A Dictionary if) a dal) Pea) (LUMLEYA Dictionary for the Petroleum Industry — SECOND D Prmone fo" a he a fe" no {* e of gd? © th Nol pe | Qatecbel Le Ysrce Ae dens Sytlype Dicioned Bp othan Terme ar a ois Berrolgym Extension Service e1957 ny Thais gt pons All Rights Reseed. First eition published ms es ion published 2. "rat inted iff the United States" * oy: 1ldhook or prs thee ms fos See of Petleum Extension Service. The Utagsity of Teas at Austin, we Brand names. company names. trademarks. or other identifying symbols appear ing ig iffustrations or cext are used for educational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsemegt by the publisher. ‘The University of Texas at Austin is an equal opportunity institution. No state tax funds were used to print or mail this publication Catalog No. £40020 ISBN 0:88698-180-8 Special thanks to Boris Dickey and Kathryn Roberts for their help in getting the ‘manuscript into final form, and to Tom R. Thomas, Sedco Forex, for additions to this publication anti generous help in proofreading.The following publishers have graciously granted permission to use definitions or oltered definitions fram copyrighted material: Council of Petroleum Accountants Societies P.Q. Box 12131 Dallas. TX 75225 Various accounting definitions. Used with permission, Doubleday Division of Bantam, ‘Doubleday, Dell Publishing Group, Ine. 503 Franklin Avenue Garden City, NY 11530 ‘American Geological Institute Dictionary of Geological Terms, rev. (©1976, 1984 by American Geological Institute). Used with permission, All rights reserved. ‘body waves dip-slip fault; downthrow; nuclear log; shear ‘wave: slip plane: solid solution: stratigraphic unit: surface wave: ultimate strength Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd. Crown House Linton Road Barking, Essex IG1I 81U, England Jenkins Oil Economists’ Handbook (1985). Used with permission. Alt rights reserved based on or adaied from definitions of arm's length bargaining; branded distributor; swing producer” Energy Information Administration Office of Energy Markets & End Use USS. Department of Energy ‘Washington, DC 20585 Monthly Energy Review (August 1989), Used with permission. All rights reserved parts of glossary Gulf Publishing Company PO. Box 2608 Houston, TX. 77252-2608 David F. Tver, Gulf Publishing Dictionary of Business and Science, third ed. Houston’ Gulf Publishing Company, 1974. Used with permis- sion. All rights reserved ‘compression wave; critical angle: Joule’s law Gulf Publishing Company PO. Box 2608 Houston, TX 77252-2608 Harry Whitehead, ed., A~Z Dictionary of Offshore Oil & Gas, second ed. Houston: Gulf Publishing, 1983. Used with permission. All rights reserved, vvisbreaking McGraw-Hill, Inc 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 Daniel N. Lapedes, editor-in-chief, McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, second ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978, Used with permission. All rights reserved, caliper: micrometer PennWell Books. a division of PennWell Publishing Company PO. Box 1260 Tulsa, OK 74101 Langenkamp, Handbook of Oil Industry Terms and Phrases. fourth ed Tulsa: PennWell Books, 1985. Used With permission, All rights reserved middle distillate; straight-run Langenkamp, Illustrated Petroleum Reference Dictionary, third ed, Tulsa: PennWell Books, 1984. Used with Permission. All rights reserved carrier bar; charge stock; gas oil process stream: Seven Sisters; sling; swag.PREFACE ‘The addition of a staff member unfamiliar with the oit industry tes te the preparation of this new, greatly expanded version of A Dictionary of Petroleum Terms. She found the third edivion of that dictionary very useful in helping her understand some of what she was reading in the oil and gas journals, but many of the terms she encountered in those publications were not defined in our dictionary. “The new Dictionary for the Petroleum Indusiryas al of the features of its predecessor—a list of abbreviations, Sf units, SI units for drilling, metric equivalents, and mets prefixes—and adds hundreds more definitions and illustrates many of them, |As was true for its predecessor volume, definitions included in this new dictionary come from many sources—writers and ‘editors, Industry personnel, PETEX instructors and coordinators. and various published works. Although this dictionary could not have been completed without these sources, PETEX is solely responsible for its content. Although every effort was made 10 censure that our information is accurate and up-to-date, this dictionary is intended for educational purposes only. Nothing in itis tobe considered appraval or disapproval of any product or practice. Ron Baker Director Petroleum Extension ServiceAAPG abbr: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, AAPL abbr: American Association of Pewroleum Landmen. ‘abaft adv: |. toward the stern ofa ship or mobile offshore drilling cig. 2. behind. 3. farther aft than, See aft ‘abandon ¥: to cease producing oll and gas, from a well when it becomes unprofitable or to cease further work on a newly deilled well when itproves nor‘ contain profitable ‘quantities of oil or gas. Several steps are involved: partof the casing may be removed and salvaged: one or more cement plugs are placed inthe borehole to prevent migration (of fuids between the diferent formations penetrated by the borehole; and the well is abandoned. In most oil-producing states, it is necessary to secure permission from official agencies before a well may be aban- donea. abandoned well n:a well not inuse because it was a dry hole originally, or because it hhas ceased to produce. Statutes and regula- tions in many states require the plugging of abandoned wells to prevent the seepage of oil, g88, or Water from one stratum of un. derlying rock to another. ‘abandonment n: termination ofa jurisdic- ‘ional sale or service. Under Section 7(b) of the Natural Gas Act, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission must determine in advance that the “present or furure public convenience and necessity” or depletion of ga Supplies requires termination. ‘abandonment pressure: the average res- cenit pressure af which an amount of gas insufficient to permit continued economic operation of aproducing gas wel isexpelled. abd, abdn abbr: abandoned; used in drill- ing reports. abnormal pressure n: pressure exceeding cor falling below the pressure to be expected ata given depth. Normal pressure increases approximately 0.465 pounds per square inch per foot of depth or 10.5 kilopascals per ‘metre of depth. Thus, normal pressure at 1,000 feet is 465 pounds per square inch; at 1,000 metres itis 10,500 kilopascals. See Pressure gradient. aboard adv: on or in a ship, offshore drill- ing rig, helicopter, or production platform, abrasion »: wearing away by friction. [ABS abbr: American Bureau of Shipping. abscissa n: the horizontal coordinate of a point a plane obtained by measuring par- allel t0 the x-axis, Compare ordinate absolute (abs) adj: independent or unlim- ited, such as an absolute condition, or com- pletely unadulterated, such as aleohol ‘atbsolute density n: the density of a solid fr liquid substance ata specifies terapera- ture, Sometimes referred to as trve density ‘or density in vacuo. See density. absolute dynamic viscosity n: the force in dynes that a stationary lat plate with asur- face area of | square centimetre exerts ona similar parallel plate I centimetre away and ‘moving in its owa plane with a velocity of | centimetre per second. the space between she plates being filed with the liquid in question. It is a measure of the resistance thatthe liquid offers to shear. absolute error n: the difference between the result of @ measurement and the wue ‘value of the measured quantity as deter- ined by means of a suitable Standard device. absolute humidity n: the amount of mois- ‘ure present in the air. It may be expressed 4, milligrams of water per cubic metre of ait. Compare relative humidity absolute kinematic viscosity : the value ‘obtained when the absolute dynamic vis- cosity is divided by the density (expressed ‘in grams per cubie centimetre) ofthe liquid atthe temperature concerned. absolute mass”: the expression ofa fuid’s ‘weight (mass) in terms ofits weight in a absolute open flow r: the maximum flow Tate that a well could theoretically deliver with zero pressure at the face of the reser~ absolute ownership n: the theory that min- eral such a8 oil and gas ae fully owned in place before they are extracted and reduced to possession. Despite this theory, tle oil ‘and gas may be lost by legitimate drainage ‘and by the rule of capture. Also called own- exship in place. See rule of capaure. absolute permeability n: a measure of the ability ofa single fluid (such as water, gas, ‘oF oil) to flow through a rock formation ‘when the formation is totally filed (satu- rated) with that fluid. The permeability measure of a rock filled with a single uid is different from the permeability measure of the same rock filled with #0 or more fluids. Compare effective permeability ela- sive permeability ‘absolute porosity n: the percentage of the ‘otal bulk volume of a rock sample that is ‘composed of pore spaces or voids. See orosiry absolute pressure n: total pressure mea- ‘ved feom am absolute vacuum. It equals the sum of the gauge pressure and the atmo- spheric pressure. Expressed in pounds per square inch, absolute temperature scale n: a scale of Temperature measurement in which zero degrees is absolute zero, On the Rankine absolute temperature scale, which is based londegrees Fahrenheit, water freezes at 492° and boils at 672°. On the Kelvin absolute ‘emperatuce scale, which is based on de agrees Celsius, water freczes at 27%" and boils at373°. See absolute zero. absolute viscosity n: the property by which 2 fluid in motion offers resistance to shear ang flow. Usually expressed as newton- secondy/metre absolute zero n: a hypothetical temperature at which teresa total absence of heat. Since heat isa result of energy caused by molecu- Jar motion, there is n0 motion of molecules ‘ith respect to each other at absolute 2270, absorb ¥: 1. to take in and make part of an ‘existing whole. 2, to recover liquid hydro- ‘carbons from natural or refinery gasina.gas- absorption plant. The wet gas enters the absorber atthe bottom and rises to the top, encountering a stream of absorption oil (a light oil) traveling downward over bubble- ap trays, valve trays, oF sieve trays. The light oll removes, ot absorbs, the heavier liquid hydrocarbons from the wet gas. See bubble-cap tray, sieve tay, valve tay.absorbent n: see absorption ol absorber m: I. vertical, eylin- Arica vessel that recovers heavier hydeocarbons from a mixture of predominantly lighter nydrocar- bons. Alsocalled absorption tower. 2. vessel in which gas is dehydrated by being bubbled through glycol See absorb. ABSORBER section absorber eapacityn: the maximum volume ‘of natural gas that can be processed through an absorber ata specified absorption ol rate, temperature, ae pressure without exceed- ing pressure drop or any other operating limitation. absorption : 1, the process of sucking up, taking in and making part of an existing whole, Compare adsorprion. 