wifi)

 2Mbps, 11Mbps
• propagation environment effec
ts:  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
– reflection  e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps

– obstruction by objects  satellite

– interference  up to 50Mbps channel (or m
ultiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude
 LAN & WAN

Building a LAN is
LAN connects easier than connecting
computers which are different networks (by
close together. a Wide Area Network).

The largest Wide Area

Network is
the Internet.
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 LAN & WAN
WANs and some large LANs
need some additional devices
like a to connect different small or
• bridge large networks.
• gateway
• router
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 Communication Protocol

A network needs a
communication protocol.
• Microsoft Windows, Linux and
most other operating systems
use TCP/IP.
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 Network Models

All network models are

made with same ideas.
• The top layer uses services of
the lower one and has services
for the upper one.
• Each layer can only
communicate with the same
layer on the destination
device.
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 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

7-layer network model widely used all

specified by ISO (International
Organization for Standardization) around the world.
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 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
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 OSI Model layers
Data unit Layer Function
Application Network process to application
Data Presentation Encryption, decryption and data converting
Session Managing sessions between applications
Segments Transport End-to-end connection and reliability
Packets (datagrams) Network Path determination and logical addressing
Frame Data link Physical addressing
Bit Physical Signal and binnary transmission
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 Physical Layer
defines electrical and physical
specifications for devices.
It also specifies modulated and baseband
transmission.
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 Data link Layer
provides the functional and procedural
means to transfer data between network
entities and
to detect and possibly correct errors that
may occur in the physical layer.
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 Network layer
provides the functional and procedural
means of transferring variable length data
sequences from a source host on one
network to a destination host on a different
network using the IP address.
IP address)is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer)
participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

IPv4 uses 32-bit addressing IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing

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 Network layer
The transport layer provides transparent transfer
of data between end users, providing reliable
data transfer services to the upper layers.

Layer 4
protocls
TCP (transmission control protocol) provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a
program on one computer to another program on another computer. TCP is used for applications
that strictly require reliable transfer (e-mail, WWW, file transfer (FTP), ...)

UDP (user datagram protocol) uses a simple transmission model without implicit handshaking
dialogues for providing reliability, ordering, or data integrity. UDP is used in applications
Dr. Atif Shahzad

where we require reduced latency over reliability (stream videos, VOIP, online games,...)

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 Layer 5-7
Session
Presentation
Application

Commonly united into one layer in

simplified network models, its main
purpose is to interact with applications,
encrypting and establishing dedicated
connections if necessary.
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 Latency
Latency, incorrectly called ping, is a value that
measures how much time packets need to
travel to their destination.
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 Capacity
measure of transfer capacity of a network
imeasured in bits per second (bps or b/s),
today commonly Mbps or Mb/s.
It shows us how many data units are
transferred each second.
Uplink is how much bandwidth is used for transferring
data from user to server (usually lower for end users).
Downlink is how much bandwidth is used for
Dr. Atif Shahzad

transferring data from server to user (usually higher for

end users)
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 Broadcast
special transmission that is not addressed
to a single device but to all devices in
specific network.
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 Firewall

used to protect the

computer network.
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 Network speed

In general, networks that

use cables to connect can
operate at higher speeds
than those using wireless
technology.
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 NEVER hesitate to
contact should you
have any question
Dr. Atif Shahzad
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