Outline

• Converting between mols, kmols, lb-moles, etc.

Material and Energy Balances • Converting between mass and moles
CHEN 2120 • Mass fractions
• Mole fractions
Class Meeting #4 • Basis
January 24th, 2007 • Average molecular weight
• Concentration (mass concentration, molar
“Moles and chemical composition” concentration, molarity, ppm, ppb)

Systems of moles Systems of moles

• lb-moles, kg-moles, g-moles, etc… • Similarly,
• If I have 5 kg-moles, how many g-moles is this? 5 kg-moles
– Use similar conversion factors you would use for = (5 kg-moles)*(2.20 lb-moles/kg-mole)
mass
– Conversion factor: 1000 g/kg
= 11.0 kg-moles
– Similar conversion factor: Since there are 2.20 lbs per kg
1000 g-moles/kg-moles
– Therefore,
5 kg-moles = (5 kg-moles)*(1000 g-moles/kg-mole)
= 5000 g-moles

Converting between mass and

Converting between mass and moles
moles
• Mass = (Moles) x (Molecular Weight) m = (n) x (MW) n = m/MW

• Examples:
m = (n) x (MW) If you have 5 kg-moles (kmoles) of ethane, then total mass of
• Therefore, ethane is: m = (5 kg-moles) x (30 kg/kg-moles) = 150 kg

n = m/MW If you have 10 lbs of acetone (MW = 58.1), then the total number of
lb-moles is:
n = m/MW = (10 lbs)/(58.1 lb/lb-mole) = 0.172 lb-moles
**These are basic equations that are easy to Or, in gram-moles:
forget!! n = (10 lbs)/(58.1 lb/lb-mole) x (1000 g-moles/2.20 lb-moles)
= 78.2 g-moles
This can also be calculated by converting 0.172 lb-moles to g-moles:
(0.172 lb-moles) x (1000 g-moles/2.20 lb-moles) = 78.2 g-moles

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 Now you try… (Clicker Prob. 4.1) Now you try… (Clicker Prob. 4.1)
• How many ounce-moles are contained • How many ounce-moles are contained
within 0.45 ft3 of n-heptane? within 0.45 ft3 of n-heptane?
A) 3.3x105 B) 0.0031 A) 3.3x105 B) 0.0031
C) 3.1 D) 30.8 C) 3.1 D) 30.8

• n = m/MW m = ρV
• Therefore, n = ρV/MW
n = (0.684 g/cm3)x(0.45 ft3)/(100.2 g/mol)x(28317 cm3/ft3)
x (35.3 oz-moles/1000 mol)
= 3.1 oz-moles (C)

Mass Fractions Mole Fractions

• Mass fraction: xA = (mass of A)/(total mass) • Mole fraction: yA = (moles of A)/(total # moles)
• Example: • Example:
Fluid contains 0.52 moles of A, 1.2 moles of B,
Fluid contains 3.4 g of A, 2.7 g of B, and 1.8 g of C and 0.31 moles of C
Total mass = (3.4 + 2.7 + 1.8) g = 7.9 g A,B,C Total moles = (0.52 + 1.2 + 0.31) moles = 2.03 moles
xA = (3.4 g)/(7.9 g) = 0.43 yA = (0.52 moles)/(2.03 moles) = 0.26
A,B,C xB = (2.7 g)/(7.9 g) = 0.34 yB = (1.2 moles)/(2.03 moles) = 0.59
xC = (1.8 g)/(7.9 g) = 0.23 yC = (0.31 moles)/(2.03 moles) = 0.15

*Mass fractions of all components MUST *Mass fractions of all components MUST
add up to 1.0!!* Æ Σxi = 1.00 add up to 1.0!!* Æ Σyi = 1.00
Check: xA + xB + xC = 0.43 + 0.34 + 0.23 = 1.00 Check: yA + yB + yC = 0.26 + 0.59 + 0.15 = 1.00

Converting mass fractions to mole Converting mass fractions to mole

fractions, and vice versa fractions, and vice versa
• How would I convert a mass fraction of 0.45 to a So, yethanol = (moles ethanol)/(total moles)
mole fraction? yacetone = (moles acetone)/(total moles)
– ‘Think-pair-square’ moles ethanol = (45 g)/(46 g/mol) = 0.98 mol
– Need to know molecular weight moles acetone = (55 g)/(58 g/mol) = 0.95 mol
– Need to assume a “basis” Total moles = moles ethanol + moles acetone
• For 45 wt% ethanol (MW = 46) and 55 wt% = (0.98 +0.95) mol = 1.93 mol
acetone (MW = 58)
Therefore,
• Assume a basis – can be anything yethanol = (0.98 mol)/(1.93 mol) = 0.51
– Assume you have X grams of material (or Y lbs, or Z
ounces) yacetone = (0.95 mol)/(1.93 mol) = 0.49
– Therefore, if you choose as your basis 100 grams of
material (typical) a mass fraction of 0.45 would **You would have gotten the same answer if you chose
correspond to 45 grams of ethanol, and mass fraction a basis of 345 tons or 0.00012 ounces or 45 kg, etc.**
of 0.55 would be 55 grams

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 Now you try… (Clicker Prob. 4.2)
• A mixture contains three components:
ethanol, n-hexane, and benzene. The
mole fractions of ethanol and hexane are:
yeth = 0.27
yhex = 0.35
What is the mass fraction (xbenz) of benzene
in the mixture?
A) not enough information B) 0.41
C) 0.45 D) 0.33
Average Molecular Weight
• MWave = y1MW1 + y2MW2 + …
= sumall components yiMWi
• Example: yeth = 0.27, yhex = 0.35, ybenz = 0.38
MWeth = 46.1, MWhex = 86.2, MWbenz = 78.1
MWave = (0.27)(46.1) + (0.35)(86.2) + (0.38)(78.1)
MWave = 59.8 (g/mol, kg/kmol, lb/lb-mole, etc.)
Reminders
• Homework #2 Due Friday!
• Office Hours Today!
– Charlie 3:00-4:00 pm, ECCH 103F
• Office Hours Tomorrow!
– Kyle 4:00-5:00 pm, ChE Library (103D)
• Problem Session Tomorrow!
– Charlie 5:00-6:30 pm in ChE Conference Rm.
Solution
• First, you need to assume a basis. Let’s choose,
arbitrarily, 100 mol
– Therefore, we have 27 mol ethanol, 35 mol hexane,
and the rest (38 mol) benzene
– Convert each of these species to mass:
Ethanol: m = (27 mol) x (46.1 g/mol) = 1245 g
Hexane: m = (35 mol) x (86.2 g/mol) = 3017 g
Benzene: m = (38 mol) x (78.1 g/mol) = 2968 g
Total mass = (1245 + 3017 + 2968) g = 7230 g
And the mass fraction of benzene is:
xbenz = (2968 g)/(7230 g) = 0.41 (B)
Concentration
• Mass concentration: g/cm3, kg/m3, lb/ft3
• Molar concentration: mol/L, kmol/L, etc.
• Usually express concentration (C) as
mol/L (molar, M) Æ C = moles/volume
• Example: 500 grams of NaCl is dissolved
in 4.28 L of water. Assuming no volume
change, what is the concentration (in M) of
the salt solution?
CNaCl = (500 g NaCl)/(4.28 L)/(58.5 g/mol)
= 2.00 mol/L = 2.00 M