2. the process inn which shortwave radiation is retained by regions ofthe earth. absorption dynamometer m: adevice that ‘measures mechanical force. The eneray ‘measured is absorbed by frictional or elec- trical resistance. absorption gasoline n: the gasoline ex- tracted from natural gas by putting the gas ino contact with oil in a vessel and subse- {quently distilling the gasoline from the heavier il, absorption ol: 2 hydrocarbon liquid used to absorb and recover componenis from natural gas being processed. Also called wash oil. absorption plant n: a plant that processes ‘natural gas with absorption ol. absorption-refgeration cyclen: mechan- ical refrigeration system in which vhe refri- gerantis absorbed bya suitable liquid or solid. ‘The most commonly used refrigerant is am- ‘monia; the most commonly used absorbing medium is water. Compare compression efrigeration ext. absorption tower n: see absorber. abstract-based title opinion n: title opin- jon based on acomplete abstract of te and ‘other relevant documents. Compare stand- up title epinion, abstract company n: a private company in the business of preparing abstracts of tile and performing elated services. Also called abstract plant. abstract of title n:acollection of all ofthe recorded instruments affecting tte (0 atract of fand, Compare base abstract. abstract plant m: see abstract company, abyssal adj: of or relating to the bottom waters of the ocean, ‘Ac abbr: altocumulus. AC abbr: alternating current accelerated aging test mn: a procedure whereby a product may be subjected to intensified but controlled conditions of hea, ‘pressure, radiation, or other variables ta gro- dove, in @ shor time, the effects of lon time storage or use under normal conditions. acceleration stress: when acrane is hoist- ing a load, the additional force the load ‘imposes on a wire rope ora sling when the load’s speed increases accelerator n: a chemical additive that re duces the setting time of cement. See ce- ‘ment, cementing materials. accelerometer n: an instrument that detects changes in motion or measures acceleration. accessory equipment n: any device that enhances the utility of a measurement sys- tem including readouts, registers, monitors, and liquid- or flow-conditioning equipment. acerete v: to enlarge by the addition of external parts or particles. ‘accumulate ¥: to amass or collect. When oil and gas migrate into porous formations, the quantity collected is called an accumu: lation ‘accumulator n: 1.2 vessel or tank that re ceives and temporarily stores a liquid used in a continuous process in a gas plant. See drip accumulator. 2. on a drilling rig, the storage device fornitrogen-pressurized hy- ddraulic Muid, which is used in operating the ‘blowout preventers. See blowout preventer control unit. ACCUMULATOR (det.2) ‘accumulator bottle m: botle-shaped steel cylinder located in a blowout preventer con- ‘wol unit tostore nitrogen and hydraulic fluid ‘mder pressure (usually 3,000 pounds per Square ineh). The fluid is used to actuate the blowout preventer stack. accuracy n: the ability of a measuring instrument to indicate values closely ‘approximating the true value of the quai- tity measured. accuracy curve of @ volume meter #: a plot of meter factor 2s a function of flow fate used to evaluate the meter’s perfor ‘mance. See flow rate, meter factor acetic acid nan organic acid compound sometimes used to acidize oilwells. tis not a8 corasive as osher acids used in wel teat- ‘ments. ls chemical formula is CoH,O>, or CHCOOH. acetylene welding n: a method of joining steel components in which acetylene gas and oxygen are mixed in a toreb 10 atzin the high temperatures necessary for weld- ing. ASan early type of welding (it was also called oxyacetylene welding), its primary disadvantage was the seepage of molten weld material onto the interior surface of the pipe, often leading to corrosion prob. Jems. ACGIH abbr: American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists. ‘acid n: any chemical compound, one ele. ‘ment of which is hydrogen, that dissociates in solution to produce free hydrogen ions, For example, hydrochloric acid. HCI. dis: sociates in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+, and chloride ions, Cl-. This reaction is expressed chemically as HCI + H¥ + Cr See ion, ‘acid brittleness n: see hydrogen embritle- ment. ‘acid clay n:a naturally occurring clay that, after activation, usually with acid, is used ‘mainly as a decolorant or refining agent, and sometimes as 2 desutfurizer, coagulant, or catalyst acid fracture v: to partor open fractures in productive hard limestone formations by using acombination of ol and acid or water and acid under high pressure. See forma- Ji fracturing. acid gas n: a gas that forms an acid when ‘mixed with water. In petroleum production ‘and provessing, the most common acid ‘gases are hydrogen sulfide and carbon di- oxide. Both cause corrosion, and hydrogen sulfide is very poisonous. acidity n: the quality of being acid. Rela- tive acd strength of a liquid is measured by pH. A liquid with a pH below 7 is acid. See pH.acidize v: to treat ol-bearing limestone oF other formations with acid for tie purpose of increasing production. Hydrochloric or other acid is injected into the formation ‘under pressure. The acid etches the rock, enlarging the pore spaces and passages through which the reservoir fluids flow. Acid also removes formation dasnage by dissolv- ing material plugging the rock surrounding the wellbore. The acid is held under pres- sure fora period of time and then pumped ‘out, after which the well is swabbed and ‘at back into production. Chemical inhibi {ors combined withthe acid prevent corto sion of the pipe acid recovery plant n: plant forthe recov. ery of sulfuric acid from acid sludge acid sludge n: material of high specific gravity formed during the chemical refining treatment of oils by sulfuric acid and usu- ally separable by settling or centrifuging. ‘Also called acid tar. ‘acid stimulation n: 4 well stimulation method using acid. See acidize. acid tar m: see acid sludge. acid treatment 1: a method by which petrolzum-bearing limestone or other for- mations are put into contact with an acid to enlarge the pore spaces and passages through which the reservoir fluids flow. acid wash n: an acid treatment in which ‘a0 acid mixture is circulated through a ‘wellbore to clean it acknowledgment n: a dectaration or an avowal of any act or fact made by @ signatory party to a document to a notary public or other public official authorized to take an acknowledgment to give it legal effect. acoustic log n: a record of the measure- ment of porosity, done by comparing depth to the time it takes for a sonic impulse to travel through a given length of formation, ‘The rate of travel of the sound wave ‘through @ rock depends on the composi- tion of the formation and the fluids itcon- tains. Because the type of formation can be ascertained by other logs, and because sonic transit time varies with relative ‘amounts of rock and fluid, porosi ‘usually be determined in this way. acoustic position reference n: a system consisting of a beacon positioned om the seafloor to transmit an acoustic signal, a set of three or four hydrophones mounted fon the hull of a floating offshore drilling ‘vessel to receive the signal, and a position display unit to track the relative positions of the rig and the drill site. Monitoring of acousnic Posiion [REFERENCE the display unit aids in accurate position- ing ofthe rig over the site. acoustic signatures n pl: the characteris- tic pattems for various degrees of cement ‘bonding between the casing and the bore- hole that appear on an oscilloscope display ‘when a sonic cemeat bond log is made. acoustic survey n: a well-logging method in which sound impulses are generated and ‘transmitted into the formations opposite the wellbore, The time it takes for the sound impulses to travel through the rock is mea- sured and recorded. Subsequent interpre- tation ofthe record (log) permits estimation of the rock's porosity and fluid content. acoustic well logging n: the process ofre- cording the acoustic characteristics of sub- surface formations, based on the time required for a sound wave to travel a specific distance through rock. The rate of travel depends on the composition of the formation, its porosity, and its fluid con- tent. Also called sonic logging, ‘acquired land n: land owned by the United States, acquired by deed or otherwise. Such land has never been in the public domain or was in the public domain at one time and was later reacquired by purchase, con- » cantinvous- peration liquid process for removing acid ‘ga from natural gas by using chemical ab- Sorption with subsequent heat addition to Strip the acid gas components from the ab- sorbent solution. alyyl n: a compound desived from an al: keane by removing one hysogen atom, alkylation 2: 2 process foe manufacturing Components for 100-octane gasoline. An aly] groups ingcedintoan rganiccom- Pound ether with or without catalyst. Now ‘svaly used to mean alkylation of isobuiae ‘wth propene butenes, oexenes inthe pes ence of concentrated sulfuric acid or anny- drous hydrofluoric aid. alligator grab n:a fishing device used 10 pick up relatively small objects like ‘wrenches that have fallen or have been Aropped inta the wellbore. The alligator grabs jaws are pinned open before the tool {srum into the well The jaws snap shut over the fish when contact is made all-tevel sample n: in tank sampling, & Sample that is obtained by submerging @ stoppered beaker or botle toa point as near ‘as possible tothe draw off level, then open- ing the sampler and raising it arate that ‘makes it about three-quarters full (maxi- suum 85%) as icemerges from the liquid. Allocation n: the distribution of ol or gas produced from a well pe unit of time Ina Sate using proration, tis figure is estab- lished monthly by its conservation agency. allocation meter n: se tail gu. allonge n: see rider. allotted land n: Native American land des ignated for use by a specific individual, al- though the tte is stil held by the United States, allowable n: the amount of oi! or gas that can be produced legally from a well. In 8 State using proration, this igure is estab- lished monthly by its conservation agency. See proration. alloy n: a substance with metallic proper ties that comprises two or mare elements in solid solution. See ferrous alloy, nonfer- rows alloy. alluvial fan: large, sloping sedimentary cdeposicatthe mouth ofa canyon, laid down by intermittently flowing water, especially in arid climates, and composed of gravel and sand. The deposit tends to be coarse and unworked, with angular, poorly sorted grains in thin, overlapping sheets. Aline of fans may eventually coalesce into an apron that grows broader and higher asthe slopes above are eroded away. ALLUVIAL FAN ALP ably: aniculated loading patorm, alpha particlen: one ofthe extremely small parcls ofan atom that i ejected from a radioactive substance (such 2s radiura of eanium) asi initegrates. Alpha particles have a postive charge. alternating current (AC) n: current in which the charg-flow periodically reverses and whose average vale is zero. Compare direct current, alternator n: an clecuric generator that pro- duces alternating current. sltocumatus (Ae) n: a white or gray mid- Jeyel cloud tha appears as closely arranged rolls. This type of eloud is composed of ei- ther ice crystals oF water drops. lostratus ma bluish or grayish layer of, aniform mid-ievelcfouds that cover large portions of the sky, Ths type of cloud is ‘ompoted of either ioe eystals or water aroples. ‘alumina n: aluminum oxide (A107), used a an abrasive, refractory, catalyst, and ad- sorbent sluminum bronze : an alloy of copper and aluminum that may aso include iron, man- anese, nickel, or zinc. ‘aluminum cablestel-reinforced condue- tor n: wireline made of braided alaminure wires, which is strengthened by the adi tion of see wires, and which conduciselee- tic. lumbar stearate 1: an alumioum sat of stcaic acid used ass defoamer. See stear ‘Amagat-Leduc rule n: states that the vot- ‘ume occupied by a mixrure of gases equals the sum of the volumes each gas would ce- ‘cupy atthe pressure and temperature of the ‘Acmast n: an A-shaped arrangement of up- right poles, usually steel, used for lifting heavy loads, See A-frame. ambient conditions n pl: the conditions (pressure temperature, humidity, ete.) ofthe ‘medium surrounding the case of a meter, instrument, transducer, et ambient pressure n: the pressure of the ‘medium that surrounds an abject. ambient temperature n: the temperature fof the medium that surrounds an objec Amerada bomb 1: 4 wireline instrament for measuring botiombele temperature or pressure. Itcontains a clock-driven record ing section and either a pressure element or ‘a temperature element, Its thin enough to pass downhole through small