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Carlos Pupiales Y.
chpupiales@utn.edu.ec
Outline
• Introduction
• What is F.O
• Types of F.O
• Advantages/disvantages
• Applications
• Statistics
• Extra Information
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018 3
Introduction
• Where ∆𝒇 and ∆𝝀 are the channel spacing in a WDM system, is the central wavelength.
𝒄 is the speed of light.
• The third window has the lowest attenuation and allows to use EDFAs.
• 1st and 2nd windows are used in MM applications, 3rd for SM.
• Plastic Fibers:
• Core and cladding are made of plastic Attenuation Spectrum of Silica Fibers
Source: Miya,T.,Y.Tenuama, Thosaka, and T Miyashita ,
“ An ultimate low loss single mode fiber at 1.55 mm,”
• Flexible and light Electron. Letts, Vol 15, 106, 1979)
• Which is better?
• Plastic is less expensive, flexible and lighter.
• Plastic is larger in diameter, so easy to connect across joints.
• Plastic is less efficient than silica.
• Plastic has more attenuation, and less bandwidth Attenuation Spectrum of Plastic Fibers.
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018 8
(Source: http://www.av.it.pt/conftele2009/Papers/31.pdf)
Multimode Fibers
• Light propagates in different modes.
• Not suitable for long distances and high data rates.
• Step-Index:
• The refractive index of the core is constant, so pulse spreads out loosing the
defined shape.
• Graded-Index:
• The refractive index diminishes gradually from the center axis out toward the
cladding.
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018 9
Single Mode Fibers
• The number of light reflections created when light passes through the core
decreases; therefore, signal can travel faster and farer.
• The small diameter of the fiber allows the light travels following only one mode.
• High power
• Expensive.
• Low power
• It allows the transmission in one direction and block the other one.
• Circulator:
• Very similar to an isolator, but it has multiple ports where light may travel
through each port.
• 𝝀=2𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ᄷ
• Where 𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the average refraction index between the core and cladding. ᄷ is
the grating period (periodicity of the index variation).
• It converts the optical signal into electrical one in order to regenerate it.
• Amplifier:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CqT4DuAVxs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjRqGKU9cUU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MwMkBET_5I
• https://www.submarinecablemap.com/#/
• Manufactures:
• http://www.3m.com
• https://www.anritsu.com/en-GB/
• http://www.fujitsu.com/global/
• https://networks.nokia.com/solutions/optical-networking
• http://carrier.huawei.com/en/products/fixed-network/sub-solution-access/gigafiber
• https://www.fiberbroadband.org/
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018 25
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