tubing. American Association of Petroleum Geot- ogists (AAPG) 2 leading national indus- ‘uy organization established to disseminate ‘scientific and technical ideas and date inthe field of geology as itrelates to oil and natu- ral gas exploration and production. Hts official publications are the AAPG Bulletin and the AAPG Explorer. Address: PO. Box 979; Tulsa, OK 74101; (918) 584-2558, American Association of Petroleum Landmen (AAPL) »: an international trade organization of landmen and related pre- fessionals, Its official publication is The Landman. Address: 4300 Fossil Creek Blvd; Fort Worth, TX 76137; (817) 847- 7100. American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) 7: US organization that sets standards and specifications for ships and ship equipment manufactured in the United States. The organization also makes inspections during, offshore rig construction and conducts pe~ riodic surveys to ensure that requirements {or lassification are maintained. lis official publications are Records of the American Bureau of Shipping and ABS Activity Re- Port. Address: 2 World Trade Center; 106th floor; New York, NY 10048; (212) 839- 5000. American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) n: a professional multinational organization of Persons employed by governmental units responsible for full-time programs of hy- ‘iene and worker health and protection. Address: 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive; incinar, Ohio 45240; (513) 742-2020.mein os Mei Ae sad Caen a fer ea mer padres Lo sien nai an oe fie oe A te saan etm Engst) Fema mn (Nas erates tray odin esis eee ee ny wn 12) ot eee eee eee eee eg ec eno ees Sereaes Guana ere cir si ASTM onan cs se ng fc ae ieee iru Comoie mao fe sen Cec eli ae See eae Fecal is 0 ar ta se American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers (ASME) ”: organization whose equipment standards are sometimes used by the of indus. Its official publication is Mechanical Engineering. Adres: 345 East 4th Steet; New York, NY 10017; 212) 705-7788; ox (212) 705-7856, ‘American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) n: organization that establishes safety practices fr several industries. Is pub= licaions are Professional Safery and Society Update, Address: 1800 East Oakton; Des Paines, (L 60018-2187; (847) 659.2929, AMI abbr: area of mutual interest. ‘amine 7: any of several compounds em- ployed in eating natural gas. Amines are generally used to remove hydrogen sulfide from water solutions and carbon dioxide from gas of liquid streams. ammeter n: an instrument for measuring electric current in amperes amortization : |. the retum of adebt (prin cipal and interest) in equal annual insall- ‘ments. 2. the return of invested principal in a sinking fund. “ampere (A) n: the fundamental unit of elec- trical current; | ampere = 6.28 x 108 lec ‘wons passing through the circuit per second. (Oneampere delivers | coulomb in | second. ampere-hour n: a unit of electricity equal to the amount produced ip 1 hour by a flow (of I ampere. See ampere. ampere turn n: the number of ws in a coil multiplied by the number of amperes of current flowing through the coil amplifier n: a device for increasing the ‘magnitude of a quantity such as an elect cal measurement signak Amplifiers may be used to increase a ansmitted and received ‘measurement signal ampbitade modulation (am) n: modulation of the amplitude of a radio carier wave in accordance with the strength of the audio for other signal amplitudes n pl: shapes and heights ofthe peaks ina spontaneous potential curve. anaerobic adj active in the absence of fee oxygen. anaerobic bacteria mpl: bacteria that do not require free oxygen to live or that are not destroyed by its absence. Under certain ‘conditions, anaerobic bacteria can cause Scale to form in water-handling facilites in oilfields or hydrogen uli to be produced from sulfates. analog 2di:of orperaining to an instrument that measures a continuous variable that is proportional tanother variable over a given range, For example, temperature canbe rep- resented or measured as voltage, its analog. analog data n: information indicated by a continuous form, usually ancedie or pointer ‘moving across a dal face. Compare digital readout. analog signal n: the representation of the ‘magnitude of a variable in the form of a ‘measurable physical quantity that varies smoothly rather than in diserete steps. anchor n: a device that secures, or fastens, equipment. In producing wells with sucker ‘od pumps, a gas anchor is @ special sec- tion of perforated pipe installed below the “pump. It provides a space for gas to break ‘out of the oil. In offshore drilling, floating drilling vessels are often secured over drill sites by large anchors like those used on ships, For pipelines, a device that secures pipe i a ditch, anchor buoy n: a Roaiing marker used in a spread mooring system to position each anchor of a semisubmersible rig of drill ship. See spread mooring system. anchoring system n: in pipeline construc tion, a combination of anchors used to hold lay barge on station and move it forward along the planned route. Lay-barge anchors ‘may weigh in excess of 20 ons (18 tonnes), and a dozen or more may be needed, anchor key n: a device on the deadline tie- down anchor used to secure the drilling line. anchor packer n:apacker designed for sit- Ging on a pipe that rests on bottom, such as ‘tal pipe or liner. See packer. anchor pattern n: the pattem of minute projections from a metal surface produced by sandblasting, shot blasting, or chemical ‘etching to enhance the adhesiveness of sur face coatings. ‘anchor seal assembly n: a seal assembly run on the production tubing that allows the tubing tobe landed propery in the casing's setl bore when tubing weight alone is not + sufficient to seat the tubing anchor washpipe spear n: a fishing tool insulled inside washover pipe to prevent a fish stuck off bottom from falling to bot tor during a washover. Slips on the anchor ‘washpipe spear engage the inside of the -washover pipe asthe pipe ravels downhole sound the fish anchor weight m: a weight installed in a tank to which the guide wires or cables for an automatic tank gauge fot are attached ‘ohold them taut and plumb, andesite n: nely crystalline, generally Tight-colored extusive igneous rock com- posed largely of plagioclase feldspar with Smaller amounts of dark-colored mineral. Compare dart. ‘anemometer n: an instrument for measur- ing wind speed in the atmosphere. The most ‘common types are cup, vane, and hot-wire aneroid barometer n: barometer consist- ing of a flexible, sprng-filled metal cell from which air has been removed and a mechanism tha registers, ee barograph. ‘angle-azimuth indleator n: se eser angle indicator.angle-control section m: the part of a groove on the drawworks drum that Changes direction. Grooves run parallel to teach other, except i the angle-control sec- tion, where each groove is machined at @ slight angle, This angled partof the groove causes the wire rope being spooled onto the drum to change direction so that the next wrap of rope on the drum lies in be- tween the wraps of rope already on the drum, Also called a crossover section angle of deflection n: in directional drill- ing, the angle at which a well diverts from vertical; usually expressed in degrees, with vertical being 0”. angle of deviation n: see drift angle. angle of dip m: the angle at which a for- ‘mation dips downward from the horizon- tal angle of drift n: see drift angle, angle of heel n: the angle in degrees that a floating vessel inclines to one side or the other. angle of loading n: in crane operations, when a sling with two legs is attached to cach end of a load. the slant or the angle the two legs make as measured from hori- ‘zontal. reduction in the strength ofa sling must be allowed for angles other than 90) degrees angle of wrap nthe distance thatthe brake band wraps around the brake flange. Drawworks have an angle of wrap of 270° aangle-stem assembly n: a type of ther- rmometer used on oil tanks. The graduated part of the thermometer is angled at least 90° from the emperature-sensitive portion. “The angle conforms to the shell ofthe tank and permits easy reading ofthe instrument aangle-stem thermometer m: a glass-stem thermometer in which the til is bent at an angle to the stem so that the tail can be ‘mounted in a horizontally disposed ther- ‘mowell, leaving the scale vertical for ‘greater case of reading, angle sub n: see bent sub. angular misalignment n: one typeof mis- alignment in a chain-and-sprocket drive. ‘The shafts are not parallel to each other (they formn an angle) in either the horizon- tal or the vertical plane. This pus the link plates on one side tighter thas those on the other side; thus, one side ofthe chain and sprockets wears faster than the other. Link plates on only one side of the chain break because of fatigue angular unconformity n: an unconformity in which formations above and below are ‘not parallel, See unconformity. ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY angular velocity n: a measure of the time required for a flowing medium. such a a fluid, to change its angular displacement. anhydrite n: the common name for anhy- tion chamber into the crankcase of an engine. blow case n: I-apressurized device capable of wansferring liquid; sometimes used to transfer erude oil and water mixtures if pump agitation would create unwanted ‘emulsions. 2. small tank in which liquids ae accumiated and drained by applying 38 or air pressure above the liquid level. Such a vessel is usually located below a Pipeline or other equipment at a location “where an catside power source is not con- venient for temoving the drained Tiguis. Sometimes referred to as a drip. blow dow v: to empry oF depressure a Ves- sel. Also called depressure. blowdown 7: |. the emptying or depressut- ding of material in a vessel. 2. the material thus discarded. lowdown period n: that period following the completion of a cycling or pressure ‘maintenance operation in a reservoir in ‘which the remaiiing 23s is produced from the reservoir without being replaced by in- jected gas, blow-down valve n: see bleeder valve. ‘blown adj supercharged. See supercharge, [blown oiln: fatty il the viscosity of which has been increased by blowing air through itat an elevated temperature Dlowolf cock n: a device that permits oF arrests a flow of liquid from a receptacle or through a pipe, faucet; tap, oF stop valve, blowout n: at uncontrolled flow of gas oil, or other well fuids into the atmosphere, A blowout. or gusher. occurs when formation pressure exceeds the pressure applied 10 it by the column of drilling Aud, A kick warns of an impending blowout See kick. blowout preventer n: one of several valves installed at the wellhead to prevent the e5- ‘cape of pressure either in the annular space between the casing and the dill pipe or in open hate (i. ole with no drill pipe) dur- ing drilling oF completion operations, Blow= ‘ut preventers on land rigs are located ‘beneath the rig at the land's surface: on jackup of platform rigs, atthe water's sur- face; and on Noating offshore rigs, on the seafloor, See annular blowout preventer ram blowou preventer aa I i> BLOWOUT PREVENTER + blowout preventer control panel e: con- trols, usually located near the drillers po- sition on the rig floor, that are manipulated to open and close the blowout preventer. See blowout preventer. blowout preventer control unit m: a de- vice that stores hydraulic uid under pres- sure in special containers and provides a method to open and close the Blowout preventers quickly and reliably. Usvally, ‘compressed air and hydraulic pressure pro- vide the opening and closing force in the unit. See Blowout preventer. Also called an accumulator blowout preventer drill n: a taining pro cedure to determine that rig crews are fa- imiliar with corect operating practices o be followed in the use of blowout prevention ‘equipment, blowout preventer operating and control system 1: see Blowout preventer control blowout preventer rams 7 pl: the closing and sealing components of a preventer, ‘Corresponds to the gate inthe gate valve blowout preventer stack n: the assembly of well-control equipment including preventers, spools, valves, and nipples con: rected to the top of the wellhead, blowout sticking n; jamming or wedging of the dil string inthe borehole by sand or shale that is driven uphole by formation fluids during a blowout BLPD abbr: barrels of liquid per dy: usw ally used in reference to total production of, oil and water from a wel. blue pod n: see hydraulic control pod. BO abbr: barrels of oll used in drilling re- pons. bob r: see gauger’s bob. ‘Dotytzit plant nan extraction plant with- cut fragmentation facilites. body lock ring n: an internal mechanism employed in cersain tools to lock cones 10 ‘the mandrel body wave n: cansverse oF longitudinal seismic waves transmitted inthe interior of an elastic solid or fluid and not related to 2 boundary surface. bollaway testa: see wearhering test. boiler n: a closed pressure vessel that has @ farmace equipped to burn coal, oil, or gas ‘and that is used t0 generate steam from boiler feed water n: water piped into a boiler from which steam is generated. boiler fuel n: fuel suitable for generating steam or hot waterin lage industrial or elec trcity-generating utility applications, boiler fuel gas n: natural gas used as a fuel {the generation of steam or hot wates. boiler house : (slang) to make up or fake a report. boiling point n: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of aliquid becomes equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. The boiling point of water is 212°F or 100°C at atmospheric pressure (14.7 pounds pe square inch gauge ‘0 101.325 Kilopascals). Doll weevil n: (slang) an inexperienced rig or oilfield worker; sometimes shortened to weevil.boll weevil carmer n: (slang, obsolete) the ‘work sation of an inexperienced rotary helper on the opposite side of the rotary from the rotary helper who sets pipe back fon the rig flor during tips boll weevil hanger 7: a tubing hanger. ‘bomb n: a thick-walled container. usually steel, used t0 hold devices that determine nd record pressure or temperature in wellbore. See dortomhoe pressure. bomb hanger n: a device set in a wbing coupling eo facilitate the landing of pres ‘sure bombs (recorders). bond x: the adhering or joining together of ‘wo materials (as cement to formation. v:t0 adhere or to join to another material bonnet 7: the part of a valve that packs off and encloses the valve stem, Domus consideration n: a cash payment by the lessee forthe execution of an oil and gas fease by the mineral owner; expressed ‘as dollars per acre. Occasionally, an oil pay- tment or overriding royalty may be reserved asa bonus by a lessor in addition to regular royalty. ‘boom m: 1.amovable arm of tubular or bar steel used on some types of cranes or der ricks ta support che hoisting fines that carry the load. 2. floating device used to contain oil, 3. a period of high activity in the oil industry. bboom dog n: a ratchet device on a crane that prevents the 600m of the erane from being lowered but still permits it to be raised. Also called 8 boom satchel ‘boomer n: |. (slang) an oilfield worker who moves from one center of activity 10 an- ‘other; a floater or transient. 2, adevice used to tighten chains on a load of pipe or other equipment o7 a tack eo make ic secure ‘boom pendant n: the large-diameter wire rope oF the strands that suppor the boot of acrane. ‘boom ratchet n: see boom dog. boom stop m: the steel projections on a crane struck by the boom if itis raised too high or lowered to far ‘booster station n: an installaion ona pipe- fine that maimuains or increases pressure of ‘the fluid coming through the pipeline and being tent om tothe nex station or tem. booster-type pump n: usually a small pump mounted upstteam of another pump that charges the fluid being pumped prior to the fuid’s reaching the main pump. ‘boot: {. tubular device placed in a vert- cal position, either inside or outside a larger vessel, and through which well fuids are conducted before they enter the lager ves- 2A boot aids ie che separation of gas ftom wet oil. Also called a flume or conductor pipe. 2. a lange pipe connected to a process tank to provide a static head that can ab- sorb surges of fluid from the process tank. ‘Also called surge cotuma, boot basket n: see junk sub, ‘boot sub n: a device made up in the drill stem above the mill to collect bits of junk ‘gtound away during 2 milling operation. During milling, drilling mud under high pressure forces bits of junk up the narrow space between the boot sub and hole wall ‘When the junk reaches the wider annulus above the boot sub and pressure drops slightly, the junk falls into the boot sub. A. boot sub also can be run above the bit dur- ing routine drilling to collect small picces ‘of junk that may damage the bit or interfere with its operation, Alsocalled¢ junk sub or junk boot. BOP abby: blowout preventer. BOPD abbr: banels of oil per day. BOPE abbr: blowout preventer equipment. BOP stack n: the assembly of blowout preventer installed on a well Dore n: 1. the inside diameter ofa pipe or @ dried hate. 2 he diameter ofthe cylinder of an engine. v: to penetrate or pierce with rotary tool. Compare tunnel bored crossing m: a hole under a oad, rail- road, stream, or other obstacle under which a pipeline must cross. Itis created by using an auger or other type of drill. borehole n: a hole made by drilling or bor- ing; a wellbore. Dorehofe ballooning n: an effect that oc- curs when certain shale zones are penetrated by the wellbore and the pressure exerted by. the drilling mud exceeds the pressure ex- erted by the shale. The pressure differential ‘causes the borefse to flex, or balloon, and the borehole no longer behaves as a fixed, rigid cylinder. borehole-contact log n: any logging device whose operation depends on a portion of the Jogging tool touching the wellbore, borehole effect n: false influence on well logging measurement caused by the bore- hhole environment, e.g. diameter, shape, sugosity, type of uid, o¢ mud cake. Dorehole pressure nthe total pressure ex- ened in the wellbore by a column of fluid aod any Bakepesu imposed at the sur face, borings sample mpl: obtained by, the chips made by boring les nS tes ometoplete be sa falconinedin abet eh bottled 585: lgvefed evel, placed in small containers for ju amestic customers. Se tof a se ged ci es watt tae, Some femaiparen roti ceca joint oa bottle test na testin which diferent efens cals are added to botle samples ofan sion to determine which chemical ym ‘mast effective a breaking the emulsion oil and watet. Once an effective cheng is determined, varying amounts of itm added to botte samples ofthe emulsion ‘determine the minimum amount ‘break the emulsion effectively. botte-ype submersible rg: nb ‘beri ting truce of several sel eying or bone the bots ae foded the ig {des on bron, when watt from he bots, the ng Moat, Te os feign of his feof og ail a depths upto 100 fet GUS mews) te submersie deine rit bottom angle n: the angle formed vie the batom andthe side ofthe oil nk me usually nearly 90° bottom dead center (BDC) nth poston {ng ofthe piston at the lowest pont pa sible in the cylinder of an engine; often marked on the engine Bywheel "| bottom gue wire anchor: aba tothe botiomof tank io which gid or cables forthe fat of an automat a gauge ae atached. ga bottom hold-down n: a mechani anchoring a botombole pump ins located onthe fowerendof te por. pare fp hold down vos bottombole assembly nthe prion drilling assembly below the drill pipe. I fe very smplecompote of only and drill collars—or it can be very And made up of ever dingpottomhole choke n: a device with a re- sticted opening placed in tne lower end of the tubing to contro the rate of flow. See choke. hottombole contract n: a contract provid- ing for the payment of money or other con- Sieratians upon the completion of a well toa specified depth, bottomhole flow regulator n: see bostam hole choke. . bottomhole heater n: an electric heater screwed onto lengths of tubing and lowered {nto the well It raises the bottomiole tem perature ofthe well to prevent solidification Of paraffin in subsurface equipment bottomhole letter": a contrat providing for the payment of money or other considerations fon the completion of a well 1 a specified fepth regardless of whether the well is pro- ducer of ol or ¢38 or isa dry hole bottomhole money 1: money paid by a contributing company in exchange for the information received from the drilling on the completion of a well toa specified depth, regardless of whether the well isa producer of oil or gas ors a dry hole bottomhole packer n: a device. installed near the bottom of the hole, that blocks pas: sage through the annular space between two susings of pipe. See packer. bottombole plug n: a bridge plug or ce- ‘ment plug placed nearthe botom ofthe hole to shut off a depleted, waterproducing, or unproductive zone, bottomhole pressure n: I, the pressure at the bottom of a borehole. It is caused by the hydrostatic pressure ofthe wellbore uid and, sometimes, by any back-pressure held atthe surface, as when the well is shut in with blowout preventers. When mud is be- Ing circulated, bottomhole pressure is the hydrostatic pressure plus the remaining cir- culating pressure required to move the mud ‘upthe annulus. 2. the pressure ina well ata ‘point opposite the producing formation, as recorded by a bottomhole pressure bomb, bbottomhole pressure bomb n: a pressure- tight container (bomb) used to record the pressure in a well at a point opposite the ‘Producing formation, bottomhole pressure gauge n: an instru- ‘ment to measure bottombhole pressure. Also called bottomhole pressure bomb. bottombole pressure test 1: a test that ‘measures the reservoir pressure ofthe well, obtained at a specific depth oF at the mid. Point of the producing zone. A flowing bbottomhole pressure est measures pressure ‘hile the well continues 10 flow; a shut bottomibole pressure test measures pressure after the well has en shut in fora specified period of time. See bortomhole pressure bottomhole pressure gauge. bottomhole pump ny ofthe rod pumps. high-pressure liquid pumps, or centrifugal pumps located ator near the bowom ofthe well and used lift the well us. See cen ‘rg pup, draulic punping, submers ile pump, stcker rod pumping. bottombole separator n: a device used 19 separate ol and gas atthe bonm of wells to increas the volumetric efficiency ofthe pumping equipment Dottombole temperature n: temperature ‘measured in @ well ta depth atthe mid point ofthe thickness of the producing zone bottomn-intake electric submersible pump za submersible pump configuration in ‘which the pump and the motor sections are reversed, with the pump intake through a stinger a the bottom of the unit tis used where casing size prohibits the desired pro- duction volume because of tubing friction oss or pump diameter resetion, bottom loading pressure m: the pressure exerted on the bottom hull of a column- stabilized semisubmersible drilling rig when the hulls submerged to drilling water depth. bottom plug: a cement wiper plug that precedes cement slurry down the casing. ‘The plug wipes drilling mud off the walls of the casing and prevents it from coptaminat- ing the cement. See cementing. wiper plug. Dbottom-pull method m: an offshore pipe line construction technique in Which the Pipe string remains below the surface while itis towed to its final location, bottoms pi: 1 the liquids and the residue that collect inthe bottom of a vessel (such as tank bottoms) or that remain in the bot- tom of a storage tank after a period of ser- vice. 2. the residual fractions remaining at the bottom of a fractionating tower after lighter components have been distilled off a8 vapors. bottom sample n: in tank sampling, @ ‘sample obtained from the material near the bottom surface of the tak, container or ine ata low point, bottomset bed n: the part of a marine dela that lies farthest from shore. It consists of silt and clay extending well out from the toe of the steep delta face. Such beds grow slowly, out of reach of most ofthe effects of river current and wave action, bottom sub n: a device run at or near the bottom of the tubing string to which pro- duction tools can be attached, ‘vottoms up n: a complete trip from the bottom of the wellbore tothe top. bottom-supported offshore ariting rig risa type of mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) that has a part ofits structare in ‘contact with the seafloor wheat it ison site land deiling a well. The remainder of the rig. is supported above the water, The rig caa float however. allowing itto be moved from one drill site to another. Bottom-supponed units include submersible rigs and jackup figs. See mobile offshore drilling uni. bottoms-up time »: the time required for mud to travel up the borehole from the bit to the surface bottom time nthe tol amount of ime. mea- sured in minutes. from the time adiver leaves the surface unt he or she begins the ascent. bottom water n: water found below oil and _gas in a producing formation otto water drive n: see water drive bottom water sample n: spt sample of free water taken rom beneath te pewoleum contsned in a ship or barge compartment dra storage tank bottom wiper pug: a device placed in the cementing head and ron dows th casing in frontofcementtoclean the rude he walls ofthe casing and to prevert contamination between the mud and the cement Dounce dive a apd dive witha very short bottom time to minimize decompression Bourdon tube 1: « pressure-sensng ele rent consisting ofa twisted or curved tube of noncrcular cross section, which ends Staighten when peste i applied inter nally, By the movements of an indicator vera circular scale, Bourdon tube indi Cates the pressure applied. boven: in dling operations, an inser that Sts into the opening of amasterbashing and accommodates the slips. Dowline knot m @ knot used primarily in lifting neavy eawipment with the catlne, since it can be readily tied and untied re- {ardess ofthe Weight of the load on it. bow tines the lines running fom the bow ofa mobile offshore dling i, espe= cially te forward mooring lines. box m: the female section ofa connection. See 00 join. box and pla n: 20 to! jon box tap 7 old-style tap with longitudinal sroovesarosthe treads Seep taper ap. box threads n pl: threads on the female section, orbox, of 00 joint. Se oo jine's law nthe principle that states that eee at temperate he vlume of 8 ideal gas or gases varies inversely with its sdbsolute pressure. As gas pressure increases, {0s volume decreases proportionately ‘bpd or BPD abbr: barrels per day. [BPH abbr: barcls per hour: used in drill ing reports. 'B-P mix r: a liquefied hydrocarbon prod. uct composed chiefly of butanes and pro- pane If ivoriginates from refinery, it may 8180 contain butylenes and propylene. [BPO abbr: before payout: commonly used inland departments. brackish water n: water that contains re tively low concentrations of soluble salts, Brackish water is saltier than fresh water but not as salty a salt water. Dbradding n: condition in which the weight ‘onabittooth has been so great sha the toot ‘has dulled until its softer inner portioncaves, cover the harder case area, bradenhead n: (obsolete) casinghead. Glen TT Braden invented a casinghead in the 1920s that became so popular that all casingheads were called bradenheads. bradenhead flange n: a flanged connection atthe top ofthe oilwell casing. bradenhead gas n: sce casinghead gas. bradenhead squeeze n: a process used to repair a hole in the casing by pumping ce~ ‘ment down wing of dil pipe, Fist, ce casinghead, or bradenhead, i Closed to pre vent fuids from moving up the casing. Then the rig's pumps are started. Pump pressure ‘moves the cement out ofthe tubing or pipe and, since the top of the casing is closed, the cement goes into the hole in the casing. ‘The tubing or pipe is pulled from the well and the cement allowed to harden, The hard- ened cernen seals the hole in the casing. Al- ‘though the term “bradenhead squeezing” is still sed, the term “bradenhead” i obsolete. See annular space, casinghead, squeeze. raided sling »:in crane operacions, a sing ‘made from a braided wire rope. braided wire rope n: rope formed by plat- ing (braiding) several strands of wire rope. Drake m: «device for aresting the motion ‘of mechanism, usually by means of fric~ tion, asin the drawworks brake, Compare electrodynamic brake, hydrodynamic brake. brake band 1: « part of the brake mecha- nism consisting of a flexible stel and lined ‘witha material that grips a drum when tght- ened. Ona drilling rig, the brake band acts fon the flanges of the drawworks drum to contra the lowering ofthe traveling block ‘and its load of drill pipe, casing, or tubing. bbrake block n: @ section ofthe lining of a ‘brake band shaped to conform to the curva ture ofthe band and attached to it with coun- tersunk screws, See drake band, brake flange n: the surface on a winch, carding to the liquid (innage) or empty space (ullage) measured in the tank. Also called tank capacity able, cank table calibration tank n: see prover rank, caliper 1: an instrument with (o legs or jaws than can be adjusted for measuring lin- ‘ear dimensions, thicknesses. or diameters. caliper log n: a record showing variations in wellbore diam. ter by depth in- dicating undue enlargement due to caving in, washout oF other causes. The cali per log also re- ‘veals corrosion, scaling, oF pit ting inside tubu- lat goods. ; call on oil option 10 buy crude oil for an CALIPER LOG extended period — of time CALM abbr: catenary anchor leg mooring. calorke nthe amount of heat energy neces- sary to raise the temperature of I gram of water I" Celsius, Itis the metric equivalent of the British thermal uni ‘calorimeter n: an apparatus used to deter- rine the heating value af a combustible material ‘cam n:aneccentically shaped disk, mounted fm a camshaft, dhat varies in distance from its center to various points on its circumfer- cence. As he camalattis ola, set amount of motion is imparted to a follower riding on the surface of the cam. In the internal ‘combustion engine, cams ae used 10 opes- ate the intake and exhaust valves. ‘Cameron gauge n: pressure gauge ust- ally used in ines or manifolds. ‘cam follower 1: output link of a cam ‘mechanism, ‘camshaft nthe cylindrical bar used to sup- porta rotating device called a eam. Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (CAODC) 1: a trade associa- tion that represents virwally 100% of the rotary drilling contractors and the majority ‘of well service rig operators in western (Canada The organization concems itself with research, education, accident prevention, ‘government relations, and other matters of interest to members. Address: 540 Sth Av- enue SW, Suite 800; Calgary, Alberta, Canada F2P OM2: (403) 264-8314; fax (403) 263-3796, canal-lay construction m: a pipeline con- steuction technique used in swamps and marshes. The firs of several barges clears she righvofway and digs a wench large enough t0 float itself and the following barges. ‘eandela (ed) nthe fundamental unit of lu- ‘minous intensity in the metric system, ‘canted leg ads. porsining to an indepen- dent-leg jackup rig designed so thatthe legs ‘may be slanted outward to increase support against lateral tresses When Qe unit is on fhe seafoor, eamilever 1; beams that project ourward from a structure and are supported only at one end, cantilevered jackup 1 a jackup dritiing tant in which the drilling rig is mounted on ‘va cantilevers that extend outward from the barge hull of the unit. The cantilevers are supported only at the barge end. Com- parekevwa. CANTILEVEREDJACKUP eanvas packer n: (obsolete) a device for sealing the annular space between the top of a liner and the existing casing sting. CAODE abbr: Canadian Association of Oilwell Deiting Contracors. ‘capacitance (C)n: the ratio ofan impressed elecirical charge on 9 conductor to the ‘change in electrical potential; measured in iarads. See capacitor. ‘eapacitance probe n: a device used in most netoil computers that senses the different dielectric constants of oil and water in a water-il emulsion. See dielectric constant, ‘apacitor a: an electrical device that, when wired in the line of an electrical circuit, stores a charge of electricity and returns ‘he charge 1 the line when certain electri- cal conditions occur, Also called a con- denser.capacty indicator ma device Sed 0 8 proving tank to nist the poston fhe Ru ura nln 1 te ene 1 cueaponding tthe nominal apa sash prong ik, us enabling the Lacrminaton fhe tat’ gud conten capacity rating: 2 cating equal to the career mumber of exbi eto ga hat, Tit pase tough a eter when the pes- we Mitre cross the meter equals 2 DiSinch water column andthe Sowing pres sures 0.25 pi capacity table: table that else quan- Ciyofliquigconanedinatankatany ven tev capa well 10 control blowout by plac- Tau ery strony atveon te welend See tomoun cap bead th fine welding pass made to ome the uniting of ots of pip. cap gas n: natura) g3s trapped in the upper palt ofa reservoir and remaining separate from any crude oil. salt water, or other lig- ids inthe weit cap cas ‘capillaries n pl: very small fissures oF cracks in a formation through which water ‘ot hydrocarbons flow. capillarity n: the rise and fall of liguids in small-diameter tubes or tubelike spaces, ‘caused by the combined action of surface tension (echesion) and wetting adhesion). ‘See capillary pressure. capillary meter seal : the liquid seal shat reduces slippage between moving parts of ameter capillary pressure n: a pressure or adhe- sive force caused by the surface tension of water. This pressure causes the water to adhere more tightly tothe surface of small, pore spaces than to larger ones. Capillary pressure in a rock formation is comparable ‘tw the pressure of water that rises highe asmall glass capillary tube than it does ina larger tube. capitalize v: in accounting, to include ex- penditures in business accounts 4s assets instead of expenses, capitalized adj: peraining to expenditures ‘reated as assets instead of expenses, ‘capped well n: a well capable of produc- tion but lacking wellhead installations and ‘pipeline connection. ceaptock n: J, adisklike plate of anhydrite, ‘eypsum, limestone o sulfur overlying most salt Comes in the Gulf Coast region. 2. im- permeable rock overtying an off or gas res- ervoir that tends to prevent migration of oil ‘or Bas out of the reservoir. captive customers n pl: buyers who can ‘purchase natural gs from only one supplier and have no access to altemate fuel sources ‘This term is usually applicable to residen- sia) and smal) commerciat users, but can, ‘under certain conditions of alternative fuel availability, be applied to large industrial and electric utility users as well. Alsocalled ‘core customers. capture cross section n: the tendency of elements in their compounds to reduce en- ergy or number of particles by absorbing them, The more densely populated an area ‘may be, the more certain itis that energy will be absorbed or chat the particles will bbe retained within the atomic structure. capture gamma ray a: a high-eneray ‘gamma ray emitted when the nucleus of an ‘atom captures a neutron and becomes in- tensely excited. Capture gamma rays sre ‘counted by the neutron logging detector, carbonate n: I. a salt of carbonic acid. 2.2 ‘compound containing the carbonate radical (CO,), 3. carbonate rock. ‘carbonate mud n: a mud that forms on the seafloor by the accumulation of calcite par- ticles Itmay eventually become limestone. carbonate reef n: see reef. ‘carbonate rock 7: a sedimentary rock com- posed primarily of calcium carbonate (cal- cite) or calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite). coronation n: 1. chemical reaction that produces carbonates, 2. in geology, a form ‘of chemical weathering in which a mineral reacts with carbon dioxide (in solution as carbonic acid) to form a carbonate mineral. carbon black 1: very fine panicles of al- ‘most pure amorphous carbon, usually pro- duced from gaseous oF quid hydrocarbons by thermal decomposition or by controlled combustion with a restricted air supply. It {is osed in the manufacture of carbon paper, tires, cosmetics, and so on. carbon dioxide n:acolorlss, odorless gas- nus compound of carbon and oxygen, CO>. [A product of combustion anda filles fr fre entinguishers, this heavier-than-air gas can Collect in low ying areas, where i may di Place oxygen and present the hazard of an- xia carbon dioxide excess n: see hypercapnia carbone adj: of oF relating to carbon, car bone acid, or carbon dioxide. carbonize v: to convert into carbon or a cartonie residue carbon Tog n: a record that indicates the presence of hydrocarbons by measuring Carbon atoms and that reveals the presence ‘of water by measuring oxygen atoms, Oil and water saturations ean be closely ap- Froximated without the requirement of ad- {quate salinity of known concentration 10 calculate saturations (asin resistivity and pulsed neutron survey). carbon monoxide n: a colorless, odorless f2se0us compound of carbon and oxygen, CO. A produc of incomplete combustion, itis extemely poisonous o breathe. carbonyl sulfide : a chemical compound ofthe aldchyde groups containing acarbo- nyl group and sulfur, COS. A contaminant Je gas liquids, iis asually removed to meet sulfur specifications. carboxymethyl cellulose n: a nonfesment- ing cellulose product used in drilling ids to combat contamination from anhydrite {gypsum and fower the water fos of the mua. carburstion »: the mixing of fue and aie in the carburetor of an engine. ‘carburetor n: the device in spark-igsition interal-combuston engine in which fuel and air are mixed in controlled quaties and proportions. ‘arburlzev:toimpregnate or combine with carbon. carcinogen m: cancer-causing matetil or substance. ‘are abbr: Conservation Award for Resp ing the Environment. ‘argo manifest n: adgcumen tha ists the goods or materials carried by a ship, tai, sigplane, or truck. ‘cargo quantity optlon certificate ni certificate signed by vessel representatives acknowledging the amount of cargo that they intend to load. In general, most prod- el cargoes have a tolerance based on sp- plier, receiver, or vessel capabilites. Each party involved withthe loading agrees 10 the quantity tobe loaded. carnotiten: see radioactive racer.ring he wansponaton of a third wl sb) ppnow ee a a he oped toe 1 appa fisownayston atm terest: en inetincl ads at stones fr example mr aes we lee ng wot gests pi option ce edlng poy tsbgeol occas out on An rcs eed ott ectpovreua wi pot ay sa cee for weet roe ater ony rere re ne year on ok 22 Sr oneysbeonrecoeraby te sm claryne poh Thee, See rca apetcwheae 1 ce ac gery tal reroute reer pleae > ied nyse trea pln tuk company. 2 nates omy to tee mavsorem Mier bar yok or clmpfsened wa sar els pols vod ane ohh ae fe ups ini hoch cae simier pipe: emusedorterwapipe- isan cad cang toe sei irs nder eae waist Secume carrier rig n: a large, specially designed, self-propelled workover rig that is driven directly tothe wel ste. Power from a car: rier nig's hoist engine or engines also pro: pels the rig on the road. While a carier rig Isprimarily intended o perform workover, ican also be used to drill relatively shal- low wells. A carrer Fig may be a back-in bpe ora divin ype. Compare backn CARRIER RIG carrier unit n: see carrier rig. carved-out interest n: an interest in oil and gas ceated out ofa greater interest and as- signed by the owner. Examples are the grant of an overriding royalty interest out of working interes and the grant of an oll pay- ‘ment out of a working interest, cascade system in systems supplying a breathable source of air to workers Wearing breathing equipmertimatoxic amosphere, a serial connection of aireylindersin which the output of air from one adds to that of the next cased ad: peraining 1a wellbore in which casing hasbeen run and cemented. See cas- ing cased hole 2: wellbore in which casing has been ran ‘ased-hole ising: the procedure of re- covering lost ot stuck equipment ina wellbore in which casing has been run, case-hardened adj: hardened (a fora fr rousalloy) 0 thatthe surface layer is harder than the interior. case law See common ta cash flo 2: the difference between inflow and outflow of funds over a period of time. Cashflow can be postive (profi) or nega tive (oss «ash flow analysis n: an economic aalysis that relates investments to subsequent re¥~ eves and also makes possible a comparison between investments rusull also inludes the general plan tobe used forthe figuring of federal income taxon the investments, casing m1. sel pipe placed in an SVE oil or gas well 10 preven! the wall of {he hole from éav- ing in, to prevent ‘movernentof ids fromone formation to another, and to Improve the eff ciency of extract: 1g petoleumif the wells productive A joint of easing may be 161048 feet (4.8 to 14.6 ‘metres) long and from 4.3 to 20 inches (11:4 ‘0 308 centimeues) in diameter Casing is made of many types of ste aloy, which vary in smengt, comosion resistance, and soon 2 large pipe in which a cater pipeline is contained, Casing is used when a pipeline pases under lod rights-of-way and some rats to shield the pipeline fom the unusu= ally high load stesses ofa particular loce- tion. State and local regulations identify specific locations where casing is mandatory, casing adapter: a swage nipple, usually beveled, instaled on the top of a string of pipe that does not extend tothe surface. It prevents a smaller string of pipe or tools from hanging up on the top ofthe column ‘when itis run into the well casing burst pressure n: the amount of pressure that, when applied inside a string ‘of easing, causes the wall of the casing to fil. This pressure is critically important when a gas kick is being circulated out, ‘because gas on the way to the surface ex- pands and exerts more pressure than n ex certed at the bottom of the well casing centralizer n: a device secured around the casing at regular intervals to cen- ter iin the hole. Casing that is centralized allows a more uniform cemema sheath (0 form around the pipe casing collar n: a coupling between two joints. ‘casing coupling na tubular section of pipe that is threaded inside and used to connect, ts joints of easing. casing cutter n: a heavy evlindsical body, fitted with a set of Knives, used to free a section of easing in a well. The cutter is run downhole ona string of tubing or dril pipe, and the knives are rotated ‘against the inner walls of de casing to free the section that i stuck, casing elevator m: see elevators. casing float collar see floa collar. ‘easing float shoe n: see leat shoe. ceasing gun n: a perforating gun run into the easing string. Most perforating guns are run into the well through the tubing string. casing hanger n: circular device with a fictional pnpping arrangement of slips and packing rings used to suspend casing from a casinghead in a well, ccasinghead n: a heavy, Nanged steel fiting connected the first string of easing. It provides a housing for slips and packing assemblies, allows suspension of interme= diate and production strings of casing, and supplies the means for the annulus to be sealed off. Also called a spool. CASINGHEAD‘casinghend gas n: gas produced with ol. casinghead gas contract n:a contract used by industry for che purchase and sale ofcas- inghead gas. ccasinghead gas gasoline, casing overshot r: see casing-patch tool 1; (obsolete) natural ceasing pack n: a means of cementing casing {na well so thatthe casing may, ifnecessary. be rereved with minimum difficulty. A spe- cial mud. vsually ar eit mud, is placed in the well ahead ofthe cement aftr the easing has been set. Nonsoliifying mud is used so that it does not bind or stick wo the casing in the hole i the area above the cement. Since the mad daes not ge for along time the cas- ing can be eut above the cemented section and retrieved. Casing packs are used in wells, ‘of doubtful or limited production to permit ease of valuable lengths of casing. casing-pack v; to cement casing in a well in a way that allows for easy retrieval of sections of casing. See easing pack. casing-patch too! =: 2 special tool with a rubber packer or lead seal that is used 10 repair casing. When casing is damaged downhole, a cutis made below the dam- aged casing, the damaged casing and the ‘easing above it are pulled from the Well, and the damaged casing is removed from the casing string, The tool is made up and low- cred into the well onthe casing until ic en- gages the top of the casing that remais ia the well, and a rubber packer or lead Seal in the tool forms a seal withthe casing that is in the well, The casing-patch tool is an ‘overshotlike device andis sometimes called casing overshot. casing point n: 1. the depth in @ well at which casing is set, generally the depth at ‘which the casing shoe rests, 2. the objec tive depth in a drilling contract. ether a specified depth or the depth at which a specific zone is penetrated. When the depth is reached, the operator makes a decision ‘with respect to running and seting a pro- duction sting of easing. Under some farm- out and letter agreements, some owners are carried to casing point. ceasing pressure m: the pressure in @ well that exists berween the casing and the tub- ing or the casing and the drill pipe. ceasing protector n: a short threaded nipple serewed into the open end of the coupling and over the threaded ene! of casing te pro- tect the threads from dirt accumulation and damage. It is made of stel or plastic. Also called thread protector. casing rack n: see pipe rack. ‘casing roller 7:2 tool composed of a man- rel on which are mounted several heavy dduy rollers with eccentric roll surfaces. Tt is used to restore buckled, collapsed, oF dented casing in a well to normal diameter and roundness. Made up on tubing or dill pipe and run into the well tthe depth of the deformed casing, the tool is rotated slowly, allowing the roles to contact all sides of the casing and restore i to roughly its original condition ceasing seraper n: a bladed too! used to serape away junk or debris ftom inside cas- ing: itis usually run into the easing on dill pipe or tubing. ‘casing seal receptacle n: a casing sub con taining seal bore and lefi-handed thread; itis run as a crossover sub between casing sizes and to provide a tubing anchor. ‘casing seat: the location of the bottom of string of casing thatis cemented ina well, ‘Typically. a casing shoe is made up on the eng ofthe casing at this poimt, casing seat test : a procedure whereby the formation immediately below the casing shoe is subjected to a pressure equal to the pressure expected tobe exerted later by the silling uid or by the drilling uid and the back-pressure created by a kick. See /eak- offtes. ceasing shoe See guide shoe. ‘casing slip n: see spider ‘casing spear m: a fishing tool designed to grab casing from the inside so that when the spear is retrieved, the attached casing comes with it ‘easing spider n: see spider. casing string n: the entire length ofall the joins of casing run in a well. Most casing, joints are manufactured to specifications ‘estabiished by API, although non-API specification casing is available for special situations. Casing manufactured to API specifications is available in three length ranges. A join of range I casing is 1610 25, {eet (48 07.6 meres) long: a joint ofrange 2 casing is25 104 feet (7.610 10.3 metres) Jong: and a joint of range 3 casing is 34 to 48 feet (103 0 14.6 metres) long. The out- side diameter of ajoint of API casing ranges from 4¥4 to 20 inches (11.43 to 50.8 centi- metres) ceasing sub 1: 2 sub used to join two dis- similar joints of easing ‘casing swage n: a solid cylindrical body pointed at the bottom and equipped with a {ool joint at the top for connection with ajar. Tis used to make an opening in 2 collzpsed ‘casing and drive it back wo is original shape. casing tongs n pl: large wrench used for tuming when making up or breaking out casing. See tongs, ‘casing-tubing annulus: in a wellbore, the space between the inside of the casing and the outside ofthe tubing, Cat n: 1, shor for an industrial or gas engine ‘manufactured by Caterpillar, Ine. 2. shor for any piece of industrial equipment, such as 3 butdozer, manufactured by Caterpillar, nc. ceatalyst n: a substance that alters, acceler- ‘ates, oF instigates chemical reactions with ‘out itself being affected. catalytic cracking n: 1, the breaking down ‘ofeavier hydrocarbon molecules int lighter hydrocarbons using catalysts and relatively low temperatures and pressures, 2. a motor gasoline refining process ia which heavy Ihydrocarbon components are broken down into Tight hydrocarbon components using catalysts and relatively low temperanures and pressures, It produces a gasoline that has a higher ovane rating and a lower sulfur con- tent than that produced by thermal eracking. ceatastrophism m: the theory that the earth's landforms assumed their present configura- tioo in a brief episode at the beginning of geologic history—possibly ina single great catastrophic event—and have remained relatively unchanged since that time, Com- pare uniformitarianism catcher n: a device fited into a junk basket ‘that retains the junk picked up by the basket ‘catch samples v: to obtain cutings for geo: logical information ax formations are pen- erated by the bit, The samples are obtained from drilling uid as it emerges from the wellbore or, in cable-tool drilling, from the baler. Cutings are carefully washed until they are free of foreign matter, dried, and labeled to indicate the depth at which they ‘were obtained, ‘cat cracker gas: gas that is a by-product of refining liguid hydrocarbons in acataltic cracker. categorical exclusion n: a category of ac- tions that do not individually or curaula- tively have a significant effect on the human ‘environment and that have been found to have no such effect in procedures adopted by a federal agency when implementing [NEPA regulations. Therefore, neither an en vironmental assessment nor an environmen- tal impact statement is required. centenary n: the curve assumed by a per fecly flexible line hanging under its own weight between two fixed points. A suspen- sion bridge is an example of a catenary structure; an anchor chain is a catenary.catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) pr ype of offshore mooring in which the {aelity is anchored by at least six anchors: ft generally has no storage facility cathead 7: 2 spool-shaped attachment on freend of the catshut. around which rope {or boisting and moving heavy equipment ror near the rig floors wound, See break pur eathead, makeup cathead. ceatheud spool n: see cathead. cathode ni | one of two electrodes in an tlectrolytc cel, represented asthe postive ferminal ofa cell, 2. in cathodie protection systems, the protected structure that is rep- resentative of the cathode and is protected by having a conventional current flow from ain anode to the structure through the elec- trol cathodic protection n: a means of prevent ing the destructive electrochemical process fof cortsion of a metal object by using itas the cathode of a celf with a sacrificial an ‘ode Current atleast equal to that caused by the corrosive action is directed toward the object. offsetting its electrical potential 1: positively charged ion; the ion inanelectroly2ed solution that migrates to the cathode. See ion. Compare anion. catline n: a hosting or pulling line pow- ered by the cathead and used to lift heavy equipment on the rig, See cathead. catshaftn: an axe that crosses dough the drawworks and contains a revolving spool called acathead at either end. See cazhead. catwalk n: 1. the ramp athe side of the drilling rig where pipe sai wo be lifted to the derrick floor by the ctine or by an sir hoist See caline. 2. any elevated walkway. caustic soda n: sodium hydroxide, NaOH. [Hisused to maintain an alkaline pin dil. ing mod and in petroleum fractions. caustic treater: vesel holding Sodium hydroxide or othe alkalis dough which 3 solution flows for removal of sulfides, mer. capans, or acids cave-in : the collapse of the walls ofthe wellbore. ‘cavern n:anatural cavity inthe earth's crust that is large enough to permit human entry ‘Commonly formed ta imestone by ground water leaching: Compare vue, cavernous formation n: a rock formation that contains large open spaces, usually sulting from the dissolving of soluble sub- stances by formation Waters that may still be present. See we. caving n: collapsing of the walls of the ‘wellbore, Also called sloughing. ceavings 1 pl: particles that fall off (ace sloughed fom) the wall of the wellbore. Compare cuitings cavitation »: the formation and collapse of vapor- of gas-filled cavities chat result from ‘a sudden deorease and increase of pressure. ‘Cavitation ean cause mechanical damage to adjacent surfaces in meters, valves, pumps, and pipes at locations where flowing liquid ‘encounters a restriction or change in direc tion Cb abbr: cumulonimbus. CBHT abbr: circulating bottombole tem- perature CBL abbr: cement bond log. Ce abbr: cirrocumulus. ce abbr: cubic centimetre CCL abbr: casing collar lo, ced abby: candela. ceiling n: the height above the ground up te the base of the lowest layer of clouds when over half the sky is obscured, ceiling price m: the maximum lawful price that may be charged for the first sale of a specified NGPA category of natural gas. cellar n:a pit in the ground, usually lined wit concrete, ste! pipe, oF wood, that pro- ‘ides additional height between the rig floor and the wellhead t0 accommodate the in- stallation of blowout preventers, rathole, rmousehole, and so forth. It alsa collects drainage water and other fluids for subse- ‘quent disposal cellar deck n: the lower deck of a double- decked semisubmersible drilling rig. See ‘main deck, Texas deck. cellophane n: a thin, transparent material ‘made from cellulose and used as a lost cir- ‘culation material, See cementing materials. Celsius scale : the metric scale of tempera ture measurement used universally by sci- entists. On this scale, O° represents the freezing point of water and 100" its boiling point at a barometsic pressure of 760 mm. Degrees Celsius are conversed to degrees Fahrenheit by using the following equation: “F=8CO) +32. ‘The Celsius scale was formerly called the centigrade scale: now. however, the term “Celsius” is preferred in the Intemational System of Units (SH). ‘cement n: a powder consisting of alumina. silica lime, and other substances that hard lens when mixed with water, Extensively used in the oil industry to bond casing 10 the walls ofthe wellbore. ‘cement additive n: a material added to ce~ rient to change its properties. Chemical accelerators, chemical retarders. aad weight-reduction marerisls are common additives. See cementing materials. ‘cementation : |. the crystallization or pre- cipitation of soluble minerals in the pore spaces between clastic particles, causing ‘them to become consolidated into sedimen- tary rock. 2. precipitation of a binding ma terial around grains or minerals in rock, ‘cement bond n: the adherence of casing to {cement and cement to formation, When cas- ing is run in a well, itis set. or bonded. to the formation by means of cement ‘cement bond log 7: an acoustic logging ‘method based on the fact that sound travels, a different speeds through materials of dit: erent densities. The fact that sound travels faster through cement than through air can bbe used to determine whether the cement has bonded properly to the casing ‘cement bond survey n: an acoustic survey fr sonic-logging method that records the ‘quality or hardness of the cement used in the annulus to bond the casing and the for ‘mation, Casing that is well bonded to the formation transmits an acoustic signal quickly; poorly bonded casing transmits a signal slowly. See acoustic survey, acous- tic well logging. cement casing v: 10 fillthe annulus between ‘he casing and wal ofthe hole with cement to support the casing and prevent fluid mi station between permeable zones. cement channeling n: when casing is be- ing cemented in a borehole, the cement slurry can fail to rise uniformly between the casing and the borehole wall leaving spaces ‘devoid of cement. Ideally, the cement should ‘completely and uniformly surround the cas- ing and form a strong bond to the borehole wall cement dump baller n: a cylindrica! con- tainer with a valve used to release small batches of cement ina remedial cementing, operation. ‘cementer n: a retrievable cement squeeze tool thats used in remedial cementing. See remedial cementing; secondary cementing.cementing 7: the application of a liquid slurry of cementand water to various points inside or outside the casing. See primary cementing, secondary cementing, squeeze cementing. ‘cementing barge n:a barge containing the cementing pumps and other equipment needed for oilwell cementing in water op- erations. cementing basket n: a collapsible or fold ‘ng metal cone that fis against the walls of the wellbore to prevent the passage of ce~ ‘ment; sometimes called a metal-petal bas- et. ‘cementing head n: an accessory attached to the top of the casing to facilitate cementing of the casing. It has passages for cement slurry and retainer chambers for cementing ‘wiper plags. Also called retainer head. ‘cementing materials m pl: a slurry of port- land cement and water and sometimes one ‘or more additives that affect either the den- sity of the mixture or its setting time. The portland cement used may be high early strength, common (standard), or slow set- ting. Additives include accelerators (such ascalcium chloride), retarders such as gyp- sum), weighting materials (such as barium sulfate), lightweight additives (such as ben- tonite) oF a variety of lost circulation ma- terials (such as mica flakes) ‘cementing pump 1: a high-pressure pump tsed to force cement down the casing and into the annular space between the casing. ‘and the wall ofthe borehole. time n: the total elapsed time needed to complete a cementing operation. ‘cement Klinker n: a substance formed by melting ground limestone, clay or shale, and iron ore in akin, Cement klinke is ground intoa powdery mixture and combined with small amounts of gypsum or other materi- als o form cement. ‘cement plug n: 1. a portion of cement placed at some point inthe wellbore to seal it, 2. a wiper plug. See cementing, wiper plug. ‘cement retainer n: a tool set temporarily in the casing or wel to prevent the passage ‘of cement, thereby forcing it to follow an- ‘other designated path, Itis used in squeeze ‘cementing and other remedial cementing jobs. ‘cement system n: a particular slurry con- taining cement and water, with or without additives Cenozole era n: the time period from 65 million years ago until the present. It is ‘marked by rapid evolution of mammals and birds, Rowering plants, grasses, and shrubs, and litte change in invertebrates. center distance n: ina chain-and-sprocket drive, the distance between the centers of ‘the two sprockets or the shafts they fit on. ‘centerline n: the middle line ofthe hull of ‘a mobile offshore drilling rig from stem to ster, as shown in a waterline view. center of buoyancy n: the centr of gravity ofthe uid displaced by afloating body such asa ship or mobile offshore driling rg). center of flotation n: the geometric center of the water plane at which a mobile off- shore drilling rig floats and about which a ‘ig rotates when acted on by an extemal force without a change in displacement. center of gravity n: the point at which an ‘object can be supported so that it balances, and at which all gravitational forces on the body and the weight of the body are con- centrated: the center of mass. center of pressure: the point at which all Wind pressure forces are concentrated. center spear m: a barbed fishing tool used to snag and retrieve broken wireline from the wellbore. ‘centigrade scale n: see Celsius scale ‘centimetre (em) n: a unit of length in the metric system equal to one-hundredth of a metre (10°? meu). ‘centimetre-gram-second (cgs)n: variant ‘of the metric system in which the measures are founded on the centimetre, gram, and second rather than directly on the kilogram and metre. ‘centipoise (ep) n: one-hundredth ofa poise: ameasure of afuid's viscosity or resistance toftow. ‘central facility n: an installation serving ‘wo or more leases and providing one or ‘more of such functions as separation, com- pression, dehydration, treating, gathering, ‘or delivery of gas and oil. ‘centralizer n: see casing centralizer. ‘central oll-treating station m: a process- ingnerwork used to treat emulsion produced from several leases, thus eliminating the need for individual treating facilites ateach lease site. ‘centrifugal compressor n: a compressor which the fow of gas to be compressed is ‘moved away from the center rapidly, ust- ally by a series of blades or turbines. Iti a continuous-flow compressor with @ low pressure ratio and is used to transmit gas through a pipeline. Gas passing through the ‘compressor contacts a rotating impeller, from which itis discharged into diffuser, where its velocity is slowed and its kinetic ‘energy changed to static pressure. Cen- trifugal compressors are nonpositive- displacement machines, often arranged in series oma line to achieve multistage com- pression, ‘centrifugal force n: the force that tends to pall all matte from the center ofa rotating ‘centrifugal pump n: a pump with an imt- pelleror rotor, an impeller shaft, and a cas ing, which discharges fluid by centrifugal force. An electric submersible pump is a centrifugal pump. ‘centrifuge n: a machine that uses centrifu- gal force to separate substances of varying, densities. A centrifuge is capable of spin- ning substances at high speeds to obtain high centrifugal forces. Also called the shake-out or grind-out mac ‘centrifuge test n: a test to determine the ‘amount of S&W in samples of oil or emul- sion. The samples are placed in tubes and spun in a centrifuge, which breaks out the Saw. CEQ abbr: Council on Environmental Quality cerela abbr: Compechensive Environmen- tal Response, Compensation, and Liability ‘Act of 1980, certificate n: a certificate of public conve rience and necessity issued under the Naru ral Gas Act certificate natural gas 1: any natural gas that has a certificate issued and that in ef- {ects transported by an interstate pipeline. certified copy n: acopy made from records in a recorder’s or county clerk's office and centified to by the recorder or county clerk as being an exact copy of the paper on file or of record. certs n pl: (slang) certifications of materi- als on physical and chemistry properties. cessation of production clause n: aclause {nan oil and gas lease that provides the les see withthe right to begin new operations within a stated time period should produe- tion cease. ‘eetane number n: « measure of the igni- ‘on quality of fuel oil. The higher the co- tane number, the more easily the fuel is ignited. CRG abbr. cubic feet of gas; used in drill- ing repos. CFR abbr: 1, Code of Federal Regulations, 2. Coordinating Fuels and Equipment Re- search Committe,dunn nin offshore dling, a heavy fine chptrcted of ron bars looped together and Sood for a mooring line. chain and gear drive n: see chain drive a chores ort se a Eiee Reset ee aaa a ie em at ear of ee cared se eens tans rng ents eee eae eeae oe creme on ae ee eee arr eee eres cprmgie taboo Sen ae eae See ere eee inom ae ee pee ceo eeeal seats aera eee for turing pipe or fitings of a diameter larger than that which a pipe wrench would ‘i The chains looped and Gghtened around the pipe or fiting, and the kandle is used to ‘um the too! so that the pipe oF fiting can be tightened or loosened, chain width min roller chain, the width of the rollers, which is the distance bewwcen the inside faces of the roller link plates. chamber gas lit n: a specialized form of intermitent-flow gas if that functions inthe same way 35 other forms, except that, when the injection gas i off, incoming well us ‘accumulate in a chamber having a larger di- ‘ameterthan the tubing, For the same volume of uid, hydrostatic head and wellbore pres- sure at the Formation are bath reduced ‘change house n: a small building, or dog- house, in which members of a drilling rig or roustabout crew change clothes, store personal belongings, and so on ‘change rams to take rams out of ablow- ‘out preventer and replace them with rams of a different size or type. When the size of drill pipe is changed, the size ofthe pipe rams must be changed to ensure that they seal around the pipe when closed (unless ‘varible-bore pipe rams are in use). channeling n: when casing is being ce- ‘mented ina borehole the cement slur can failtorise uniformly between the casing and the borehole wall, leaving spaces, or chan- nels, devoid of cement. Ideally, the cement Should completely and uniformly surround the casing and form 2 song bond to the borehole wal. See cement channeling. charcoal test n: atest standardized by the ‘American Gas Assocation and the Gas Po- cesses Association for determining the natu- ral gasoline comet ofa given natura ps, ‘The gasoline is adsorbed from the gas on activated charcoal and then reoveredbydis- tiation. The testis deserbed in Testing Code 101-43, ajoin AGA and GPA publication. charge stock n: il that sto be treated in, or charged to, a particular refinery unit. (Charles's law n: anieal gas law tat states that ‘it constant pressure the volume of a fixed mass or quantity of gas varies directly With the absolute temperatare that is, at & constant pressure, as temperature ses as volume increases proportionately. charter party n: an agreement by which & shipowner agrees to place an entire ship. or part of it atthe disposal of a merchant of ether person to carry cargo for an agreed ‘pon Sum, ‘chart integration department r: part of a ‘ompany that interprets and processes the information obtained from the orifice meter charts. The department's responsibilities include calculating the gas flow from the information onthe chart. Today, charts have been largely supplanted by electronic rexd- ‘outs generated by computer controlled sen sors at the orifice meter station. These readouts are transmitted to the company's Ccompsters in a central, or district, office, where they are recorded and read. chase pipe vo lower the drill sem rapidly 1 few feet into the hole and then stop it sud- denly With the drawworks brake A surge of pressure in the mud inthe dsl tem and an- ‘ular space results and may help to flush out debris accumulated in or on the pipe. The pressure surge may break down a formation, however. causing lost circulation, or may ddanage the bit fs near tne botom. ‘chase threads ¥: to clean and deburr the threads of a pipe so that it will make up properly, ‘cheater n; a length of pipe fted over a wrench handle to increase the leverage of the wrench, Use ofa larger wrench is ust ally preferred, Also called a snipe. checkerboard farmout n: an agreement for ‘the acquisition of mineral rights (Le., oil and gas leases) in a checkerboard pattern of al> temate tract, usually beginning, inthe case of farmouts, with the dil ste tract. ‘check meter n:a device for measuring gas ‘throughput, usually installed in conjunction withthe printary measuring device owned and operated by the party having the obli- ‘ation to provide measurement services at specific point on a pipeline system, heck valve n: a valve that permits flow in ‘one direction only. Ifthe gas or iguid stars to reverse, the valve automatically closes, preventing reverse movement. Commonly referred to as a one-way valve (Chemelectric treater n: a brand name for an electrostatic treater. chemical n: a substance defined under HAZCOM (OSHA)as any element, chemi- cal compound, or mixture of elements and/or compounds. cchemieat barrel n: 9 container in which various chemicals are mixed prior to addi- tion to drilling fuid, ‘chemical consolidation n: the procedure by ‘which a quantity of sesinous material is ‘squeezed into a sandy formation vo consoli- date the sand and to prevent its flowing into the well. The resinous material hardens and creates & porous mass that permits oil to ow imo the well but holds back the sand atthe same time. See sand consolidation.chemical cutoff n: a method of severing steel pipe in a well by appiying high-pres- sure jets of a very corrosive substance against the wall of the pipe. The resulting ‘cuts very smooth ctremical cutter n:a fishing tool that uses high-pressure jets of chemicals severcas- ing, tubing, or drill pipe stuck in the hole. chemical fingerprinting 1: the process of ‘racking down the source of an ilegal waste dlischarge through sampling the waste and possible sources to determine which source ‘matches the discharge best. Fingerprinting is expensive, but in large damage eases, itn help prove or disprove whether a substance ‘was discharged from a particular souree. chemical flooding m: see alkaline (caustic) ‘flooding, micellar-poiymer flooding. ‘chemical inhibitor n: liguid chemical com- pounds that are injected into lines carrying. Auids chat contain HyS. Most of these in- hibitors are designed to coat equipment sur- faces 10 physically isolate them from corrosive substances. Others react with sul- fur compounds to form tess-destructive ‘compounds. chemleal inventory n: an inventory re. aquired by HAZCOM, Under HAZCOM, all ‘employers must keep a complete list or in ventory ofall hazardous materials on si chemical protective clothing n: clothing that is designed to protect against a specific chemical hazard (ie. suits or aprons made of or coated with chemical-resistant mate- Fials like butyl rubber, neoprene, or poly¥i- nyl chloride). ‘chemical pump n: an injection pump used to introduce a chemical into a fuid stream or receptacle. chemicals n pé in dilling-fuid terminot- ‘ogy. a chemical is any material that pro- «duces changes in the viscosity, yield point, gel strength, fluid loss, and surface tension, ‘chemical treatment n: any of many pro- cesses in the oil industry that involve the use of a chemical to effect an operation. Some chemical treatments are acidizing,

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• British Airships - Past, Present And Future

  

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• Scientific American Supplement, No. 787, January 31, 1891

  

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• The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 06, No. 33, July, 1860 A Magazine Of Literature, Art, And Politics

  

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• A Treatise on Meteorological Instruments: Explanatory of Their Scientific Principles, Method of Construction, and Practical Utility

  

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• Distillation

  

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• Scientific American, Volume 17, No. 26 December 28, 1867 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures.

  

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• Physico-Chemical Properties of Selected Anionic, Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants

  

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• Pocket Guide to Chemical Engineering

  

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• Southern Marine Engineering Desk Reference: Second Edition Volume I

  

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• Description of the Process of Manufacturing Coal Gas: For the Lighting of Streets Houses, and Public Buildings

  

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• Working Guide to Reservoir Engineering

  

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• Scientific American Supplement, No. 446, July 19, 1884

  

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• Scientific American Supplement, No. 388, June 9, 1883

  

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• Scientific American Supplement No. 819, September 12, 1891

  

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• A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes: The seminal text on rocket science that foretold the Space Age

  

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